Previous Chapter: 5 Atmospheric Transport, Transformation, and Deposition Processes
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 87.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 88.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 89.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 90.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 91.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 92.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 93.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 94.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 95.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 96.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 97.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 98.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 99.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 100.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 101.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 102.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 103.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 104.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 105.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 106.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 107.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 108.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 109.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 110.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 111.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 112.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 113.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 114.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 115.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 116.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 117.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.

There was a problem loading page 118.

Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 87
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 88
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 89
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 90
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 91
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 92
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 93
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 94
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 95
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 96
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 97
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 98
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 99
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 100
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 101
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 102
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 103
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 104
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 105
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 106
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 107
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 108
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 109
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 110
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 111
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 112
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 113
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 114
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 115
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 116
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 117
Suggested Citation: "6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants." National Research Council. 1981. Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ecological Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/135.
Page 118
Next Chapter: 7 Studying the Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Ecosystems
Subscribe to Emails from the National Academies
Stay up to date on activities, publications, and events by subscribing to email updates.