A

Academic performance, 2, 3, 24, 25, 36, 73, 93, 95, 110.

See also Learning

Acne and skin problems, 3, 26, 40–41

Adjustment disorder, 3

Adolescent Sleep Smart Pacemaker Program, 221

Adolescent Sleepiness Scale, 97–98

Adolescents.

See also Social and cultural pressures on teens

alertness, 16–17

brain development, 11

caffeine intake, 42–44

car crashes, 30–34

cramming for exams, 67–68, 108, 110, 127

homework routine, 125–127, 128, 129

international similarities, 225–230

motivation to sleep, 110–116, 199

night owls, 18, 59–60, 131, 225, 226

parasomnias, 52

physiological demands on, 23–24

and Process C, 14, 15–18, 49, 50

and Process S, 14–16, 49, 50

sleep IQ quiz for, 61

sleep needs, 15, 21, 24, 27, 37, 48–49, 56, 109, 131

sleep-wake cycle, 11, 12, 16, 17–18, 27–28

social lives, 78, 83–84

TV watching, 83–84, 199

Adults

jet lag, 82

RLS, 168

sleep needs, 48–49, 56, 203

sleep-wake cycle, 10–11

sleepiness assessment tools, 98–99

Advocacy

changing school start times, 28, 147, 202–203, 214–216

education on sleep deprivation, 220–222

Aggressive driving, 36

Alarm clocks, 123, 129, 137, 200, 201

Alcohol use or abuse, 2, 21, 32, 36, 40, 44, 168, 187, 204, 229

Alertness, 11, 14, 16–17, 56–57.

See also Process C

professional assessment tools, 97–98

“All-nighters,” 67–68

Allergies, 26, 160, 162

Alpha waves, 50

Alvarez, G. G., 196

American Academy of Pediatrics, 31, 36, 64, 233

American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 94, 187, 234

American Diabetes Association, 178

American Sleep Disorders Association, 154

Andrade, Miriam, 225

Anger/irritability, 3, 21, 35–37, 41, 44, 46, 95, 114, 136, 155, 187

Animals, sleep needs, 39, 49, 182–183

Anticonvulsants, 169, 173, 184

Antidepressants, 168, 173, 190

Antioxidant balance, 26, 181

Anxiety, 36, 187, 192, 226, 227

Armitage, Roseanne, 57, 191

Arthritis Foundation of New South Wales, 41

Association of Professional Sleep Societies, 169

Asthma, 26, 160

Attention deficit disorder, 94, 161, 185–197

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 147–148, 185–187

Australia, 225

Awake123, 200

Ayas, N. T., 196

B

Balon, R., 191

Bats, 49

Bedtime and wake-up routines

enabling bad behavior, 200–202

ground rules, 197–200

responsibility for, 200–202

successful strategies, 122–124

tips from teens to parents, 107–118

weekends, 147

Behavior, 2, 21, 24, 31, 187, 197, 226;

see also Sleep-promoting strategies

Better Sleep Council, 234

Bipolar disease, 143

Birds, 67

Bradley Hospital Sleep and Chronobiology Research Laboratory, 186

Brain chemistry

and mood swings, 36

and sleep-wake cycle, 10–13

and suicidal tendencies, 190–191

Brain development, 11–13, 54, 64, 65–66

Brain function

activity during sleep, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66–69, 70, 73

cerebral cortex, 66

energy expenditure and, 39

fMRI, 69, 70

fronto-temporal cortex, 66

light therapy and, 139

parietal lobe, 66, 69

Brazil, 225, 226

Brown Medical School, 186

C

Caffeine, 39–40, 42–44, 87–89, 121, 146, 168, 204

Canada, 228

Cancer, 3, 181

Car crashes

alcohol and, 32

danger signs, 32–33

drowsy driving laws, 30–31

“good” vs. “bad” kids, 32

international perspectives, 226

risk factors, 32

school start times and, 214

sleep debt and, 2, 31

Carskadon, Mary, 12, 31, 32, 82, 217

Case Western Reserve University, 120, 180

Cataplexy, 164, 165–166, 167, 184

Catching up on sleep, 19–21, 166

Cats, 49

Cell phones, 84–86, 119

Children

obesity epidemic, 177

parasomnias, 52

sleep needs, 48–49

sleepiness assessment, 100, 101–102

Children in the Community study, 83

China, 226

Cholinergic transmission, 11–12

Chronic fatigue syndrome, 38–39

Chronotherapy, 144–146

Circadian rhythm, 18, 20–21.

