A

A. B. Dick, 243

Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 172

Abrikosov, Alexei A., 276–277, 322

Adams, Roger, 170

Aerospace Corporation, 67, 287

Alkali halides, 70–72, 74–75

Allen, Jack, 261–262, 265

Allender, David William, 183, 187, 227–229, 234–236

Alloys, 92, 152

Almy, Gerald M., 159, 170

Alpert, Dan, 183–184

Aluminum, 213–214

Amabile, Teresa, 317

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11, 95

American Federation of Labor, 9

American Geographical Society, 11

American Mathematical Society, 32

American Museum of Natural History, 105

American Physical Society, 94, 110, 143, 145–146, 148–149, 152, 210, 214–215, 230, 248, 263– 264, 300

American Psychological Association, 321

American Social Science Association, 11

American Society for the Relief of French War Orphans, 23

American Society of Civil Engineers, 9

American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (AT&T), 1, 37, 48, 123–124, 149–150

See also Bell Telephone Laboratories

Anderson, Ansel (Andy), 180, 184, 221

Anderson, Joyce, 206

Anderson, Philip, 55, 75, 206, 217, 223–226, 235, 274, 287, 291

Anspacher, William, 104

Ante’bi, Elizabeth, 278

Antenna design, 36–37

Anti-Semitism, 171

Apollo program, 270

Arms control, 271

Arnold, Harold, 124

Arnold, Stephen Reynolds, 185

Astrophysics, 3, 222

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 173

Audion, 124

Augmented plane-wave method, 71

B

Baker, William, 206

Band theory, 60–61, 92

Bardeen, Althea (nee Harmer, mother), 8, 13, 14–28, 42–43, 64, 88–89, 168–169, 177, 281, 312, 318, 320, pl. 1

Bardeen, Ann (half-sister), 28, 57, 85–86, 117–118

Bardeen, Bertha (aunt), 23, 27

Bardeen, Betty, 15–16

Bardeen, Charles Russell (father), 10–13, 15–20, 23–29, 41–42, 64–65, 117–118, 168, 170, 181–182, 312, pl. 1

Bardeen, Charles William (C. W., grandfather), 11–12, 15–23, 26–30, 42, pl. 1

Bardeen, Charlotte, 86, 102, 109

Bardeen, Deborah (née Barker), 8

Bardeen, Elizabeth Ann (Betsy, daughter) , 109–110, 116–117, 153, 157, 166, 169, 176, 189, 200, 203–204, 206, 210, 288, 299, 305–307, 309–310

Bardeen, Helen (sister), 18–19, 24– 25, 27–28, 31, 44, 87–88, 96– 97, 109, 118, pl. 1

Bardeen, James Maxwell (Jim, son), 93–94, 96–97, 99, 102, 108, 153, 166–167, 169, 189, 206, 210, 233, 309

Bardeen, Jane (née Maxwell, wife)

at Arthur Avenue home in Minneapolis, 94, 96–97, 99

beliefs and values, 168–169, 313

career, 44, 81–83, 89

in Champaign, Illinois, 160, 164– 166, 188

community involvement, 168

death, 313

education, 43–44, 89

at Fairfax Village apartment, 103, 107

family and friends, 85, 87–88, 90, 95, 102–103, 118–119, 144, 160

hearing loss, 120, 140, 149–150

hobbies and interests, 166–167

health, 168, 238, 261, 312–313

marriage and family life, 43–44, 56–57, 68, 81–89, 93–94, 96–97, 102–103, 107–110, 115–117, 119–120, 128–129, 140, 142– 143, 147, 153, 167–168, 181, 203, 233–234, pls. 3, 6

Nobel ceremonies, 205–209, 233– 234

personal characteristics, 188, 200

separations (work-related) from John, 99, 102, 129, 277, 281

at Seventh Street apartment in Minneapolis, 86–91

social and political activism, 272–273, 434

social life, 167–168, 188, 200, 288–289

in Summit, New Jersey, 115–120, 142–143, 151–152, 167

White House dinner, 168, 219

widowhood, 312–313

Bardeen, Janet (née Smith), 56, 85, 86

Bardeen, John

academic life, 31, 34, 49, 51, 68– 69, 83–84, 89–92, 102, 110, 112, 164, 166, 169

academic performance, 28–30, 56, 368

beliefs and values, 9, 23, 152, 169, 178, 245–247, 253, 257

Bell Laboratories and, 2, 49, 55, 68, 104, 110–112, 118–119, 121–123–126, 131–142, 144–

145, 150–162, 175, 178–179, 206, 234, 302, pl. 4

charge density wave theory, 285– 300, 319

childhood, 8, 17–27, pl. 1

and children, 93, 117, 167, 188– 189, pl. 3

collaborators, 2, 7, 40, 55, 63, 69– 72, 74, 77, 121–122, 124–125, 127–128, 132, 152, 176–177, 192, 194–203, 220, 221, 239, 287–300, 304

communication style, 6, 7, 57, 119, 164, 180–183, 199, 213, 220, 232, 240, 244–245, 267, 295

death and memorial service, 189, 308–312

doctorate, 64–65

documents and artifacts, 304– 305, 312

education/professional studies, 7, 19–21, 28–29, 31–33, 46, 48– 57, 62–63, 65, 209

electromagnetism and antenna design research, 36–37

electron hole theory, 127

European laboratory tour, 128– 131, 155, pl. 3

filmed interview, 301–303

fraternity life, 30–31, 57–58

and free exchange of scientific ideas, 266

friends and colleagues, 42–43, 45, 47–49, 51, 55, 68, 104, 118– 119 , 121–122, 127, 158, 173– 174, 176, 183, 204, 227–228, 280

golf and golfing buddies, 24, 90– 91, 93–94, 108, 118, 167–168, 205, 209, 232, 235–238, 252– 253, 260–262, 281, 292, 295, 311, pl. 7

government consulting, 259–260

graduate students and postdocs, 6–7, 153–154, 164, 166, 174– 188, 192, 194–195, 226–228, 241–242, 251, 288–290

at Gulf Oil Company, 37–42, 45– 46, 102, 302

as Harvard fellow, 49, 63–68, 71– 78, 83, 91, 118, 204, 318

health problems, 265–266, 292, 301–302, 305–308

hobbies and interests, 20–21, 23– 24, 30, 47, 93–94, 125, 130, 167, 205, 209

honors and awards, 21, 30, 40, 90, 108, 113–114, 174, 203– 209, 231–234, 236, 238–240, 250–252, 260, 277, 282–283, 305–306, pl. 5

humor and practical jokes, 227, 229

in India, 278

industry consulting, 241–253

Japanese lectures and colleagues, 173–175, 180, 227, 251–252, 301, 305

Josephson debate, 223–226

lectures, seminars, and professional meetings, 84, 91, 94–96, 148–149, 150, 157–158, 164, 168, 173, 231–232, 254

at Madison Central High School, 29

marriage and family life, 43–44, 56–57, 68, 81–89, 93–94, 96– 97, 102, 108–110, 115–117, 119–120, 129, 142, 166–168, 189, 203–204, 209–210, 233– 234, 277, 280–282, 306, pl. 3, 6

master’s degree, 35–36

mentors and advisors, 3, 7, 21– 22, 29, 31–34, 41–42, 52–55, 64–65, 70, 73, 75–76, 92, 151, 158, 164, 201, 204, 327–328, pl. 2

