The United States Antarctic Research Report to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR): Number 32 - 1990 (1991)
Chapter: Permanent Stations, Regular Observations, and Long-Term Monitoring
Permanent Stations, Regular Observations, and Long-Term Monitoring
Mcmurdo (Elevation: 24 m Coordinates: 77°55'S, 166°39'E)
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AURORA AND AIRGLOW |
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Photometer observations of aurora |
S.B. Mende |
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COSMIC RADIATION |
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Super multisection neutron monitor |
M.A. Pomerantz |
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SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS |
U.S. Naval Support Force, Meteorological Officer |
Surface observations
Temperature
Three-hourly;** thermograph, thermometer
Atmospheric pressure
Six-hourly;** Hg barometer, microbarograph
Wind direction and speed
Three-hourly;** aerovane system
Precipitation
Six-hourly; eight-inch rain gauge
Visibility, clouds, ceiling
Three-hourly; visual
Upper-air observations
Pilot balloons
As needed; nonscheduled
Radiosondes and rawinsondes
At 0000 GMT February-October; at 0000 and 1200 GMT October-February; AN/AMT-4A 1680-MHz flight equipment and GMD-1A tracking equipment
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ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS |
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Atmospheric water vapor and trace gas concentrations Occasional; atmospheric emission spectrometer |
D.G. Murcray |
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ASSOCIATED RESEARCH PROGRAMS |
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Blowing snow Three-hourly; visual |
U.S. Naval Support Force, Meteorological Officer |
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Surface weather observations Continuous; automatic weather stations |
C.R. Stearns |
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Atmospheric aerosols Intermittent; impaction filters, CN counter |
W.D. Komhyr; G.G. Lala |
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Ozone profiles 15 balloons/month |
D.J. Hofmann |
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SPRINGTIME OZONE STUDIES |
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Balloon-borne measurements of aerosols and ozone |
D.J. Hofmann |
Palmer (Elevation: 7.5 m Coordinates: 64°46'S, 64°05'W)
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SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS |
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Climatological surface observations: temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, precipitation, visibility |
U.S. Naval Support Force, Meteorological Officer |
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Six-hourly synoptic: thermometer, barometer, wind gauge, rain gauge |
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South Pole (Elevation: 2800 m Coordinate: 90°S)
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AURORA AND AIRGLOW |
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All-sky camera for photography of aurora |
F.T. Berkey; S.B. Mende |
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Photometer observations of aurora |
T.J. Rosenberg |
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ASTRONOMY |
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Solar seismology |
M.A. Pomerantz |
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Ultra high energy gamma ray astronomy |
M.A. Pomerantz |
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COSMIC RADIATION |
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Super multisection neutron monitor |
M.A. Pomerantz |
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SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS |
Contract Meteorological Observation Team |
Surface observations
Temperature
Hourly;** thermograph, thermometers
Atmospheric pressure
Hourly;** Hg barometer; microbarograph
Wind speed and direction
Hourly;** aerovane system
Precipitation
Six-hourly;* visual
Visibility, clouds, ceiling
Six-hourly;* visual
Hydrometers and other obstructions to visibility
Six-hourly;* visual
Upper-air observations
Radiosondes and rawinsondes
At 0000 GMT February-October; at 0000 and 1200 GMT October-February; WB 1680-MHz flight equipment and GMD-1A tracking equipment
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ENERGY-BALANCE MEASUREMENTS |
J.T. Peterson |
Direct solar-radiation on a surface
Continuous (summer); Eppley normal-incidence pyrheliometer on equatorial mount
Total solar and sky radiation on a horizontal surface
Continuous (summer); Eppley hemispherical pyranometer
Reflected solar radiation
Continuous (summer); Inverted Eppley hemispherical pyranometer
Diffuse solar radiation
Continuous (summer); Eppley hemispherical pyranometer shielded from direct solar radiation by an adjustable shade ring
Net radiation
Continuous; Wisconsin NET radiometer
Simultaneous observations with rawin and ozone soundings
Intermittent
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ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS |
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Total ozone |
W.D. Komhyr; J.T. Peterson |
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Daily at 0900, 1200, and 1500 GMT as sky conditions permit; Dobson spectrophotometer |
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Twice per month (more frequently during spring); ozonesondes |
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Surface ozone |
W.D. Komhyr; J.T. Peterson |
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Continuous; electrochemical concentration cell |
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Carbon dioxide sampling |
W.D. Komhyr; C.D. Keeling; J.T. Peterson |
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Bimonthly, continuous; evacuated flasks, infrared gas analyzer |