See also Internal clock;

Process C

Cognitive lapses, 58

Committee on Chemotherapeutics, 190

Communicating about sleep, 197

photo comparison, 95–96

tips from teens to parents, 107–118

Computers, 84.

See also Internet

Confusion, 36

Connecticut Thoracic Foundation, 213

Cortisol, 34, 178

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) device, 162, 163–164

D

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS)

ADD mistaken for, 186

brain changes and, 12–13

catching up on sleep and, 19–21

and depression, 189

genetic predisposition, 58, 59

and headaches, 179

and immune response, 181

insomnia distinguished from, 169, 170

lifestyle accommodations, 59

napping and, 75

Process C and, 14

Process S and, 14–16

and seizures, 183–184

sports team travel and, 82

treatment, see Treatment of DSPS

Dental appliances, 162–163

Depression

screening, 104, 173

signs of, 188

sleep deprivation and, 2, 3, 21, 36, 38, 94, 147, 148, 155, 168, 187–190

and substance abuse, 187

treatment, 189

Dextroamphetamine derivatives, 167

Diabetes, 3, 35, 177, 178–179

Dialysis, 168

Diary/journal writing, 123–124, 129

Dieting, 121

Digestive problems, 30, 39–40

Dim light melatonin onset, 17, 149

Divided-Attention Test, 102–103

Dopamine, 11, 169

Down syndrome, 160

DR1 markers, 59

Dreams/dreaming, 51, 53, 74, 75, 144, 164

Drug abuse, 36, 44, 187

Drunk Driving Test, 33

Dysfunction

critical point, 24

tests of, 33, 102–103

E

Early, Chris, 167–168

Eating habits, 121–122, 178, 179.

See also Caffeine

Electroencephalograms, 53, 184

Emotional stability, 24.

See also Mood

Energy

and brain function, 39

expenditure, 39

level, 36, 38, 46, 82, 87

restoration, 51

sleep disorders and, 161

Epilepsy, 169, 183–184

Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 98–99

Equipment operation, injuries related to, 33–34

Evans, Sandy, 217–220

Everson, Carol, 181–182

Eurodata TV Worldwide study, 229

Exercise, 38, 42, 44–45, 116, 125–126, 127–128, 129, 130–131, 146, 162, 171, 172, 178, 179, 204

