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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the planning group responsible for the planning of the workshop were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This workshop was supported by agreement numbers 59-0790-1-137, 2001-38831-11434, 263-MD-203182, DE-FG02-02ER63368, and IBN-0136019 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (ARS and CSREES), the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation (any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
CLAIRE M. FRASER, Chair,
The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland
RONALD L. PHILLIPS,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
ELAINE A. OSTRANDER,
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
LAWRENCE B. SCHOOK,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
JAMES E. WOMACK,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
KIM WADDELL, Senior Program Officer
JOAN ESNAYRA, Program Officer
MICHAEL R. KISIELEWSKI, Research Assistant
CINDY LOCHHEAD, Project Assistant
ROBERT POOL, Science Writer
HARLEY W. MOON, Chair,
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
SANDRA BARTHOLMEY,
Quaker Oats Company, Barrington, Illinois
DEBORAH BLUM,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
ROBERT B. FRIDLEY,
University of California, Davis, California
BARBARA P. GLENN,
Federation of Animal Science Societies, Bethesda, Maryland
LINDA F. GOLODNER,
National Consumers League, Washington, DC
W. R. (REG) GOMES,
University of California, Oakland, California
PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN,
Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts
CALESTOUS JUMA,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JANET C. KING,
University of California, Davis, California
WHITNEY MACMILLAN,
Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Michigan
PAMELA A. MATSON,
Stanford University, California
TERRY L. MEDLEY,
DuPont BioSolutions Enterprise, Wilmington, Delaware
JAMES A. MERCHANT,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
ALICE N. PELL,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
SHARRON S. QUISENBERRY,
Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
NANCY J. RACHMAN,
Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC
SONYA B. SALAMON,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
G. EDWARD SCHUH,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
BRIAN J. STASKAWICZ,
University of California, Berkeley, California
JACK WARD THOMAS,
University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
JAMES H. TUMLINSON,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Gainseville, Florida
B. L. TURNER,
Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director
JOE ESPARZA, Project Assistant
COREY S. GOODMAN, Chair
University of California, Berkeley, California
R. ALTA CHARO,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
JOANNE CHORY,
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
DAVID J. GALAS,
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Science, Claremont, California
BARBARA GASTEL,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
JAMES M. GENTILE,
Hope College, Holland, Michigan
LINDA E. GREER,
Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC
ED HARLOW,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
ROBERT T. PAINE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
GREGORYA. PETSKO,
Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
STUART L. PIMM,
Columbia University, New York, New York
JOAN B. ROSE,
University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida
GERALD M. RUBIN,
Howard Hughes Biomedical Research, Chevy Chase, Maryland
BARBARA A. SCHAAL,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
RAYMOND L. WHITE,
DNA Sciences, Inc., Fremont, California
FRANCES SHARPLES, Director
BRIDGET AVILA, Administrative Assistant
This workshop summary was enhanced by the contributions of many individuals who graciously offered their time, expertise, and knowledge. The committee thanks all who attended and/or participated in the public workshop (Appendixes B and C).
This summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this summary: Pieter de Jong of the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA; Vivek Kapur of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Bruce A. Roe of the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.