First Name
Last Name
Email (required)
I agree to receive emails from the National Academies (required)

We respect your privacy and will never share your information.

Search this publication

Front Matter i-xi
PART ONE: STATUS, TRENDS, AND ISSUES 1-1
Introduction 2-3
Status of the Enterprise 4-5
1958 TO 1968: EXPANSION 6-6
1968 TO 1978: STEADY-STATE 7-7
1978 TO 1988: DIVERSIFICATION 8-9
FORCES FOR EXPANSION AND DIVERSIFICATION 10-16
THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT 17-18
RESEARCH PERSONNEL 19-19
FINANCIAL RESOURCES. 20-21
ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES 22-22
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF UNIVERSITIES 23-23
CONDUCT OF RESEARCH AND TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE 24-24
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION 25-25
FUNDING ACADEMIC RESEARCH 26-26
Conclusion 27-27
Notes 28-29
PART TWO: OVERVIEW OF THE ACADEMIC RESEARCH ENTERPRISE 30-30
Introduction 31-32
Summary of Major Trends 33-33
NATIONAL R&D: CHARACTER 34-34
ACADEMIC R&D SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. R&D 35-35
ACADEMIC R&D: SHARE OF U.S. GNP 36-36
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: R&D EXPENDITURES 37-37
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES. 38-38
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: PERSONNEL 39-39
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: ENROLLMENTS 40-40
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: S&E DEGREES 41-41
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION GROWTH PATTERNS: PER-PERSON EXPENDITURES 42-42
National R&D Expenditures 43-43
NATIONAL R&D: PERFORMERS 44-44
NATIONAL R&D: SOURCES OF FUNDING 45-45
NATIONAL RESEARCH: PERFORMERS 46-46
NATIONAL RESEARCH: SOURCES OF FUNDING 47-47
NATIONAL BASIC RESEARCH: PERFORMERS 48-48
NATIONAL BASIC RESEARCH: SOURCES OF FUNDING 49-49
Academic R&D Expenditures 50-50
ACADEMIC R&D: CHARACTER OF RESEARCH 51-51
ACADEMIC R&D: SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FIELDS 52-52
ACADEMIC R&D: SOURCE OF FUNDING 53-53
ACADEMIC R&D: TYPE OF INSTITUTIONS 54-54
SOURCES OF R&D FUNDING: PRIVATE DOCTORAL INSTITUTIONS 55-55
SOURCES OF R&D FUNDING: PUBLIC DOCTORAL INSTITUTIONS 56-56
ACADEMIC S&E FACILITIES: RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION 57-57
ACADEMIC S&E FACILITIES: SOURCE OF FUNDING 58-58
ACADEMIC RESEARCH EQUIPMENT: SOURCE OF FUNDS 59-59
ACADEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES PER INVESTIGATOR: EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES 60-60
TOTAL ACADEMIC R&D: ESTIMATED COST COMPONENTS 61-61
TOTAL ACADEMIC R&D: ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES PER INVESTIGATOR 62-62
PERSONNEL EXPENDITURES: NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 63-63
Total Academic Expenditures And Revenues 64-64
TOTAL ACADEMIC OPERATING EXPENDITURES: PURPOSE 65-65
TOTAL ACADEMIC OPERATING REVENUES: SOURCES 66-66
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION OPERATING EXPENDITURES: PURPOSE 67-67
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION EXPENDITURES: PER FACULTY AND STUDENT 68-68
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION OPERATING REVENUES: SOURCES 69-69
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION OPERATING REVENUES: BY GOVERNANCE 70-70
OPERATING REVENUES: PRIVATE DOCTORAL INSTITUTIONS 71-71
OPERATING REVENUES: PUBLIC DOCTORAL INSTITUTIONS 72-72
Academic Personnel 73-73
TOTAL ACADEMIC FACULTY 74-74
ACADEMIC SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 75-75
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION FACULTY 76-76
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION FACULTY: PER STUDENT AND DEGREE 77-77
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 78-78
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION RESEARCH PERSONNEL 79-79
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION S&E PERSONNEL RATIOS 80-80
Higher Education Enrollments 81-81
HIGHER EDUCATION ENROLLMENTS: BY INSTITUTION TYPE 82-82
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION ENROLLMENTS: UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE 83-83
DOCTORAL INSTITUTION AVERAGE ENROLLMENTS 84-84
HIGHER EDUCATION ENROLLMENTS: PERCENT FEMALE 85-85
Science and Engineering Degrees 86-86
TOTAL S&E DEGREES: TYPE OF DEGREE 87-87
TOTAL BACHELORS DEGREES: S&E AND OTHER FIELDS 88-88
S&E BACHELORS DEGREES: ACADEMIC FIELD 89-89
S&E BACHELORS DEGREES: GENDER 90-90
TOTAL PH.D. DEGREES: S&E AND OTHER FIELDS 91-91
S&E PH.D. DEGREES: ACADEMIC FIELD 92-92
S&E PH.D. DEGREES: INSTITUTION GOVERNANCE 93-93
S&E PH.D. DEGREES: GENDER 94-94
PH.D. DEGREES BY ETHNICITY: NATURAL SCIENCES 95-95
PH.D. DEGREES BY ETHNICITY: ENGINEERING 96-96
PH.D. DEGREES BY CITIZENSHIP: NATURAL SCIENCES 97-97
PH.D. DEGREES BY CITIZENSHIP: ENGINEERING 98-98
Primary Data Sources 99-99

Log In

Former MyNAP users: You'll need to reset your password on your first login to MyAcademies. Click "Forgot password" below to receive a reset link via email. Having trouble? Visit our FAQ page to contact support.

Members of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, or National Academy of Medicine should log in through their respective Academy portals.

Email (required)
Password (required)

Don't have an account?

Register

Email (required)
New password (required)
Retype password (required) Password must be at least 8 characters
I accept the terms of use
terms of use

Thank You

Thank you for creating a MyAcademies account!

Enjoy free access to thousands of National Academies' publications, a 10% discount off every purchase, and build your personal library.

Forgot Password

Enter the email address for your MyAcademies (formerly MyNAP) account to receive password reset instructions.

Email (required)

Reset Requested

We sent password reset instructions to your email . Follow the link in that email to create a new password. Didn't receive it? Check your spam folder or contact us for assistance.

Reset Password

New password (required)
Retype password (required) Password must be at least 8 characters

Reset Password

Your password has been reset.

Verify email

Verify Your Email Address

We sent a verification link to your email. Please check your inbox (and spam folder) and follow the link to verify your email address. If you did not receive the email, you can request a new verification link below

Science and Technology in the Academic Enterprise: Status, Trends, and Issues (1989)

Chapter: ACADEMIC R&D SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. R&D

My Academies

Science and Technology in the Academic Enterprise: Status, Trends, and Issues (1989)

Chapter: ACADEMIC R&D SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. R&D