Extracurricular activities, 80–82

F

Fairfax County Council of PTAs, 218

Feng Shui, 118

Fenn, K. M., 69

Finland, 225

Food and Drug Administration, 143

France, 228

G

Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), 12, 169

Gangwisch, James, 35

Genetic factors, 50, 58–60, 164, 177, 186

George Washington University, 154

Ghrelin hormones, 34

Giannotti, Flavia, 226

Giedd, Jay, 11

Giraffes, 49

Glucose metabolism, 34, 35

Grossbart, Ted, 40–41

Growth, 40

Growth hormone, 40, 51

Guilleminault, Christian, 32

H

Hair loss, 26

Harvard Medical School, 40–41

Headaches

caffeine withdrawal and, 44

cause of, 180

cluster, 180

evaluating, 103–104

melatonin and, 180

migraines, 26–30, 180

and school absenteeism, 181

sleep disorders and, 39, 95, 147–148, 155, 165, 179

tension, 180

Heartburn, 173

Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, 187

Hippocampus, 64

Hobson, J. Allan, 53

Homeostatic sleep system. See Process S

Homework routine, 125–127, 128, 129

Human leukocyte antigens, 59

Hypersomnia, 229

Hypertension, 3, 177

Hyperthyroidism, 176

Hypnogogic hallucinations, 50, 164

Hypocretin, 11, 164–165, 166–167

Hypothalamus, 12, 14, 15–16, 165

Hypothalamus dysfunction syndrome, 182

Hypothyroidism, 176

I

IGF-I, 40

Immune response

activity during sleep, 51

depression of, 25–26, 57

and diabetes, 178

impaired, 181–183

and narcolepsy, 164

Table-Over-Water sleep deprivation model, 182–183

upregulation, 182

Infants

REM sleep deprivation, 54

sleep needs, 48–49

Infections, susceptibility to, 21, 24, 25–26, 39, 63, 181

Injection snoreplasty, 163

Injury

recovery rate, 41

risk of, 21, 30–34

Insomnia

causes, 169–170

chronic psycho-physiological, 170

and depression, 188, 190

diagnosing, 173

ethnocultural differences, 229

multiple wake-ups, 173

prevalence, 169, 229

sleep-onset, 169–170, 173

and substance abuse, 187

and suicide, 190–191

treatment, 170–172, 173

Instant Messaging, 85, 89, 119, 120

Insulin resistance, 179

Interactive Hazard Perception Test, 33

Internal clock, 9–10, 13, 15, 17–18, 32, 82.

See also Process C

International Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Study, 228

International Society for Affective Disorders, 190

Internet

gaming and Instant Messaging, 85, 89, 119, 120

Web sites resources for patients, 33, 73, 74

Interpersonal relationships, 44–45

Iron levels, 167–168

Israel, 225, 226–227, 228

Italy, 225, 226

J

Japan, 225, 227, 228, 229

Johns Hopkins University, 167

K

Keats, John, 47

Kidney failure, 168

Korea, 226

L

Language learning, 73

Laser-assisted uvolopalatectomy, 163

le Bourgeois, M. K., 186

Learning.

See also Sleep-learning link

adaptive, 76

process, 64–66

Lehigh University, 191

Leptins, 34, 177

Lofgren, Zoe, 216

Longevity, 26, 57, 196

Light exposure

boxes, visors, and books, 28–29, 39, 125, 138–142, 148–149, 189, 199, 231–232

and brain cues, 124–125, 138, 139, 148–149

Dawn Simulator, 142

length of, 138–139

lux vs. lumens, 138

and melatonin production, 139

mood disorders and, 139, 143, 189, 190

outdoor jobs and, 141

side effects and safety issues, 140, 142–143

M

Maggie’s Law, 30–31

Mania, 143

Martin, Paul, 41

McDonnell, Maggie, 30

Measuring sleepiness, 11

adolescents, 97–98, 99–102, 136

adults, 98–99, 101

children, 100, 101–102

daytime napping test, 93, 136, 161, 162

depression screening, 104

headache evaluation, 103–104

memory games and puzzles, 73–74, 104–105

overnight sleep study in sleep lab, 154, 161, 166

photo comparison, 95–96

professional assessment tools, 96–102

psychomotor response impairments, 102–103

sleep logs, 11, 13, 39, 93, 131–132, 133, 149

symptoms, 93–96

Mednick, S. C., 69

Melatonin

and headaches, 180

light therapy and, 139, 144

measuring, 13

and sleep-wake cycle, 3, 12–13, 17, 49, 50

treatment with, 39, 143–146, 149

Memory, 37, 63, 64.

See also Sleep-learning link

categories and types, 65

consolidation, 67, 72

refining, 69

restoration, 69, 72

sleep disorders and, 155

tests, 73–74, 104–105

Menna-Barreto, L., 225

Metabolic syndrome, 179

Methylphenidate derivatives, 167

Microarousals, 167

Microsleeps, 58, 184

Migraines, 3, 26–30, 180

symptoms, 103–104

Modafinil, 166–167

Mood

brain chemistry and, 36

caffeine effects, 42, 88

light therapy and, 139

sleep deprivation and, 21, 35–37, 41, 44, 46, 93, 94, 95, 149, 161

social and cultural pressures and, 87, 88

swings, 35–37

Morning larks, 50

Music and MP3 players, 84–85, 120, 149, 204

MyCalls, 200

N

Napping, 42, 69, 72, 75, 127, 129–130, 136, 149, 165, 166

Narcolepsy

cause, 164–165

diagnosing, 166, 184

incidence, 164

major study, 153

risk factors, 165, 166

signs and symptoms, 164, 165–166, 184

treatment, 166–167

National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, 217

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, 234

National College Health Assessment program, 191

National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, 25–26

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 179, 234

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 30, 102, 234

National Institute of Child Health and Development, 221

National Institute on Media and the Family, 84

National Institutes of Health, 11, 26, 190, 221

National Parent Teacher Association, 234

National School Boards Foundation, 234

National Sleep Awareness Week, 222

National Sleep Foundation, 11, 20, 32, 33, 41, 44, 47, 61, 75, 76, 131, 168, 187, 190, 197, 211, 213–214, 215, 235

