System components that are less vulnerable to incursion, gun shots, or explosive devices

Physically robust towers, insulators, and conductors

Physically robust transformers, breakers, and switchgears

Low-cost undergrounding techniques

X

X

X

X

X

New techniques for reducing stress by improving operation and maintenance

Integrated asset management

X

New monitoring and diagnostic techniques to reduce the impact of attacks and improve reliability

Non-intrusive monitoring

Non-destructive evaluation

Low-cost dissolved gas analyzers

X

X

X

Physically protective shields for substations and transformers

Advanced materials for shielding

X

Recovery equipment (to recover from attacks)

Substation recovery (temporary) transformers

Recovery breakers

X

X

Advanced protection devices to mitigate outages from attacks

Self-programming power electronic relays

X

X

Sensors and communication to increase monitoring, mitigate outages, and enhance response

Wide-area measurement

Dynamic thermal circuit rating

Video sag monitoring

Integrated electricity and communication system architecture

Precision high-speed time-stamped monitoring

Enhanced visualization

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Computational ability to monitor systems, mitigate outages, and better plan restoration

Topology estimating

CAR monitoring

[Truly] real-time analysis

Integrated engineering and economic methodology for power system operation

Market simulation

Fast simulation and modeling

Advanced training simulators

Advanced date storage, management, and incident reconstruction

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Short-circuit current limiters to reduce the possibility of cascading outages

Power electronics based
Superconducting

X
X

X
X

Enhanced control of the existing system to reduce vulnerability and enhance recovery

Reducing the cost of current-generation FACTS devices

Voltage-source converters

Asynchronous rotating machines

Advanced systems control

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

Developing software that thwarts cyber attacks

Hardening energy management systems against cyber attacks
Developing secure firewalls for the variety of intelligent devices, relays, and controls at substations that can be controlled remotely

X
X

Technologies to enable smaller synchronous or DC systems to operate in an integrated fashion so as to reduce system vulnerability

Microgrids
Distributed generation
Renewables
DC distribution
Electric storage at high-voltage levels

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

Technologies to greatly increase power flow to reduce stress and mitigate outages

AC superconducting cables
DC superconductivity
The IntelliGrid

X
X
X

Innovative computational ability technologies

Fast modeling and simulation
Local and global optimization and control algorithms for power controllers
State estimation and optimization functions between local systems
Optimized system decomposition
Reconfiguration and protection coordination for reliability management
Optimization functions incorporating local generation, load control, and central generation
Advanced market structures to seamlessly incorporate local systems into overall generation/load/mix

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

X



X
X

X

Increased power flow to reduce stress on the system

Reconfiguring and increasing voltage
Superconducting cables
Low-sag conductors

X
X
X

Improved reliability and system vulnerability

Reducing underground construction costs

X

Enhanced control to reduce stress and enhance restoration

Power electronics network protectors
Short-circuit current limiters (medium voltage)Tie and feeder circuit reclosers

X
X
X

X
X
X

Reconfigured network grids in large cities

Submersible fast switches
Low-voltage switches and smart fuses for reconfiguration and isolation

X

X
X

X

Power electronics technologies to manage demand and improve reliability

Inductive (contactless) charging
Active harmonic filters
Embedded solutions
Voltage restoration devices
Intelligent universal transformer
High-efficiency DC-DC converters
Low-voltage and medium-voltage smart power controllers
DC breaker and controllers
Low-cost motor drive controller in chip

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X

Distributed energy resources

Integration of distributed energy resources
AC-DC converters

X
X

X

Distributed generation technologies

Photovoltaics
Concentrating solar
Solid oxide fuel cell
PEM fuel cell
Microturbines
Stirling engines
Carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage
High-pressure electrolyzers
On-board fuel reformers
Combined heat and power for residential applications
Radioisotope photovoltaic generator
Thermoelectric generators
Direct methanol fuel cell
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) power sources
Micro solid-oxide fuel cell

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X





X
X
X
X

Electric energy storage devices

Lead acid battery
Nickel-metal hydride battery
Lithium-ion battery
Vanadium redox flow battery
Zinc-bromine flow battery
Sodium-sulfur battery
Hydrogen storage
Flywheel energy storage
Ultracapacitors
Miniature compressed air energy storage
Metal air battery
Lithium-ion battery
Lithium-sulfur battery
Superconducting magnetic energy storage

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

Communication technologies

Broadband over power line
WiMax wireless high-speed communication
Consumer portal
Standardized object models
Power line carrier/wireless for local communication
Standardized LAN/WAN technology

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

Technologies to enhance control

Power electronic breakers
Custom power devices

X
X

X
X

High-efficiency motors and motor drives

Soft-switching adjustable speed drives
Low locked-rotor current single-phase machines
High-efficiency axial air gap motors
New motor designs

X
X
X
X

High-efficiency space conditioning

Water loop heat pumps
Ground-coupled heat pumps
Dual path HVAC systems

X
X
X

High-efficiency water heating

Heat pump water heaters

Heat recovery water heaters

X
X

High-efficiency refrigeration

High COP refrigeration system

X

Efficiency industrial electrotechnologies

Infrared heating devices
Microwave-assisted chemical synthesis
Radio frequency drying and curing
Advanced programmable logic controllers
Ultraviolet curing

X
X
X
X
X

Building systems technologies to reduce demand and consumption

Smart thermostats
Building-integrated PV
Building and process energy management systems

X
X
X

X
X
X

Technologies to enable buildings to operate independently

Low-cost power conditioning
Small distributed generation
Electric storage technologies sized for buildings
Appliances “hardened” against disturbances
Solid-state transfer switches

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X