State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (2006)
Chapter: Appendix C Summary of Milestones in CARB Mobile Source Emissions Regulations and Comparison with EPA
Appendix C
Summary of Milestones in CARB Mobile-Source Emissions Regulations and Comparison with EPA
TABLE C-1 Heavy-Duty On-Road Vehicles
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
1999 | Carl Moyer Program | Incentive program to reduce NOx and PM emissions (funded 7,000 projects to date) | — | EPA has no comparable program |
2000 | School bus program | Incentive program to retrofit or purchase improved buses (3,475 buses improved) | 2004 | Federal enforcement settlement with Toyota provided funding for retrofit of school buses |
2004 | Vehicle computer software upgrade | Required 1993-1999 trucks to modify software to reduce excessive NOx emissions | — | EPA has no comparable program |
2004 | Particulate filters on refuse trucks | Reduced PM by up to 85% in residential neighborhoods | — | EPA has no comparable program |
2005 | Additional test procedures for certification | Reduce potential of excessive emissions during real-world driving | 2007 | Adopted a similar program (2 years later) |
2007 | First diagnostic system | Identifies failed emission control parts | — | EPA has no comparable program |
TABLE C-2 Small Off-Road and Utility Engines
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
1995 | First small off-road engine emission standards | Improved engine design reduced emissions 30-70% | 1997 | EPA adopted similar program (2 years later) |
2000 | First small off-road engine durability requirement | Use of catalysts, advanced two-stroke design and increased use of four-stroke engines for handheld equipment. Improved engine technologies for non-handheld equipment | 2001 | EPA adopted similar program (1 year later) |
2005 | California aligned with federal standards | Improved engine design and requirements similar in all 50 states for engines smaller than 50 cc | 2005 | Initiated at the federal level first and then adopted by CARB |
2006 | First small off-road engine evaporative emission requirements | Low fuel permeation fuel tank and fuel lines and use of carbon canister | — | Federal standards in development |
2007-2008 | HC and NOx standards reduced for engines greater than 80 cc in displacement | Emissions reduced by 33-38% using catalyst | — | Federal standards in development |
TABLE C-3 Off-Road Diesel Engines
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
1996 | First emission standards for engines over 175 hp (130 kW) | Improved engine design technologies | 1996 | Adopted California requirements from 50-175 hp (37-130 kW) |
1999 | Carl Moyer Program | Incentive program to reduce NOx and PM (as noted earlier 7,000 projects to date) | — | EPA has no comparable program |
2000 | Agreement with manufacturers to align California and federal standards | Similar requirements in all 50 states | — | EPA and CARB standards aligned |
TABLE C-4 Recreational Marine Engines
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
2001 | Set Tier 1 outboard marine and personal watercraft engines | Improved engine technologies reducing HC and NOx emissions by 75% from uncontrolled | 2006 | EPA adopted similar requirements but will not fully match California until 2006 (5 years later) |
2003 | Tier 1 standard for inboard and sterndrive marine engines | Improved engine technologies with minor emission reductions | — | EPA has no comparable requirement but notice of advanced rulemaking issued in 2002 |
2004 | Tier 2 outboard marine and personal watercraft engines | Improved engine design resulting in 80% HC and NOx emission reductions compared to uncontrolled | — | EPA has no comparable requirement |
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
2007 | Tier 2 inboard and stern drive marine engine requirements | Use of catalysts producing 67% emission reduction compared with uncontrolled | — | EPA has no comparable requirements but notice of advanced rulemaking issued in 2002 |
2008 | Tier 3 outboard and personal watercraft engine requirements | Increases use of four-stroke engines and use of direct injection two-stroke engines | — | EPA has no comparable requirements |
TABLE C-5 Fuels and Vapor Recovery
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
1971 | Fuel volatility limit of 9 RVP during ozone season | Large evaporative emission reductions | 1989 | EPA adopted similar program (18 years later) |
— | — | — | 1974 | Federal regulations required large service stations to sell unleaded gasoline nationwide |
1976 | Stage 1 and Stage 2 vapor recovery required (transfer from cargo to service station and transfer to vehicle respectively) | Evaporative emission reductions | 1990 | Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 set similar requirements in non-attainment areas outside of California |
1992 | Phase 1 of cleaner burning gasoline | Full phase-out of lead, deposit control additives, RVP of 7.8, and wintertime oxygenates | 1992 | EPA adopted a partial program at the same time |
Model Year | Requirement | Result | EPA | |
Model Year | Comparison with California | |||
1993 | Cleaner burning diesel fuel | Sulfur content limit of 500 ppmw and aromatic hydrocarbon limit of 10% by volume (20% for smaller refiners) | 1993 | EPA adopted a partial program at the same time |
1996 | Phase 2 of clean burning gasoline | Control of 8 major fuel properties: RVP 7.0 cap in ozone season, oxygenates, benzene limits, aromatic limits, olefin limits, sulfur limits, and 50% and 90% distillation limits | 2000 | EPA adopted a partial program 4 years later |
2001 | Enhanced Stage 1 vapor recovery (98% capture efficiency) | VOC emissions reduced | — | EPA has no similar requirement but many states have adopted the California requirement |
2003 | Phase 2 vapor recovery must be compatible with ORVR systems on vehicles | Improves nozzle design or processor to minimize tank pressure | — | EPA has no similar requirement but many states are adopting California requirement |
2006 | Reduce sulfur in diesel fuel to 15 ppmw | Enables the use of advanced after-treatment devices to meet 2007 heavy-duty vehicle requirements | 2006 | EPA adopted 1 year before California but not applied to nonroad sources until 2010, not to stationary sources, and no aromatic hydrocarbon limit |
All tables adapted from CARB, unpublished material, 2005. | ||||