at MIT, 70–72

Nobel Prizes, 1–4, 168, 203–209, 229–234, 236, 238, 240, 289, pl. 5, 6

at NOL, 6–7, 96, 98–99, 101–108, 112–114, 119, 128, 240, 393

patents and patent rights, 121, 133, 137, 144–145, 157, 244, 302

in People’s Republic of China, 277–278, 281

personal characteristics, 6–9, 19– 20, 23, 42, 46, 55, 57, 64–65, 79, 86, 98, 104, 106, 119, 122, 127, 162, 164, 177–178, 183– 184, 188–189, 200, 231, 235– 238, 240, 245, 252–253, 277, 291–292, 294, 297, 308–312, 318

and political activism, 265–266, 271–273, 279–280

at Princeton graduate school, 41– 46, 48–55, 57, 62–63, 65, 118

private projects and contributions, 278–279

problem-solving approach, 7–8, 14–15, 33, 42, 54–55, 58, 60, 69, 76–77, 79, 104, 122, 154– 155, 182, 190–194, 198, 201, 238, 255–256, 320–324

professional organizations, 263– 264

on PSAC, 68, 254–259, 266–267, 271, 275–276

publications, 40, 63, 70, 92–93, 146, 149, 156, 193, 194, 198, 212–213, 214, 215–216, 223, 225–229, 234–235, 278, 298– 300, 302, 306

as research assistant, 35–37

research and education philosophies, 246–247, 253– 254, 256–259, 265–266, 268, 273–275

respect of colleagues, 4, 41, 153– 154, 183, 219, 222, 291

resource conservation activities, 262–263

retirement from teaching, 229, 238–240

roots, 8–27, 281

as scientific ambassador, 275–278

and SDI, 268–270

semiconductor research and courses, 122–123, 125–128, 133–135, 150, 175, 178–179

smoking, 107–108

social life, 30–31, 40, 47, 51, 57– 58, 90, 108, 118–119, 167–168, 188, 236–238, 379

social service and activism, 262– 275

songs about, 239

in Soviet Union, 276–277

sports and athletic ability, 23–24, 30, 47, 90–91, 108, 118, 319, 377, 393, pl. 2

Stockholm ceremonies and festivities, 205–209, pls 5, 6

surface-state theory, 127–128, 133

superconductivity research, 3–4, 78–80, 91, 97–98, 129–130, 154–157, 161, 164, 174, 178, 187–188, 190–203, 205, 210– 218, 223–228, 231–232, 234– 235

teaching style, 6–7, 91, 104, 153, 164, 175, 178–184, 189, 195, 199–201, 238–239

transistor invention, 1, 48, 72, 126–128, 131–142, 144–145, 147–150, 159–161, 173, 175– 176, 210, 234, 301–303, 306, 323–324, pls. 4, 8

at Uni High, 21, 28–29

at University of Illinois, 1, 6, 49, 158–160, 164–165, 169, 172– 203, 219–220, 223–228, 283, pls. 5, 7, 8

at University of Minnesota, 83– 84, 86–87, 89–96, 102, 110, 112, 156, 204, 243

at University of Wisconsin, 29– 35, 46, 51, 164, 204, 302, 374, pl. 2

at Western Electric Company, 34–35

White House dinner, 219

WHSC, 267–269

work function research and theory, 48, 55, 58–59, 74–75, 111, 124, 127

World War II, 6–7, 94–96, 99–100

Xerox consulting, 243–250, 278– 279

Bardeen, Judy, 86

Bardeen, Marge, 233, 275, 312

Bardeen, Nancy, 233

Bardeen, Norman (uncle), 27

Bardeen, Prince, 17

Bardeen, Ruth (nee Hames, stepmother), 28, 85–86, 96, 169, 371

Bardeen, Tom (nephew), 189, 233

Bardeen, Thomas (brother), 18, 24– 25, 27–28, 56–57, 85–86, 109, 233, pl. 1

Bardeen, William (Bill, brother), 17– 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 76, 86, 90, 102, 109, 122, 176, 237

Bardeen, William (Billy, son), 102, 108–109, 117, 166–167, 169, 189, 203–204, 206, 233, 275, 280–282, 309, 312, pl. 3

Bardeen number, 154

Barden, William (ancestor), 8–9

Barker, John, 9

Barnard College, 118

Bascom, John, 10

Battelle Memorial Institute, 243

Baym, Carol, 189

Baym, Gordon, 218, 229, pl. 7

Baym, Michael, 189, 221

BCS theory, 3–4, 194–203, 210–218

experimental confirmation, 213– 214

Beach, Donald, 87–88, 96, 109

Beach, Glenis, 87–88, 96–97, 102, 109

Beckman, Arnold, 163

Bednorz, J. Georg, 293

Bekarevich, I. L., 184

Bell Telephone Laboratories

CDW research, 290–291, 292

collaborative research, 111, 122, 127, 132, 150, 160, 199, 245– 247, 268

defense research, 112, 123

Holmdel radio lab, 126

management/executives, 67–68, 73, 125, 140, 143–144, 147, 150–151, 159

Manhattan building, 58, 120–121

many-body physics, 221, 226, 234–235

Murray Hill campus, 112, 115, 120–121, 140, 142, 143

Nobel festivities, 206

origin, 124, 397

patents and patent rights, 121, 144

Physical Research Department, 112, 118, 159, 238, 290

semiconductor research, 122– 127, 245–246

social activities, 118

solid-state database, 152

solid-state physics team, 111, 122, 127, 145, 187, 222

transistor development, 1, 2, 131–141, 143–151, 199, 206, 246–247, pl. 4

Vacuum Tube Department, 125

Bell, Alexander Graham, 149–150, 282

Belyaev, Spartak T., 218

Bennett, Edward, 36–37

Bennett, Ralph, 101–102

Bentley, E., 152

Benzer, Seymour, 146

Berlin, Irving, 282

Bernades, Newton, 185

Bernstein, Jeremy, 121

Beryllium, 71

Betatron, 170, 172

Bethe, Hans, 62, 69, 77, 78, 123, 270, 271, 431, pl. 7

Bethe Bible, 69

Bhatt, Ravin, 154, 238, 299

Birkhoff, Garrett, 68

Bitter, Francis, 386

Bleakney, Walker, 49

Bloch, Felix, 4, 60–61, 79, 92

Bloch’s theorem, 4, 79, 201

Bloodgood, Joseph C., 370

Boardman, Thomas, 9

Bohm, David, 192

Bohm, H. V., 114

Bohm-Pines formalism, 193–194

Bohm-Pines theory, 192, 200

Bohr, Aage, 196, 218, 233

Bohr, Margrethe, 233

Bohr, Marietta, 233

Bohr, Niels, 4, 33, 79, 202, 207, 217– 218, 233, 311, 325

Boorse, Henry, 155

Bose-Einstein statistic, 59, 60, 221

Bosons, 60, 221

Boundary energy, 191

Bown, Ralph, 147, 148, 150–151, 157, 206

Boy Scouts, 21

Bradley, Harold, 65

Bradley, Omar, 282

Brattain, Billy, 206, 208, 215

Brattain, Emma Jane, 232, 280

Brattain, Keren, 118, 147, 206–208, 215

Brattain, Robert (Bob), 47

Brattain, Walter, 1–2, 47–49, 60, 84, 111, 118, 121–122, 124–127, 131–142, 144–149, 154, 157, 159, 161–162, 176–177, 179, 204–208, 215, 232, 237, 280, 282, 302–303, 304, 322, 325, 408, pls. 4, 5