Natural selection, 57

Neurodegenerative diseases, 168

Neuronal pruning, 11

Neurotransmitters, 11, 36

New Jersey, Maggie’s Law, 30–31

Nicotine, 2, 44, 226, 227, 229

Night owls, 18, 50, 58, 59–60, 131, 226

Night terrors, 52

Nightmares, 190

Nighttime urination, 155

Norepinephrine, 11

North American Association for the Study of Obesity, 35

O

Obesity/overweight, 3, 21, 34–35, 160, 162, 177–178

Ohida, T., 228

One-Leg Stand Test, 102–103

Opioids, 169

Overeating, 26

P

Pacemaker cells, 155–156

Pain, 41

Panic attacks, 190

Parasomnias, 52

Parents.

See also Adults

alcohol consumption, 204

caffeine consumption, 204

changing school start times, 202–203, 216–220

enabling bad habits, 200–202

family time, 205–206

following through on agreements, 206–207

ground rules for kids, 197–199

night-owl behavior, 203

obesity, 177

overprogramming, 205

patient and caring attitude, 207

pressure on teens from, 78, 80, 87, 89, 229

prioritizing sleep, 196–197

as role models, 4, 46, 60, 89, 203–207

sleep logs, 207

supportive role, 196

talking to teens, 195–196, 197, 198, 202

tips from teens to, 107–118

TV watching, 203–204

winding down before bed, 204

working in the bedroom, 204–205

Parkinson’s disease, 168, 169

Payne, Phyllis, 217–220

Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, 100, 101–102

Pew Internet & American Life Project, 85

Photosensitivity reactions, 143

Pineal gland, 12, 143

Potassium, 168–169

Process C, 14, 15–18, 49, 50, 148.

See also Internal clock

Process S, 14–16, 49, 50, 148

Profile of Mood States, 36

Psychomotor response, 32–33

Puberty

and brain development, 11

and migraines, 26

and sleep-wake cycle, 12, 15, 18

Q

Quality of sleep, 20, 42, 60, 123, 180, 186

Quinine water, 168

R

Reaction Test Challenge, 33

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 11–12, 26

arousal from, 199

brain activity, 53, 184

brain chemistry and, 190

dreams, 75

and learning, 37, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 126

and pain sensitivity, 41

paralysis, 53–54, 164

REM Sleep Behavioral Disorder, 54

Resources for patients

light therapy products, 231–232

memory games and puzzles, 104, 232–233

sleep-related organizations, 233–235

sleep specialists, 94

Web sites, 33, 73, 74

Restless legs syndrome, 167–169, 173

Ritalin, 147

Roberts, R. E., 229

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 64

Russia, 228

S

Sadeh, Avi, 226–227

School

absenteeism, 20, 38, 44–45, 95, 181

advanced placement classes, 79

changing, 147

class schedule changes, 28

School start times

after-school daycare concerns, 216

Arlington, Virginia, 210

benefits of later time, 209–210, 213–214

changing, 28, 147, 202–203, 214–216

community engagement, 215

districts that have changed, 210, 212–214

Fairfax County, Virginia, 216–220

Fayette County, Kentucky, 214

financial pressures and, 78, 211–212

goal setting, 215–216

and juvenile crime, 211

Minneapolis Edina school district, 210, 214

Montgomery County, Maryland, 211

resistance to change, 219

“school engagement” issue, 217

and sleep deprivation, 18, 19, 27, 77–78, 147, 211–212

S.L.E.E.P. parent group’s story, 216–220, 235

and sports and extracurricular

activities, 213, 214, 216

starting a parent group, 220

state and national efforts at change, 216

and traffic accidents, 214

transportation logistics, 218–219

Wilton, Connecticut, 212–214

Scripps Clinic, 180

Seasonal affective disorder, 139

Seizure disorders, 183–184

Serotonin, 11, 190–191

Sexual development, 13

Sexual Maturity Ratings, 13

Shakespeare, William, 47

“Siesta” time, 14, 15

Singareddy, R. K., 191

Skin problems. See Acne and skin problems.

