A

Accidental exposure, 42, 139-140

Acute effects, dermatological, 157-167

genital injury, 39, 160, 175, 219,221

of nitrogen mustard, 77-78

ocular, 133-139

respiratory tract, 115-118, 125-126, 127, 399-412

of sulfur mustard, 22, 25, 34, 75-78, 82

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL), 102-103, 393-395

African Americans, 36, 41-42

Alexander, Stewart, 44

Animal studies, 222-224

blood disorders, 187-188

carcinogenicity, 88-97, 171-172, 391-396

dermatological effects, 162-164, 167, 171-172

gastrointestinal disorders, 187

immunity disorders, 181-183

ocular effects, 139

reproductive toxicity, 189-190, 192-194

respiratory effects, 117, 118

Anxiety disorders, 200, 207, 211

Arm chamber tests, 40

Arsenals, 3-4, 40-43, 55, 120,

see also Edgewood Arsenal;

Occupational exposure

Arsenic and arsenic compounds, 86-87, 172-173, 192-193

see also Lewisite

Asbestos, 126, 407

Asthma, 119, 336, 409-410

B

Bainbridge, MD, Navy Training Center, 372-373

Bari harbor, Italy, disaster, 4, 10, 43-44, 184-185

Basic training, see Training exercises

Battlefield use, 9-10, 47-48, 142, 173

exposure levels, 33

Iran-Iraq war casualties, 48, 117, 122, 170, 185, 191

WWI casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 203, 335-337

Beryllium, 124-125, 406-407

Birth defects, 189-195

Blindness, 140-141

Blisters, 151, 159, 167, 168

Blood counts, 68, 183-185

Blood disorders, 187-188, 220,

see also Bone marrow injury;

Leukemia

Bone marrow injury, 77-78, 167-168, 183-186, 187, 220

Bowen's disease, 169, 171, 172-173

British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), 79, 85, 139

Bronchitis, 119-120, 121-122, 124, 127, 408-409

Bronchopneumonia, 117, 184, 335

Bureau of Mines, 26

C

Camp Sibert, Alabama, 67

Cancer, 4-5, 64, 216-218

respiratory tract, 216, 396-397

skin, 168, 169-170, 171-173, 175, 216-218, 219, 396

see also Carcinogenicity;

Chemotherapy;