Bray, James William, 7, 178, 182, 187, 227–229, 234–236, 272

Bray, Ralph, 145–146, 235–236

Bridgman, Percy W., 7, 32–33, 68, 70–71, 73–76, 92, 132

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 306

Brillouin, Léon, 61, 79

British Royal Air Force, 100

British Royal Radar Establishment, 130

Brooks, Harvey, 257

Brown, A., 155

Brown, Stuart, 285

Brown University, 179, 214, 218

Brueckner, Keith, 200

Brüning, Heinrich, 68

Buchta, J. William, 84, 90, 102, 110, 112

Bureau of Ordnance, 101, 108

Burstein, Eli, 214

Burtis, Louis, 237, 311

Bush, Vannevar, 100–101

C

Calculus, 156

California Institute of Technology, 49, 171, 172

Cambridge University, 34, 155

Mond Laboratory, 129, 223

Trinity College, 36, 51

Canonical transformation, 192

Carlson, Chester F., 242–243

Carman, Albert P., 170

Carnegie Institute of Technology, 38, 41, 44, 57, 101, 158

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 100

Casimir, Hendrik G. B., 129

Cattrell, Raymond, 321

Cesium, 74

Chaikin, Paul M., 287

Chalmers Technical University, 207

Chance, Britton, 256

Chang, Iris, 4, 274

Chang, Michael, 274

Chang, Shau-Jin, 274, pl. 7

Charge density waves, 239, 285–300

Chicago Institute, 15

Chu, Samuel, 277

Churchill, Winston, 99

Civil War, 11, 22

Clark, Paul, 16, 65, 243

Clarkson College, 250

Clem, John Richard, 186

Clinton administration, 279

Cohen, Morrel, 223–224, 226

Cold War, 259–260, 276, 321

Coleman, Paul, 183, 237, 252

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 5

Collins, Samuel, 110, 262, 394

Columbia University, 95, 196

Committee of Janes, 272–273

Communists and communism, 152, 171–172, 259–260

Compartmentalization of research, 107, 119

Compton, Karl, 71

Computers and computer revolution, 172, 247, 249

Conant, James, 101

Condon, Edward U., 50–53, 59

Confucius, 317

Conservation of energy principle, 156

Cooke, Helen, 82, 83, 89

Cooper, Leon, 3, 79, 196–203, 205, 210–218, 230, 279, 320, 323, pl. 6

Cooperate approach to learning, 14

Coovert, Richard Elmo, 185

Corak, W., 155

Cornell University, 69, 172, 249, 296

Correlation effect in diffusion, 152

Correspondence principle, 33, 202, 325

Coupling, J. J., 146

Cox, Catherine, 315, 316

Cram, Ralph Adams, 45

Crystal

dislocations, 128, 129, 131

lattice vibrations, 187, 190, 192– 194

rectifiers, 111, 123, 126–127, 155

Cuban Missile Crisis, 271–272

Curtis, Cassius, 47

D

Daddario, Emilio, 258, 266

Dana Hall School, 81–83, 89

Darrow, Karl K., 206, 214

Darwin, Charles, 315

Daunt, J. C., 155

Davydov, Boris, 123, 137–138

Dayton, Russell, 243

de Barden, John, 281

de Boer, Jan, 262

de Bono, Edward, 322

de Forest, Lee, 124

de Haas, W. J., 92

Death penalty, 272

Debye, Peter, 5, 34, 75, 75, 92

Degaussing technology, 101, 106

Delco, 252

Department of Defense, 258

Dessauer, John, 242–244, 247–248, 250, 261

Dewey, John, 13–15

Diamagnetism, 97–98, 191, 216

DiMaggio, Joe, 282

Dirac, Paul A. M., 7, 34, 51, 75, 319, 373

Distinguished Civilian Service Award, 113–114

Doping, 61–62, 134, 244

Dos Passos, John, 219

Drickamer, Harry, 237–238

Drude, Paul, 92

Duco lacquer, 134

Duke, Charles, 248

Duke University, 279

Dunning, John, 95

DuPont, 111, 123

E

Eastman Kodak, 242, 248

Eckhardt, W. A., 39, 42, 56

Eddington, Arthur, 68–69

Edison, Thomas, 120–121

Editions Hologramme, 278

Educational Press Association of America, 11

Edwards, Anna, 13

Edwards, David, 221

Ehrenfest, Paul, 50

Einstein, Albert, 4–6, 43, 46–47, 49, 52, 59, 75, 101, 105–106, 197, 315, 318–319

Einstein, Elsa, 46, 47

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 68, 205, 254–257

Electrical conductivity, 92, 97

Electrical prospecting, 35–36, 40, 45–46

Electron-electron interactions, 78.

See also Many-body theory

Electron. See also Wave functions

density distortions, 285

hole concept, 61, 92, 127, 135, 137–138, 164

-lattice interactions, 155–157, 174, 187–188, 191, 193–194, 196, 211, 213

mean free path calculation, 92

pairs, 198–199, 201–203, 210– 211, 215, 218, 222, 225

plasmas, 192

theory of metals, 34, 48, 59–61

tunneling, 187

Electrons and Holes (Shockley), 164, 175

Electrophotography, 242–250

Elementary-particle physics, 3, 217

Elsasser, Walter, 79

Empty lattice test, 72

Energy gap theory, 80–81, 98, 154– 155, 190, 198–199, 210–211, 214, 216

Entropy principle, 156

Esaki diode, 230

Esaki, Leo, 230–231

Eugenics, 2, 163, 273

European Committee on Crime Problems, 272

European Workshop on Charge Density Waves, 296

Everitt, William, 158–160

Evolution, theory of, 156

Eyring, Henry, 49

F

Fairbank, William, 155

Fairchild Semiconductor, 163

Falicov, Leo, 223, 224

Federal laboratories, effectiveness, 268

Federal support for civilian research, 100–101, 173, 256–259, 407

Feenberg, Eugene, 77

Fermi, Enrico, 95

Fermi gas, 197

Fermi-Dirac statistics, 59–60, 218, 221

Fermilab, 275, 279, 281–282, 322

Fermi liquid theory, 77, 202–203, 221

Fermi surface, 76–78, 98, 154, 193, 202, 384

Fermions, 60, 218, 221

Ferromagnetism, 33, 92, 205

Feynman, Richard, 3–6, 53, 191, 197, 205, 317

Feynman diagrams, 196–197

Field theory, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 212

Fisher, Daniel, 290

Fisk, James, 67–68, 110, 151, 154, 159, 161–162, 175, 234

Flexner, Abraham, 41, 46, 376

Flügge, Sigfried, 193

Fock, Vladimir, 63

Foote, Paul D., 39–40

Ford, Gerald, 282

Ford Motor Company, 248

Forrestal, James, 114

Four Lakes Stamp Company, 20

Fowler, Ralph H., 36, 51

Foy, Philip, 111

Frankenstein, 5

Franklin Medal, 260, 282

Free-electron model, 191

Frenkel, Yakov, 79

Friederich, Walther, 59

Fritz London Endowment Fund, 279

Fritz London Memorial Lecture, 225, 279

Fröhlich, Herbert, 156–157, 192, 196

Frost, Robert, 219

Fry, Thornton, 37

Functional integrals, 196

Future Farmers of America, 21

G

Gallo, Charles, 242, 253

Galton, Francis, 5, 315, 317

Gardner, Howard, 318, 321

Gauge invariance, 215, 217, 221, 417

Gavoret, J., 184

General Electric, 111, 180, 223, 250

General Motors, 251

General relativity, 53, 68–69

Genius

aging and work by, 300, 319

analogy and metaphor in thinking, 141, 323–325

brainstorming, 321–322

bridging principles, 33, 61, 72, 202, 210, 324

childhood trauma and, 132, 318– 319

confidence, 177–178, 318

contextual dimension, 132, 326– 329

creativity model, 194, 314–315, 321–322, 329

cycle of achievements, 320

domains for, 315

experimentation, 132, 322–323

interdisciplinary collaboration, 49–50, 62, 69, 107, 111, 127– 128, 169, 173, 268