S.L.E.E.P., 216–220, 235

Sleep

arousal threshold, 52

attacks, 58, 164, 184

brain activity during, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66–69, 70, 73

debt, 14, 19–21, 25–26, 166

defined, 47–48

dreaming, 51, 53, 74, 75

hypnogogic hallucinations, 50

IQ quiz for teens, 61

K complexes, 51

logs, 11, 13, 39, 131–132, 133, 149, 170, 207

motivation strategies, 110–116

needs, 15, 21, 24, 27, 37, 48–49, 55, 56, 60, 109, 131, 203

quality, 20, 42, 60, 123, 180, 186

restorative functions, 48, 51, 54, 55, 63, 154

slow wave, 51, 52, 67, 72, 73, 75, 129

spindles, 51

stages, 40, 49–53

talking, 52

walking, 52

Sleep apnea, 35, 148

arousal rate, 159

case study, 161–164

cause, 155–159

and diabetes, 179

diagnosing, 159, 161–162, 173

length and number of events, 159–160

prevalence, 155

risk factors, 160, 161, 162

signs and symptoms, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160–161

treatment, 162–164

Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, 159, 163

Sleep deprivation.

See also Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

and acne and skin problems, 26, 40–41

and ADD, 94, 185–187

alcohol use and, 21, 32, 36, 40, 44

and allergies and asthma, 26

and behavior, 187, 226

and caffeine, 39–40, 42–44

catching up on sleep, 19–21

community-wide problem, 217–218

diseases with common symptoms, 175–192

and driving, 30–34, 226

education initiatives, 214–215, 220–222

and immune response, 25–26, 57

and injury risk, 2, 30–34

international perspectives, 225–230

and learning, 64, 67, 75, 76

lethal effects, 26

longevity, 26, 57

and mood, 21, 35–37, 41, 44, 46, 93, 94, 95, 226

and obesity, 2, 177

social and cultural pressures and, 77–89

state instability, 58

symptoms, 93–96

Sleep disorders.

See also individual disorders

diagnosis and treatment, 153, 154

knowledge of, 153–154

most common in teens, 154–155

obesity/overweight and, 35, 160

prevalence, 153

symptoms, 154

Sleep Heart Health Study, 179

Sleep in America polls, 32, 42, 44, 197

Sleep-learning link, 21, 31

“all-nighters” and, 67–68, 75, 108, 110, 127

auditory learning, 72–73

behavioral learning, 74

brain imaging, 69, 70

creativity, 74–75

finger-tapping test, 68

information processing, 53, 63–64

memory and, 37, 54

motor-based learning, 71–72

problem solving, 74–75

testing, 68, 73–74, 104–105

visual learning, 73–74

when learning occurs, 66–69, 70, 126

Sleep-promoting strategies.

See also Treatment of DSPS

alarm clock settings, 123, 129

bedroom environment, 118–119, 124–125, 132, 171, 204–205

bedtime and wake-up routines, 122–124, 197–200

calming activities, 115, 120–121, 123–124, 149, 204, 205–206, 228

cooperative approach, 117–118, 197

day planner/PalmPilot, 126, 128

diary/journal writing, 123–124, 129, 149, 171

eating habits, 121–122, 126, 127, 132, 146

exercise/physical activity, 125–126, 127–128, 129, 136, 146, 148, 171, 172, 204, 206

family time and, 205–206

guided imagery, 171–172

homework routine, 125–127, 128, 129, 132

incentives and rewards, 123, 127, 199

international perspectives, 228

light exposure and brain cues, 124–125

music, 120, 127, 132, 149, 204

napping, 127, 129–130

phone and IM limits, 119, 128, 146, 149

recognizing poor sleep habits, 131–132

schedule adjustments, 131–132, 145, 146

stress reducers, 126, 127–129, 170–173

talking about difficult issues, 128

temperature, 119

TV limits, 119–120, 124, 126–127, 132, 199

video games and, 120

Sleep-wake cycle.

