ACAME

an association of francophone West African countries’ central medical stores

ACSI-CCCD

Africa Child Survival Initiative—Combating Childhood Communicable Diseases Project

ACT

artemisinin combination therapy

ACTMalaria

Asian Collaborative Training Network for Malaria

AL

artemether-lumefantrine

A+M

artesunate plus mefloquine

AMI

Amazon Malaria Initiative

APLs

adaptable program loans

AQ

amodiaquine

AS

artesunate

ATM

artemether

ATS

artemisinin

AUC

area under the curve

BOMA

Burden of Malaria in Africa

Bsph

Bacillus sphaericus

Bti

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

CHAZ

Churches Health Association of Zambia

CIF

cost, insurance, freight

CMH

Commission on Macroeconomics and Health

CMS

Central Medical Stores (Cambodia)

CNM

National Malaria Center (Cambodia)

CNS

central nervous system

COMESA

Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa

CQ

chloroquine

CRHCS

East and Southern Africa Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat

CRPF

chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum

CRPV

chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax

CSA

chondroitin sulphate A

DALY

disability-adjusted life-year

DDT

dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

DDU

duty delivery unpaid

DEET

N,N-diethyl-m toluamide (an insect repellant)

DFWP

duty-free wholesaler price

DHA

dihydroartemisinin

DHFR

dihydrofolate reductase-thymidilate synthase

DHPS

dihydropteroate synthase

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNDi

Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

DOTS

directly-observed therapy, short course (refers to treatment for tuberculosis)

DSS

Demographic Surveillance Site (or System)

EANMAT

East African Network for Monitoring Antimalarial Treatments

ECG

electrocardiogram

EDB

Essential Drugs Bureau (Cambodia)

EIR

entomologic inoculation rate

EMVI

European Malaria Vaccine Initiative

EPI

Expanded Programme on Immunization

G6PD

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

G8

Group of Eight [leading industrialized countries]

GAVI

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

GDF

TB Global Drug Facility

GDP

gross domestic product

GFATM

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

GMR

a private South African company that manages medical stores

GNI

gross national income

GSK

GlaxoSmithKline

HIPC

highly indebted poor countries

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HMS

hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly

HRP-2

histidine-rich protein 2

IDA

International Development Association

IFPMA

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association

IMCI

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

INN

International Nonproprietary Name

IOM

Institute of Medicine (of The National Academies)

IPT

intermittent preventive treatment

IPTc

intermittent preventive treatment in children

IPTi

intermittent preventive treatment in infants

IPTp

intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women

IRS

indoor residual spraying

ITC

insecticide-treated curtain

ITN

insecticide-treated (bed) net

kdr

knock down resistance

LICUS

low income countries under stress

MARA

Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa

MDA

mass drug administration

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MDR

multidrug resistance

MEWS

malaria early warning system

MIC

minimum inhibitory concentration

MIM

Multilateral Initiative on Malaria

MMSS

Malaria Medicines and Supplies Service

MMV

Medicines for Malaria Venture

MoH

Ministry of Health

MPC

minimum parasiticidal concentration

MQ

mefloquine

MSH

Management Sciences for Health

MSL

Medical Stores Ltd.

MSP-1

merozoite surface protein-1

MTCT

maternal to child transmission

MVI

Malaria Vaccine Initiative

NGO

nongovernmental organization

NIH

National Institutes of Health (U.S.)

OTC

over-the-counter

PAHO

Pan American Health Organization

PATH

Program for Appropriate Technology in Health

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

PF

parasitologic failure

Pfcrt

Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene

Pfdhfr

dihydrofolate reductase gene

Pfdhps

dihydropteroate synthase gene

PfEMP-1

P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1

Pfmdr

Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene

Pgh1

P-glycoprotein homologue

pLDH

parasite enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

PNA

Pharmacie Nationale d’Approvisionnement

PQ

piperaquine

PRA

Pharmacie Regionale d’Approvisionnement

PRSCs

poverty reduction support credits

PRSP

poverty reduction strategy paper

QBC

quantitative buffy coat test

R&D

research and development

RACTAP

Réseau d’Afrique Centrale des Thérapeutiques Antipaludiques (Central African network)

RBC

red blood cell

RBM

Roll Back Malaria

RDT

rapid diagnostic test

RNA

ribonucleic acid

RTS,S

a recombinant protein vaccine which pairs hepatitis B surface antigen with DNA encoding a large portion of P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein

SACs

structural adjustment credits

SADCC

Southern African Development Coordination Conference

SALs

structural adjusted loans

SEACAT

South East African Combination Antimalarial Therapy [Evaluation]

SIT

sterile insect technology

SP

sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine

SWAp

sector-wide approach

T 1/2

half-life

TB

tuberculosis

TDR

the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases

TEHIP

Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project

TNF-alpha

tumor necrosis factor alpha

TTF

therapeutic treatment failure

UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

USAID

U. S. Agency for International Development

USAMRMC

United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

VA

verbal autopsy

VAT

value added tax

VLSS

Vietnam Living Standards Surveys

WANMAT

West African Networks for Monitoring Antimalarial Treatments

WHO

World Health Organization

WHOPES

WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

WRAIR

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

ZK

Zambia Kwacha (currency)