Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

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We are grateful to the many individuals who have made a significant contribution to the committee’s work by providing information through briefings at our meetings. A complete list of these contributors and their affiliations appears in Appendix A.

In the course of preparing the report, each member of the committee took an active role in drafting sections of chapters, leading discussions, and reading and commenting on successive drafts. We are deeply indebted to them for their hard work, their wiliness in critically weighting a variety of diverse perspectives, and their good spirit in working in concert to produce this volume. It has been a great pleasure and a learning experience to work with all of them. Committee member biographies appear in Appendix B.

Staff at the National Research Council (NRC) made important contributions to our work in many ways. We would like to extend our thanks to Kristen Butler, research assistant, for her support of the committee through her research, her writing, and her extensive work on the report manuscript. Thanks are also due to Matthew McDonough, senior project assistant, who was indispensable in organizing meetings, arranging travel, assembling agenda books, assisting committee members, and preparing the final report for publication. We are also indebted to Christine McShane, who edited the report.

We are most grateful to our sponsors for their insights, encouragement, and support throughout the process. John Lockett, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, recognized the need for this study and provided early support in getting the committee

established. Maris Vikmanis and Edward Martin, Air Force Research Laboratory, added their support once the committee process was under way.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s report review committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Jonathan Grudin, Adaptive Systems and Interaction Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA; Patricia M. Jones, Human Factors Research and Technology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA; Alex Kirlik, Human Factors Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; David C. Nagel, Independent Consultant, Ascona Group, Los Gatos, CA; Christopher Nemeth, Cognitive Technologies Laboratory, The University of Chicago; Mary Beth Rosson, Department of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University; and Andrew Sage, System Engineering and Operations Research Department, George Mason University. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Thomas B. Sheridan, Engineering and Applied Psychology, Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Richard W. Pew, Chair

Anne S. Mavor, Study Director

Committee on Human-System Design Support for Changing Technology

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