intuitiveness, 79, 318

IQ testing, 315, 317

learning environments, 49, 50, 55, 67, 327

mentoring and role models, 29, 31–33, 75–76, 326–328

methodological component, 7, 8, 14–15, 33, 54–55, 58, 60, 69, 70, 75, 194, 198, 319–326

motivational and teaching strategies, 14, 29, 54–55, 247

mutual-influences socialization theory, 75–76, 181

personal dimension, 316–319

passion in, 300, 317–318

profile of, 6–7, 315–316

scholarly study of, 329

single-mindedness, 318

sports and, 319

stereotypes, 4–5, 314, 315

worldliness, 6, 322–323

Gentner, Dedre, 323–324, 326

German-Jewish scientists, emigration to U.S., 50–51, 69, 80, 101

Germanium, 110, 122, 123, 134– 135, 137, 145, 176

Geophysical prospecting, 35–36

Getting, Ivan, 67, 287

Giaever, Ivar, 223–225, 230

Gibney, Robert, 111, 122, 127, 131– 132, 136, 157, 161

Gilbarg, David, 104

Ginzburg, Vitaly L., 218, 276

Gleick, James, 5

Glenn, John, 219

Glover, Rolfe E., 155, 214

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5

Gold, 92, 134, 136–137, 155

Goldman, Jacob (Jack), 248–250

Goldwasser, Edwin (Ned), 171–172, 189, 274–275, 279

Goldwater, Barry, 273

Good Will Hunting (film), 4

Goodman, B., 155

Gopnik, Alison, 318

Gor’kov, Lev, 197, 225–226, 276–277

Gottfried, Kurt, 270, 431

Goudsmit, Samuel, 50, 212, 235

Grand unified theory, 52, 319

Gray, Peter Vance, 186

Great Depression, 37, 121, 158

Green’s functions, 197, 221

Greytak, Andrew, 306–307, 309–310

Greytak, Matthew, 306–307, 309–310

Greytak, Tom, 189, 306–307

Griffith, Coleman, 158, 311

Griffith, Thomas, 111

Griggs, David, 68

Gross, Eugene, 192

Group theory, 75

Gruber, Howard, 326

Grüner, George, 285–291

Gu, 134

Guilford, Joy P., 321

Gulf Oil Corporation, 35, 37–43, 56– 57, 102, 109, 204, 302

Gustav IV Adolph, 206, 208, 233

H

Hafo Institute for Semiconductor Research, 207

Haloid Company, 242–247

Hames, John, 21, 28

Hames, Ruth. See Bardeen, Ruth

Handbuch der Physik, 62, 77–78, 193

Handel, Kai, 146

Handler, Paul, 179, 204, pl. 7

Harmer, Alexander Francis, 13, 365

Harmer, Althea. See Bardeen, Althea

Harmer, Douglas, 281

Harrison, Walter, 223

Hart, Harry, 144

Hart, Walter W., 29, 31

Hartke, Jerome Luther, 186

Hartree, Douglas, 63

Hartree-Fock approximation method, 191

Harvard University, 12, 32, 49

Department of Applied Physics, 151

Eliot House, 65, 66

faculty, 70–71, 73–76, 79, 84, 151, 225

Jefferson Laboratory, 65

Lowell House, 64–65

Nobel laureates, 75–76, 206

social rituals, 66, 83

Society of Fellows, 63–64, 66–67, 68, 83, 204, 221, 287

Hatoyama, Michio (George), 174, 180, 227, 305

Haynes, Richard, 143

Heald, K. C., 39

Health care reform, 16

Hebel, Charles, 213

Heeger, Alan, 228

Heisenberg, Werner, 4, 34, 60, 135

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 97, 297

Helium

conservation program, 262–263

liquifier, 110, 394

Henderson, Lawrence J., 64

Hennings, Thomas, Jr., 266

Henschel, Ann Bardeen See Bardeen, Ann

Herring, Conyers, 49, 51, 55–56, 71, 73, 75, 118, 150, 152, 206, 264

Herring, Louise (nee Preusch), 118, 156

Hess, Karl, 235, 241

High-energy physics, 171

High-pressure experiments, 68, 70– 71

Hilbert space, 51

Hirschfelder, Joseph, 49, 57

Hitler, Adolph, 43, 69, 80, 99, 100

Hoffman, John, 266

Holonyak, Katherine (née Jerger), 180, 304

Holonyak, Nick, 137–138, 174–181, 185, 209, 231–232, 237, 250– 252, 295, 299, 301–305, 307, 310, pl. 5

Holton, Gerald, 326

Hone, Daniel Warren, 186

Honeywell, 252

House Committee on Un-American Activities, 152

Houston, William, 92

Hutchinson, Elmer, 41

Hustrulid, Ann, 90

I

IBM, 243, 248

Ibuka, Masaro, 174

ILLIAC (Illinois Automatic Computer), 172

Illinois Central Railroad, 166

Illinois State Normal University, 254

Industrial research, 9, 242–250, 253– 254, 256–259

Influenza epidemics, 25, 370

Information Age, 2–4

Inkson, John, 235

Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie, 280

Institute for Advanced Study, 41, 43, 46–47, 49–50, 196–197, 220

Institute for Theoretical Physics, 276

Institute of Physical Problems, 276

Insulators/insulation, 61, 92, 133– 134

Intel Corporation, 163, 278

Interdisciplinary collaboration, 49– 50, 62, 69, 107, 111, 127–128, 169, 173, 268, 325

Intermediate coupling method, 192– 193

International Congress on Theoretical Physics, 205

International Low-Temperature Physics Conferences, 225, 262, 264–265

International Project on the History of Solid State Physics, 278

International Union of Pure and Applied Physics , 173, 264–265

Ioffé, Abram F., 276

Isotope effect, 155, 157, 216

Isotope separation methods, 95, 192

Isotopic spin studies, 77

Iwama, Kazuo, 174

J

J. M. Guffey Petroleum Company, 38

Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Electrotechnical Laboratory, 174