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Trace metals and halogens samplings |
J.T. Peterson |
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Sufficient samples for analysis; evacuated flasks, filters |
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Atmospheric turbidity* |
J.T. Peterson |
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0900, 1200, 1500 GMT; Linke extinction turbidity meter |
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Atmospheric trace gases |
J.T. Peterson |
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Spot measurements; gas chromatograph and evacuated flasks |
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Atmospheric water vapor and trace gas concentrations |
D.G. Murcray |
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Occasional; atmospheric emission spectrometer |
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Radiation and snow albedo |
S.G. Warren |
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Occasional; solarimeter, spectrophotometer |
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Ice crystals |
W. Tape |
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Occasional; photography, camera, crystal replication |
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ASSOCIATED RESEARCH PROGRAMS |
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Snow accumulation |
Contract Meteorological Observation Team |
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Monthly |
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Radioactivity monitoring |
H.L. Volchok; J.T. Peterson |
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Continuous collections |
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Carbon-14 analysis |
J.T. Peterson |
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Semi-weekly samples |
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Atmospheric aerosols* |
W.D. Komhyr; G.G. Lala |
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* Observations taken at three-hour intervals from October to February |
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Atmospheric constituents |
D.G. Murcray |
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GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING FOR CLIMATIC CHANGE (GMCC) COOPERATIVE PROJECTS |
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Carbon dioxide |
C.D. Keeling |
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Nitrous oxide |
R.A. Weiss |
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Radionuclides |
R.J. Larsen |
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Aerosols |
A. Hogan, G.G. Lala |
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Trace gases |
R.A. Rasmussen; L. Heidt; R.J. Cicerone |
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14C |
M. Poindexter |
Multi-Station Programs
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GROUND-BASED ELECTROMAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS |
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South Pole; McMurdo |
R.A. Helliwell; A.C. Fraser-Smith; U.S. Inan |
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Passive ELF/VLF observations |
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CONJUGATE PROGRAMS |
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South Pole; McMurdo; Lake Mistissini (Quebec, Canada) |
T.J. Rosenberg |
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Riometer studies of the ionosphere |
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South Pole; Lake Mistissini |
F.T. Berkey |
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Ionosonde studies of the ionosphere |
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South Pole and five stations in the north [Girardville (L = 4.4) and lac Rebours (L = 4.0), Quebec, Canada; Pittsburgh (L = 3.5), New Hampshire; Durham (L = 3.2), New Hampshire; and Frobisher Bay, NWT] |
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Three-axis fluxgate magnetometer measurements of micropulsations to investigate the magnetosphere, ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling, and latitudinal conjugacy shifts |
L.J. Lanzerotti; A. Wolfe |
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South Pole; McMurdo; Sonde Stromfjord (Greenland) |
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Three-axis u-metal-core magnetometer measurements of PC-1 micropulsations |
R. Arnoldy; L.J. Cahill, Jr.; M.J. Engebretson |
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ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION MONITORING PROGRAM |
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Palmer; McMurdo; South Pole; Ushuaia (Argentina) |
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Scanning spectroradiometer measurements of UV radiation |
C.R. Booth |
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AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS |
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Climatological surface observations |
C.R. Stearns |
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one unit at Byrd Station, Dome C, Rothera Station, Siple Station, Byrd Glacier, Franklin Island and Inexpressible Island; five units in the McMurdo area; four units near Dumont d'Urville; and six units on Ross Ice Shelf |
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REMOTE SITES |
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Katabatic winds |
T. Parish; D.H. Bromwich; C.R. Stearns |
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Continuous readout by Tiros N satellite; automatic weather stations at Dome C and upslope from Dumont d'Urville |
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Surface weather observations |
C.R. Stearns |
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Continuous readout by Tiros N satellite; automatic weather stations at Byrd Station, Ross Ice Shelf, Byrd Glacier, Franklin Island and Inexpressible Island |
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