Biographical Memoirs: Volume 88 (2006)
Chapter: Front Matter
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Biographical Memoirs
VOLUME 88
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
www.nap.edu
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970.
Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-10389-4
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629
Available from
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 FIFTH STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001
COPYRIGHT 2006 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
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HENRY NATHANIEL ANDREWS, JR. |
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STANLEY ARTHUR BARBER |
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DAVID MAHLON BONNER |
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CHARLES STACY FRENCH |
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HERBERT FRIEDMAN |
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EDWARD LEONARD GINZTON |
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THOMAS GOLD |
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HERBERT SANDER GUTOWSKY |
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VLADIMIR HAENSEL |
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JAMES DANIEL HARDY |
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CHARLES GLEN KING |
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JOHN I. LACEY |
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FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN |
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FRANCIS DANIELS MOORE |
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WALLE J. H. NAUTA |
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CHARLES NORWOOD REILLEY |
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FREDERICK C. ROBBINS |
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RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES |
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THOMAS DALE STEWART |
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VLADIMIR KOSMA ZWORYKIN |
PREFACE
On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy’s goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good.
The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject’s work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation’s contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world.
JOHN I. BRAUMAN
Home Secretary