Japanese Physical Society, 264–265

Jefferson, Thomas, 219

Jensen, J. Hans D., 75

Johns Hopkins University, 11, 12, 84

Johnson, Jared Logan, 187

Johnson, Lady Bird, 282

Johnson, Lyndon, 260, 267, 273

Joiner, William C. H., 264

Jones, Harry, 55, 69

Josephson, Brian, 222–226, 230

Josephson effect, 222–223, 226–227, 287

Josephson junctions, 227

K

Kabel, Myron, 237

Kadanoff, Leo, 221, 276

Kapitza, Peter, 276

Kapitza thermal boundary resistance, 184

Keck, Charles, 237

Keldysh, Leonid, 276

Kelly, Mervin J., 73, 111, 125, 143– 144, 150, 157, 160, 162, 245– 246

Kemble, Edwin C., 32, 73, 77

Kennedy, John F., 219, 254, 256, 257, 263

Kerst, Donald, 170

Ketchum, Milo, 170

Keyworth, George, 267–270

Khalatnikov, Isaac M., 184, 276

Kikuchi, Makoto, 174, 180, 251, 252, 310, pl. 5

Killian, James, 254–255

Kirkendal effect, 152

Kirzhnits, D. A., 218

Kistiakowsky, George, 255, 256, 258

Kittel, Charles, 104, 128–129, 152, 230

Kittel, Muriel, 128–129, 152

Klein, Miles, 306

Klose, Wolfgang, 226

Knipping, Paul, 59

Koehler, James, 172

Kohn, Walter, 77, 153

Kondo, Jun, 195

Kronig, Ralph, 79

Kruger, Gerald, 170

Kuhn, Thomas S., 156, 315

Kümmel, Reiner, 187

L

La Follette, Robert M., 10

LaCoste-Romberg gravity meter, 105

Lamb, Frederick, 222, 292

Landau, Lev, 4, 77, 79, 202–203, 276

Landau Institute, 221, 417

Langer, Rudolph, 37

Langevin, Paul, 47

Langley, Pat, 326

Lanning, Emmy, 162–163, 207

Lark-Horowitz, Karl, 123, 145–146

Lazarus, David, 172, 183, 205, 218, 239, 270, 300

League of Women Voters, 272

Lederman, Leon, 323

Lee, David, 218, 231

Lee, Patrick, 287

Lee, Tsung-Dao, 192–193

Leggett, Anthony, 218, 222

Lend-Lease program, 101

Lennard-Jones, John E., 55

Leonard, Nelson, 242

Letaw, Harry, Jr., 177

Leurgans, Paul J., 185

Lifshitz, E. M., 276

Light, properties of, 33

Lilienfeld, Julius E., 144, 157

Lillie, Tonya, 304–305

Lippencott, Rev. Dr., 85

Lithium, 75

Little Fifer’s War Diary, A, 22

Logic of Modern Physics (Bridgman), 75

Lomonosov Award, 277

London, Edith, 279

London, Fritz, 79–80, 190, 194, 197– 198, 279, 286

London, Heinz, 79–80, 129, 130

London theory, 79–80, 97, 98, 129– 130, 154–155, 190, 193, 194, 197–198, 201, 216

Loomis, F. Wheeler, 158, 170, 171, 173, 204, 220

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 92

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 111, 123, 155, 159

Low, Francis, 192–193, 195

Low-temperature physics, 193

Lower dimensional materials, 228

Lundquist, Stig, 233

Luttinger, Joaquim, 77

Lyding, Joseph, 291–292, 296–298

M

3M, 242, 252–253

Madison Central High School, 29

Magnetic mines, 104–107

Magnetic prospecting, 39–40, 45–46

Magnetic signatures of ships, 105

Magnetism experiments, 130

Manhattan Project, 108, 143, 192, 322

Mansfield, Mike, 258

Many-body theory and problems, 63, 76–77, 92, 191–192, 195– 197, 200, 203, 210, 217–218, 220–221, 223, 287

Mapother, Dillon, 172

Marcus, Paul, 155

Marlowe, Don, 113

Marmor, Alfred, 260

Martin, Paul, 225

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 55, 62–64, 70–72, 77, 111, 155, 194, 255, 262

Radiation Laboratory, 123, 155, 171

Mataré, Herbert, 146

Mathematical Theory of Relativity (Eddington), 68–69

Mathematics in Daily Use (Hart), 29

Mathews, Wesley N., Jr., 186

Matsukawa, H., 294

Mattis, Daniel Charles, 183, 185

Maurer, Robert, 172

Maxwell, Betty, 85, 89, 103

Maxwell, Elizabeth (“Bess”) Patterson, 43, 85, 89, 95–96, 99, 103, 376

Maxwell, Emanuel, 155

Maxwell, Jane. See Bardeen, Jane

Maxwell, J. R., 85, 88, 97, 103

Maxwell, Jim, 85, 109, 233

Maxwell, Sue, 85, 91

Maxwell, Sam, 85

Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, 60

Maxwell’s equations, 80, 216, 229

Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 75

Mayhew, Katherine, 13

McCarthy, Joseph, 152

McCollom, Dannel, 283

McColough, Peter, 249–250

McCristal, King, 237

McDonald, Donald G., 222, 225

McMillan, Joyce, 290

McMillan, William L., 154, 184, 186–188, 222, 235, 238, 290– 291

Medal of Freedom, 282

Meissner, Hans, 224

Meissner, Walther, 80, 98

Meissner effect, 80, 98, 190–191, 198–199, 201, 212, 216

Mellon, Andrew W., 38

Mellon, Richard B., 38

Mellon, William L., 38–39

Mellon Institute, 39

Mendelssohn, Kurt, 155

Menlo Park, 120–121

Meritorious Civilian Service Award, 114

Microchip, 3

Microwave measurement techniques, 129–130

Midwest Electronics Research Center, 252

Migdal, Arkady, 77, 218

Miller, Arthur I., 324, 326

Miller, John, 199, 239, 288, 295, 298, 300

Miller, Piotr B., 185

Millikan, Robert, 73

Minimum-energy state, 79, 92, 195

Missman, Rolland A., Jr., 186

Modern Theory of Solids (Seitz), 70

Molecular beam experiments, 51

Momentum space, 201, 203, 211

Monceau, Pierre, 286

Monte Carlo methods, 187

Montgomery, Scott, 13

Moore, Gordon, 163

Moore, Hilbert, 111

Morgan, Stanley, 159

Morgan, Thomas Nolan, 185

Morison, Samuel Eliot, 64

Morita, Akio, 174

Morris, Mary, 26

Morrison, S. Roy, 177

Morse, Philip, 45

Morse, R. W., 214

Morton, Jack, 206

Mott, Nevill, 55, 69, 75, 92, 119, 123, 126–127, 176, 386

Mottelson, Ben, 196, 218

Müller, K. Alexander, 293

Muses, 5

N

Nakajima, Sadao, 174, 252

Nam, Sang Boo, 187

Nambu, Yoichiro, 217

National Academy of Sciences, 230, 255, 262, 275

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 100

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 257, 288

National Association of Evangelicals , 268

National Association of Manufacturers, 9

National Bureau of Standards, 155, 266

National Center for Advanced Materials, 269

National Child Labor Committee, 9

National Conservation Association, 9–10

National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 100

National Education Association, 11

National Inventors Hall of Fame, 282

National Medal of Science, 260

National Research Council, 262

National Science Foundation, 205, 218, 246, 259–260, 275, 289, 291, 298

National Security Council, 255

National Stain and Reagent Company, 20

Natural resource conservation, 262– 263, 278

Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), 6–7, 96, 98–99, 101–102, 103– 108, 112–114, 119, 128, 240

Naval Warfare Panel, 67

Néel, Louis, 130

Nersessian, Nancy, 326

Neural network research, 218

New York Academy of Sciences, 105

New York University, 170

Nier, Alfred O. C., 84, 90–91, 95, 110

Nix, Foster, 386

Nixon, Richard, 263, 267

Nobel ceremonies, 168, 205–209, pls. 5, 6

Nobel laureates, 1, 2–4, 53, 55, 59, 75–76, 153, 192, 196, 219, 224–225, 228, 263, 272, 362, pls. 5, 6