See also Internal clock

adolescent, 3, 11, 12, 16, 17–18, 27–28, 111–112

adult, 10–11

brain chemistry and, 3, 10–12

changing, 29–30

child, 10–11, 16, 17

duration, 54–55

evolution and, 13, 55–58

genetic factors, 50, 58–60

and physiological processes, 16

puberty and, 12

schedule for teens, 108–109, 111–112

stages, 40, 49–55;

see also REM sleep

Sleepiness

perception as laziness, 154, 165

tests, see Measuring sleepiness

Sleeping medications, 137, 143–144, 173

“Sleeping on a decision,” 68–69

Slow wave sleep, 51, 52, 67, 72, 73, 75, 129, 190, 199

Smoking. See Nicotine

Snoring, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161

Social and cultural pressures on teens.

See also Sports

and caffeine consumption, 87

college-related, 78–81, 88, 189, 191

and depression, 189

early start times, 18, 19, 27, 28, 77–78

extracurricular activities, 80–82

international differences, 229–230

job-related, 81

and mood, 87, 88

multitasking and, 87

from parents, 78, 80, 87

and priority of sleep, 86–87

and privacy and personal time, 83–84, 116

status in staying up late, 86

strategies for lowering, 80, 115

technology and, 82, 83–86, 87

Society for Adolescent Medicine, 235

Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms, 140

Somatotropin, 40

Sports

benefits of, 81–82

extended travel by teams, 82

injuries, 34, 38

performance, 21, 34, 48, 72, 109–110

pressures on teens, 81–82

school start times and, 213

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 168

Stanford Sleepiness Scale, 99, 101

Stanford University School of Medicine, 168

Stedman, Nancy, 24

Stickgold, Robert, 72

Stimulant medications, 166, 186

Stomach ulcers, 39

Stress.

See also Social and cultural pressures on teens

and alcohol and drug abuse, 44

coping ability, 46

and cortisol, 34, 178

and digestive problems, 40

exercise and, 38, 130–131

international perspective, 226–227, 229

and obesity, 34, 177–178

reduction strategies, 38, 127–129, 130–131, 170–173, 227

sleep deprivation and, 24, 36, 39, 40, 48, 49, 87, 226–227, 229

Suicidal tendencies, 3, 36, 190–192

Sullivan, Kevin, 212

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 14, 15–16, 138, 148

Surgical interventions, 163

T

T3 (triiodothyronine), 175

T4 (thyroxine), 175

Table-Over-Water sleep deprivation model, 182–183

Tanner Stages (Tanner Scale), 13

Television watching, 83–84, 87, 119–120, 127, 170, 177, 203–204, 229

Tests of impairment. See Dysfunction;

Measuring sleepiness

Theta waves, 50, 51

Thyroid disease, 175–177

Time management issues, 10

Tissue growth and repair, 41, 51

Tonsillectomy, 162

Treatment of DSPS

behavioral changes, 29–30, 137, 145, 146–147, 148;

see also Sleep-promoting strategies

case history, 147–149

chronotherapy, 137, 144–146, 147

compliance with, 146–147, 199, 202, 206–207

education, 39, 135–136, 146, 148

family support and participation, 59–60, 145, 205–206

length of, 28, 143, 145

light therapy, 28–29, 39, 136, 137–143, 144, 146, 147, 148–149, 189, 206

melatonin supplements, 39, 136, 143–144, 145–146, 147, 149, 206

in Russia, 228

sleeping pills and, 137

U

UNICEF, 64

University of British Columbia, 196

University of Chicago Medical School, 34

University of Copenhagen, 179, 180

University of Lubeck, 74–75

University of Maryland, 229

University of Michigan, 191

Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, 159, 163

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 228

U.S. Department of Justice, 211

U.S. Department of Labor, 81

V

Vancouver General Hospital, 196

Video games, 85, 89, 119, 120

Visual discrimination tasks, 69

Visual reaction time, 31

W

Wake-up services, 200

Wakefulness, 11–12

body jerk, 50

defined, 47

destabilization, 58

drugs promoting, 166–167

sustained, 57

Wakeupland, 200

Wales, 228

Walk-and-Turn Test, 102–103

Web site resources, 33, 73, 74

Weight gain, 3, 34–35, 38, 176, 177

Weight loss, 26, 182

Wilton Education Foundation, 213

Wilton League of Women Voters, 212

Wolfson, Amy, 226

World Health Organization, 229

This page intially left blank