Nobel, Alfred, 207

Noyce, Robert, 163, 278

Nuclear energy levels, 77

Nuclear magnetic resonance, 110

Nuclear physics, 3, 69, 84, 95, 112, 172

Nuclear structure, 196

Nuclear test ban, 68, 257

Nuclear weapons, 110

O

O’Bryan, Henry, 77

O’Keefe, Georgia, 282

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 149, 151, 155, 161

Ochensfeld, Robert, 80, 98

Odishaw, Hugh, 262

Office of Naval Research (ONR), 173, 177, 259

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 101, 177

Ohio State University, 218, 221

Ohl, Russell, 126

Oil prospecting, 35–36, 40, 45–46, 102

Ong, Nai-Phuan, 286

Onnes, Heike Kammerlingh, 78, 216

Operationalism, 75

Operator theory, 51

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 50, 192

ORDVAC, 172

Orthogonal plane wave method, 71

Osborn, Alex, 322

Osheroff, Douglas, 218

Osterhoudt, Gretchen, 204, 311–312

Osterhoudt, Walter (“Dutch”), 30, 40, 42–43, 90, 176, 204, 237, 311–312

Out of the Crystal Maze, 278

P

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 248–249

See also Xerox

Pandaripande, Vijay, 222

Pao, Henry, 183, 251, 410

Paramagnetism, weak, 33, 60

Park, R. H., 104

Parmenter, Robert, 224

Particle accelerators, 170, 220, 279– 280

Pauli, Wolfgang, 4, 60, 98, 130, 218

Pauli exclusion principle, 59–60, 77, 211

Peace Research Institute, 271–272

Pearson, Gerald, 111, 121, 122, 324– 325

Peierls, Rudolf, 61, 135, 190, 217, 285

Peierls instability, 285

Peierls transition, 286

Perovskites, 293–294

Peshkov, Vasilii, 276

Peters, Leo J., 35–40, 42, 56

Pethick, Christopher, 218, 222, 229, pl. 7

Phase coherence parameter, 201

Phase transitions, 194, 212–213, 216, 222, 226

Philips Laboratories (Eindhoven), 129, 205

Phillips, James C., 223, 224, 234–235

Photoconductivity process, 242

Photoelectric effect, 59

Photovoltaic effect, 126, 131

Photon-assisted tunneling theory, 287–288, 290, 298

Physical Review, 84, 146, 156, 184, 212–213, 215–216, 235, 298

Physical Review Letters, 224, 226, 234–235

Physics Today, 299

Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, 30–31

Pierce, John, 146–147

Pines, Catherine, 310

Pines, David, 192–193, 196, 217– 218, 220–221, 231, 233, 276– 277, 305, 310, 321

Pines, Suzy, 310

Piore, Emmanuel, 173, 256

Pippard, A. Brian, 129–130, 155, 194, 202, 216–217, 224, 247, 293

Planck, Max, 59

Planned Parenthood, 263

Poe, Edgar Allen, 5

Polaron problem, 192–193

Population Crisis Committee, 263

Portnoy, William Manos, 185

Pratt Institute, 13

President’s Commission on the Patent System, 260

President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 68, 254– 259, 266–267, 270–271, 275– 276

Princeton University, 77

culture/rituals, 46–47, 49

curriculum modernization, 50

faculty, 41, 105, 192, 196, 220

Fine Hall, 45, 49

Graduate College, 41–42, 45–46, 50–52

Institute for Advanced Study, 41, 43, 46–47, 49–50, 196–197, 220

Palmer Physics Laboratory, 45

physics lectures and seminars, 51–52

preliminary exams, 46, 52, 57

Proctor Fellowships, 49, 64, 207

Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Dirac), 34

Proceedings of the Royal Society, 156

Professional organizations, 10

Progress in Low Temperature Physics, 229

Progressivism, 9–10, 75, 257, 364

Purcell, Edward, 74

Purdue University, 123, 134, 148– 149, 156

Q

Quantum electrodynamics, 5, 51, 53, 55, 69, 156

Quantum fluids, 238

Quantum mechanics, 3, 32, 36, 47, 51, 170.

See also Solid-state physics

Bose-Einstein statistic, 59–60

electron theory of metals, 34, 48, 59–61

Fermi-Dirac statistic, 59–60

fundamental work, 59, 75

operationalism and, 75–76

Pauli exclusion principle and, 59–60

real vs. ideal solids, 53–54, 58– 59, 62

relativistic, 53, 79

and superconductivity, 80–81, 193, 202

wave functions, 33, 63, 71–72, 77

wave mechanical formulation, 51, 60, 156

weak paramagnetism of metals, 33, 60

Quantum plasmas, 220

Quantum Principles and Line Spectra (Van Vleck), 33

Quantum statistical mechanics, 221

Quantum theory of metals, 34, 48, 60–62, 69, 78, 218

Quasi-particles, 202–203, 223

R

Rabi, Isadore I., 51, 170, 259

Radar, 100, 110, 130, 175

Radar detectors, 122, 125

Radiation Laboratory. See MIT.

Radio, 20–21, 126, 148

Radio frequency spectrum of atomic nuclei, 51

Radiotherapy for cancer, 25, 26

Rainwater, James, 196

Random phase approximation (RPA), 78

Rank Xerox Sweden, 234

Raytheon, 67

RCA, 243

Reagan, Ronald, 267–270, 273

Rectigraph Company, 242

Rees, Mina, 173

Reline, Bruce, 43–44, 56, 85

Reline, Mary Margaret, 43, 44, 85

Remington, William, 152

Renormalization methods, 196

Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, 223

Republican Party, 10

Reviews of Modern Physics (journal), 69

Rice, T. Maurice, 287

Richardson, Robert, 218

Ridenour, Louis, 171–172, 311

Ring current theory, 191

Robertson, Howard P., 50–51, 53, 57, 68

Robertson, Randal, 173

Rockefeller Foundation, 31–32, 41

Rockwell, Norman, 282

Rogers, Kendal True, 186

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 100–101

Rose, Kenneth, 186

Roton momentum, 229

Rowell, John, 187, 226

Ruark, Arthur, 40–41

Rumbaugh, Florence, 90, 96

Rumbaugh, Lynn, 90, 96, 101–102, 106, 113

Russell, George, 184, 232, 253

Rutgers University, 155

S

Sah, Chih-Tang, 183, 410

Salamon, Myron, 228, 289, 293–295

Scalapino, Douglas, 281

Schachenmeier, Richard, 79

Schaffer, Simon, 5

Schindler, W. G., 112–114

Schneider, James, 172

School Bulletin magazine, 11

School Bulletin Publications, 11

Schottky, Walter, 123, 126–127, 176

Schrieffer, Anne, 311

Schrieffer, J. Robert, 3, 178, 181– 182, 185, 194–203, 205, 210– 218, 227, 229, 230, 279– 280, 311, 318, 320, 322, pls. 6, 7

Schrödinger, Erwin, 51, 75

Schrödinger’s wave equation, 60

Schwinger, Julian, 53, 191, 197

Science education, 14, 178, 255, 258, 273–275

Scientific Data Systems (SDS), 248

Seaborg, Glenn, 256, 258

Seaborg report, 258–259

Second quantization method, 192

Seeger, Karlheinz, 241, 290, 296, 437

Seitz, Betty, 160, 163, 172

Seitz, Fred, 45–46, 49, 51–57, 59–60, 62–63, 70, 72, 75, 98, 108, 119, 123, 152–153, 158–160, 162– 163, 172–173, 206–207, 214, 223, 259, 268, 275, 311, 321, 386

Seitz, Jack, 163

Selenium, 244, 248

Selenyi, Paul, 242–243

Semiconductors and metals

defense research, 112, 121, 123

doping, 61–62, 122, 134–135

early experiments, 111, 125–126, 135, 137–138, 176

germanium, 122–123, 134–135, 137, 145, 176

hole theory, 135, 137–138, 141, 145, 176, 302

interfaces, 122, 125, 176

oxide films, 135–136

p- and n-junctions, 126, 133–134, 136, 138, 175

patents, 131, 133

photovoltaic effect, 126, 131

rectification, 111, 123, 126–127, 175, 176

silicon, 122–123, 126–127, 133– 134

supercooling, 128

surface states, 127–128, 131, 137, 176

ultra-high vacuum work, 179

whiskers, 122, 125, 126

Serin, Bernard, 155, 190, 193, 216, 219, 325

Shapiro, Sidney, 226

Sharp Corporation, 322

Shelley, Mary, 5

Shelley, Percy, 5

Sherwin, Chalmers, 275

Shive, John, 138, 145

Shockley, Alison, 143

Shockley, Billy, 143

Shockley, Jean, 119, 143, 147, 162

Shockley, May, 147

Shockley, William

Bardeen’s relationship with, 2, 71–73, 110, 116, 118–119, 129, 141, 145, 147–148, 150–151, 154, 157–158, 160–161, 163– 164, 175, 295, 302–303

at Bell Labs, 73, 110–111, 122, 125–131, 137, 138, 143–145, 147–148, 150–151, 157–162, 205–206, pl. 4

crystal dislocations research, 128–129, 131

empty lattice test, 72

and eugenics, 2, 163, 273, 303– 304

European laboratory tour, 128–130

and field-effect transistor, 2–3, 125–128, 131, 137, 141, 143– 144, 147–148

honors and awrds, 282

and junction transistor, 2, 131, 138, 143–145, 150, 158, 161– 162, 302

marriage and family life, 119, 143, 162–163

Nobel prize, 1, 55, 205–208

personal characteristics, 2, 72– 73, 116, 131, 145, 150–151, 162–163

problem-solving approach, 55, 72

publications, 164, 175

in Silicon Valley, 162–163

at Stanford University, 163

surface-states research, 72, 111, 127, 381

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 163

Shoenberg, David, 79, 129, 155, 197

Shortley, G. H., 52

Siemens Laboratory, 176

Sierra Club, 263

Silicon, 110, 122–123, 126–127, 134, 207

Silicon Valley, 163, 251

Simmons, Ralph, 239

Simon, Herbert, 319

Simonton, Keith, 326

Simultaneous discoveries, 156

Sirrine, Richard, 177, 185

Skinner, Burrhus Frederick, 68

Skinner, Herbert, 77

Slater, John, 50, 55, 62, 70–71, 73– 74, 155, 194, 394

Slichter, Charles, 172, 213–214, 230–231, 237, 255–256, 267, 277, 310–311

Smith, Bruce, 267

Smith, Cyril Stanley, 58–59, 256

Sneddon, Leigh, 290

Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 40

Sodium, 62, 75

Solid-state physics

approximation schemes, 59–60, 63, 70, 71, 78, 191

band theory, 60–61, 92

early graduate programs in, 55– 56, 62–63

electron hole concept, 61, 92, 134–139, 141

field-theory concepts in, 192– 193, 196–197

high-pressure experiments, 68, 70–71, 73, 74–75

interdisciplinary nature of, 62

many-body theory, 63, 76–77, 92

postwar growth of, 110

real vs. ideal materials, 53–54, 58–59, 62

textbook classics, 69–70

tight-binding method, 70

Sommerfeld, Arnold, 34, 48, 60, 62, 69, 77–78, 92, 279

Sony Corporation, 174, 251–252, 305

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 277

Special theory of relativity, 75

Specific heat, 59

Sperry Corporation, 111

Spontaneous symmetry breaking, 3, 198, 217

Sproull, Robert L., 249

Sputnik, 254

SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometers, 226–227

Stanford University, 163, 315

Stevens Institute of Technology, 210

Stoddard, George, 311

Stoner, Edmund, 129

Strategic Defense Initiative, 268– 270

Strong-coupling method, 194

Submarine detection device, 109

Sugarbaker, David, 306–308

Sugawara, Todashi, 264–265

Sulloway, Frank, 326

Superconducting materials, 3–4, 293–294

Superconducting Super Collider, 279–280

Superconductivity

acoustic attenuation, 214

aluminum, 213–214

BCS theory, 3–4, 194–203, 210– 218, 225, 293

Bloch’s theorem and, 4, 79, 201

Bohm-Pines theory and, 192, 200

boundary energy and, 191

and charge density waves, 285– 300

commercial applications, 263

Cooper pairs, 198–199, 201–203, 210–211, 215, 218, 222, 224– 225, 289, 293–294

credit for discovery, 214–215, 229–230

and diamagnetism, 80, 97–98, 191, 216

early research and theories, 78– 79, 129, 197–198, 384

electron-lattice interactions, 155–157, 174, 187–188, 191, 193–194, 196, 211, 213

energy gap theory, 80–81, 98, 154–155, 190, 198–199, 210– 211, 214, 216, 286, 294

excitonic, 228, 234–235

field theory applied to, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 212

gauge invariance issue, 215, 217

high-temperature, 220, 239, 242, 253, 293–294

interaction energies, 191

isotope effect, 155, 157, 216

Josephson effect, 222–227

junctions, 288

lattice vibrations, 187, 190, 192– 194, 230

London theory, 79–80, 97, 98, 129–130, 154–155, 190, 193– 194, 197–198, 201, 216, 279

long-range order, 198, 201–202, 210, 286

many-body theory and, 191–192, 195–197, 200, 203, 217

Maxwell’s equations and, 80

Meissner effect, 80, 98, 190–191, 198–199, 201, 212, 216

microwave experiments, 129–130

minimum-energy state and, 79, 92, 195

momentum space, 201, 203, 211

order parameter, 193–194, 211

parallel research efforts, 155, 156–157, 173, 205, 212

Pauli principle and, 211

polaron problem and, 192–193

publication of results, 212–216

quantum-mechanical framework, 80–81, 193, 202

quasi-particles and, 202–203, 223, 225

ring current theory and, 191

second-order phase transitions, 194, 212–213, 216

skeptics and skeptisicm about BCS theory, 216–218

subproblems, 190–191

symmetry breaking, 3, 198, 217, 224, 225, 286

t-matrix methods, 200

technologies, 4

thermodynamics, 80, 191, 212

thin-film experiments, 191, 214

tin, 155

tunneling, 222–227, 230–231, 286–300

wave functions, 190–191, 193– 194, 203, 210–212, 214–215

Superfluidity, 218, 221, 226–227, 229, 231, 238, 261, 288

Supertex, 251

Surface states, 72, 76–77, 122, 127– 128, 133–134, 176

Sylvania, 111

Szanton, Andrew, 54

T

T. Mellon & Sons, 38

t-Matrix methods, 200

Takeyama, H., 294

Tamm, Igor, 127, 276

Tate, John, 83–84

Technische Hochschule, 50

Tefft, Wayne Earl, 186

Teichmann School (Leipzig, Germany), 12

Terman, Lewis, 315, 317

Texas Instruments, 249

Thant, U., 263

Theoretical bridges, 33, 61, 72, 202, 210, 324

Theory of Atomic Spectra (Condon and Shortley), 52

Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities (Van Vleck), 33

Theory of Metals (Wilson), 69–70

Theory of the Properties of Metals and Alloys (Mott and Jones), 69–70

Thermodynamics, 80, 191, 212

Thin-film experiments, 191, 214

Thorne, Robert, 296

Tight-binding method, 70

Tin, 155

Tinkham, Michael, 155, 214

Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo Company, 174

Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, 53, 191, 194, 197, 210

Torpedo design, 104–106

Torrey, Henry, 155

Transistor. See also Semiconductors and metals

announcement of discovery, 140– 141, 147, 148

Bell Labs research, 72, 123, 131– 141, 143–146

bipolar, 136–137, 143–145, 150, 302–303

credit for discovery, 2, 147–148

demonstrations and lectures, 140–141, 149, 173, 175, 206, 227, pl. 8

designs, 123, 126–127, 132–134, 136, 138–141

early research, 144, 176

effect, 137, 138, 323

and electronic revolution, 3, 149– 150, 174, 177, 206, 246, 251, 306

field-effect, 2, 3, 125, 126–127, 128, 131, 132–134, 136–137, 141, 143, 144, 157, 303

hearing-aid applications, 149–150

hole concept in, 134–139, 141, 145

industry leader, 249

invention, 1, 48, 131–141, 246– 247, 301, 306

junction, 2, 131, 143, 144–145, 150, 158, 161–162, 174, 302– 303, 403

line-contact design, 139–140

military classification, 146

MOS-FET, 137

naming, 146–147

parallel research efforts, 146

patents, 137, 143, 144–145, 146, 157, 174, 302–303, 403

point-contact design, 132–34, 137, 139–140, 143, 146, 150, 157, pls. 4, 8

publication of research, 146, 149

secrecy procedures, 143–145

Trowbridge, Adams, 45

TRW, 125

Tsuneto, Toshihito, 186

TTF-TCNQ, 228

Tucker, John, 239, 287–300

Tungsten, 134

Tweney, Ryan, 326

U

Uhlenbeck, George, 50

Ulam, Stan, 68

Union of Concerned Scientists, 431

Universitetets Institut for Teoretisk Fysik (Niels Bohr Institute), 221

University High School (Wisconsin), 21

University of Bristol, 34, 55

University of California at Berkeley, 192, 214, 286

University of California at Los Angeles, 285

University of Chicago, 73, 108, 172, 218, 223, 234

Laboratory (Dewey) School, 13– 15, 21, 320

University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 1, 6, 49

atmosphere/setting, 165–166, 197

chemistry department, 170

Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory, 177–179, 291

engineering program, 171, 177

faculty recruitment strategies, 158–160, 169–172

graduate college, 171

ILLIAC computer, 172, 177

industry relationships, 252–253

intellectual atmosphere, 171– 172, 190, 197, 200, 220, 221

Laboratory High School, 274–275

Loomis Laboratory of Physics, 219–220

many-body group, 220–222, 226, 234–235

monetary resources, 173, 177– 178

morale, 173, 204

offer to Bardeen, 158–160

particle accelerator, 170, 172, 220

physics department, 169–172, 200, 218–221, 227, 238, pls. 7, 8

research atmosphere, 158, 169, 173

social life, 173, 181, 188, 197, 204, 227

Sony Professorship, 174, 251–252

Spurlock Museum, 149

student protests, 238

University of Karlsruhe, 280

University of Kassel, 226

University of Leeds, 129

University of Kansas, 49

University of Michigan, 50, 60

University of Minnesota, 48–49, 83– 84, 102, 110, 112, 118, 204, 243

University of Missouri, 253

University of Nanking, 278

University of Pennsylvania, 123, 218, 228, 245

University of Pittsburgh, 38, 40–41, 43, 84, 89

University of Wisconsin, 10–13, 15– 16, 29–36, 46, 48, 56, 64–65, 118, 164, 204, 279, 302

Uranium, 77

fission, 95

Urban League, 273

U.S. Bureau of Standards, 39

U.S. Department of Education, 275

U.S. Department of Energy, 275

U.S. Public Health Service, 102

V

Vacuum tube technology, 1, 123– 124, 126, 147, 177, 246

Vail, Thomas N., 123

Valenta, Milton William, 185

Van Hise, Charles, 10–13

Van Orman Quine, Willard, 68

Van Vleck, Abigail, 204

Van Vleck, Edward, 32

Van Vleck, John, 3, 7, 32–34, 36, 41, 48–49, 64–65, 70, 73, 75, 84, 153, 204, 227, pl. 2

Vanderslice, John, 47

Veblen, Oswald, 41, 46–47, 49

Vernersson, Carl, 234

Verwey, E. Jan W., 129, 205

von Foerster, Heinz, 176, 275

von Laue, Max, 59

Von Kármán, Theodore, 260

von Neumann, John, 49–51, 68

Vul, V. M., 276

W

Wallace, George, 272

Wallman, Professor, 207

Walter, Maila, 73, 75

Walter H. Brattain Lectureship, 304

Washington Female Seminary, 43

Wave functions, 33, 63, 71, 72, 77

defined, 127

ground-state, 193

rigidity, 80–81, 190, 194

single-electron, 191, 225

for superconducting ground state, 80–81, 190–191, 193–194, 203, 210–212, 214–215

Weart, Spencer, 62

Weaver, Warren, 31–32, 36, 41–42

Wei, Ling Yun, 185

Weinberg, Alvin, 151

Weisskopf, Viktor, 77, 217

Welker, Heinrich, 146, 403

Wellesley College, 43, 68

Werstler, Bill, 237, 305, 311

Werstler, Esther, 237

Western Electric Company, 34–35

Westinghouse Corporation, 111

Wetzel, Will, 96, 391

Weyl, Hermann, 47, 49

Wheatley, John, 184, 221

Wheeler, John, 105

Whitehead, Alfred North, 64

White House dinner, 219

White House Science Council, 267– 269

Whitman College, 304

Whitmore, William, 108

Whitney, Eli, 282

Wiedemann-Franz ratio, 228

Wiesner, Jerome, 255–257

Wigner, Eugene, 3, 7, 47, 50–60, 62– 63, 65, 72, 75, 77, 88, 108, 122, 153, 164, 198, 204, 320– 321, 325, 373, pl. 2

Wigner-Seitz method, 70, 75

Wilkins, John Warren, 186

Will, Frederick, 275

William L. McMillan Award, 290–291

Williams, John H., 84, 90

Williams, Vera, 90

Wilson, Alan, 61, 69–70, 122, 135

Wilson, Joseph, 242–244

Wisconsin State Historical Library (Madison), 15

Wisconsin Idea, 10–11

Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 10

Woods Hole Marine Biological Research Laboratory, 56, 81

Wooldridge, Dean, 125

Wordsworth, William, 5

Work functions, 48, 55, 58–59, 74– 75, 111, 124, 127

World War I, 20, 23, 25

World War II, 6–7, 94–96, 99–100, 121–122, 171, 173, 175, 191, 259

Wortis, Michael, 222, 270

X

X-ray crystallography, 59

X-ray emission spectrum of light metals, 77

Xerox Corporation, 242–250, 261, 278–279, 424

Y

Yale University, 11, 39, 73, 155

Yang, Chen Ning, 196

Yi, Fang, 278

Z

Zawadowski, Alfred, 287

Zemansky, Mark, 155

Zeta Psi social fraternity, 30

Zuckerman, Harriet, 76, 181