Leukemia

Carcinogenicity, 81-82, 88-97, 171-172, 391-396

battlefield exposure, 101-102

of Lewisite, 171-173, 174-175, 216

occupational exposure, 97-101, 103-104, 105, 169-170, 172-173, 397

of sulfur mustard, 47, 78, 82-85, 102, 104, 105, 168-170, 216, 390 -392, 395-397

Cardiovascular diseases, 64

Causality, 4, 19

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), recommended

exposure levels, 33

Chamber tests, 3, 10, 31-33, 35-40, 52-55, 120-121, 379

cancer risk, 105, 216

psychological effects, 211, 221

treatment of subjects, 65-69

Chemical Stockpile Disposal

Program, 49-50

Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 3-4, 27-29, 31

arsenals, 3-4, 40-43, 55, 120

chamber tests, 39-40

field tests, 66, 373

records, 7, 373-374, 375-377

see also Edgewood Arsenal

Chemotherapy, mustard agents use in, 44-45, 77, 102-103, 122

Chlorine gas, 124, 400-402

Civilian workers, 7, 42-43, 225

Claims, see Disability claims

Claustrophobia, 206

Cleft lip and palate, 191

Clothing, see Protective clothing

Coercion of test subjects, 65-66, 67-68

Combat fatigue, 203

Committee on Medical Research (CMR), 17, 30, 339

Committee on the Treatment of Gas Casualties (CTGC), NRC, 30-31, 42, 339

Conjunctivitis, 144, 219, 336

Contact lenses, 144

Corneal damage, 133, 135-145

passim, 218-219

Cotton dust, 124, 403-405, 410-411

CWS, see Chemical Warfare Service

Cytotoxicity, of Lewisite, 86

of sulfur mustard, 75-77, 85

D

Department of Defense (DoD), 7, 225-226

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 1-2, 6, 51, 204, 224-226

Depression, 207

Dermatological effects, see Skin disorders and injury

Disability claims, 1-2, 10-11, 28, 66

Diseases, listing, 4-5, 217

self-reported, 64-65, 384-385

in VA determination guidelines, 2

Disposal of chemical weapons, 33, 48-50

DNA damage, from arsenite, 86-87

from sulfur mustard, 75-77, 83-84, 163-164, 216

Documentation, classification of, 7-8, 51-52, 226

foreign sources, 18-19

long-term effects, 2, 5-6, 214-215

personnel records, 7, 11, 66-67, 225, 370-377

of tests, 17-18, 215, 371

VA guidelines, 2, 11

Drods, 35

Drop tests, see Patch tests

E

Edgewood Arsenal, 28, 39-40, 42, 46, 140, 376-377

Emphysema, 119-120, 121, 127, 336, 408-409

Erythema, 159

as chamber test end point, 36, 39, 40

Exposure levels, 3, 33, 34, 215

chamber tests, 39-40, 52-55

patch tests, 35

Eye disease and injury, 4-5, 131-132, 142-145, 218-219

acute effects, 133-139

battlefield exposure, 135, 137, 140-142

from Lewisite, 137, 138, 144-145, 219

occupational exposure, 139-140

from sulfur mustard, 133-144, 218-219

treatment, 143-144

F

Field tests, 3, 31, 32, 40-41, 66

Follow-up of test subjects, 34, 6-8, 50-52, 224-225

roster development, 370-377

France, WWI gas casualties, 140

G

Gas chamber tests, see Chamber tests

Gas masks, 3, 36n, 43, 52-55, 215

Gas neurosis, 203

Gastrointestinal disorders, 64, 187, 220

Genetic damage, from Lewisite, 86-87, 104, 192-195

from sulfur mustard, 46-47, 75-77, 83-85, 104, 189-192, 216

Genital injury, 39, 160, 175, 219, 221

Germany, mustard gas use, 9-10

weapons production workers, 169

Gilchrist, Harry L., 28, 29

Glutathione depletion, 77

H

Heat stress, 205n

Hematopoietic depression, see Bone marrow injury

Hodgkin's disease, 45

Hypervigilance, 210

I

Immunity disorders, 179-186, 220

battlefield exposure, 183-186

from sulfur mustard, 181-186

Incineration of chemical

stockpiles, 49-50

Iran-Iraq War, 48, 117, 122, 170, 185, 191

Isocyanates, 124, 405

J

Japan, weapons factory workers, 97-99, 119-120, 169-170, 172, 190-191

Japanese Americans, 36

Johns Hopkins University

Medical School, 42

K

Keratitis, 137, 139, 140, 141-142, 144, 219

L

Leukemia, 102-103, 216, 218, 393-395

Leukopenia, 184-185

Levinstein process, 71-72

Lewis, W. Lee, 25-26

Lewisite, blood effects, 187-188

carcinogenicity, 171-173, 174-175, 216

chemistry and properties, 24, 25-26, 78-79, 84

cytotoxicity, 86

dermatological effects, 153, 164-167, 171-175

gastrointestinal effects, 187

genetic damage, 86-87, 104, 192-195

neurological effects, 188

occupational exposure, 172-173

ocular effects, 137, 138, 144-145, 219

odor threshold, 53

production, 26, 41

reproductive toxicity, 192-195

respiratory effects, 117-118

stockpiles, 48

Limbal vascular damage, 142-143

Lymphosarcoma, 45

M

Man-break tests, 36, 39, 65

Medical exposure, 122-123, 142, 170-171, 173, 393-395

chemotherapy, 77, 102-103, 122

Military personnel, CWS units, 4, 7, 41, 225

Mood disorders, 200

Mutagenicity, of sulfur mustard, 46-47, 84-85, 190-191

N

National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 17, 30, 339

National Personnel Record Center (NPRC), 371-372

National Research Council (NRC), 26, 338-339

Committee on the Treatment of Gas Casualties (CTGC), 30-31, 42, 339

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), chamber tests, passim, 36-40, 67 -68, 371-373

records, 371-373, 374-375, 376-377

Nerve agents, 46, 206, 380

Neurasthenic conditions, 28

Neurological disorders, 65, 188, 220

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion, 77

Nitrogen mustard, acute effects, 77-78

carcinogenicity, 77-78, 102-103, 104-105, 216-218, 392-393, 395-396

chemistry, 24

as chemotherapy agent, 44-45, 77, 102-103, 122

dermatological effects, 156, 170

respiratory effects, 122

wartime production, 41

Nuremberg Codes of 1947, 379-381

O

Occupational exposure, 3-4, 7, 42-43, 55, 120, 140, 215, 221-222, 225

carcinogenicity, 97-101, 103-104, 105, 169-170, 172-173, 397

chlorine gas, 401

dermatological effects, 168-170, 172-173

to Lewisite, 172-173

ocular effects, 139-140

reproductive toxicity, 190-191, 194

respiratory effects, 119-120

to sulfur mustard, 97-101, 119-120, 139-140, 168-170

Ocular effects, see Eye disease and injury

Ocular epithelial damage, 144

Odor thresholds, 53

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 17, 29-30, 339

Ointments and salves, 10, 35

Online databases, 14-15, 16, 17

Operation TOP HAT, 379-380

P

Patch tests, 10, 31, 33, 35, 66, 171

Physical examinations, 68

Pigmentation disorders, 156-157, 168, 169, 175

Pneumonia, 119

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 200-204, 207-208, 211

Post-WWI period (1919-1940), chemical weapons use, 9-10

research programs, 28-29

Post-WWII period, chemical weapons use, 47-48

research programs, 45-47

Production, see Arsenals;

Occupational exposure

Protective clothing, 10, 36-40, 52, 205n

Psoriasin, 170-171

Psychoactive drug testing, 46, 378-380

Psychological disorders, 5, 65, 199-211, 221

see also Post-traumatic stress disorder

Pulmonary fibrosis, 122-123

R

Racial factors, dermatological effects, 158-159

Rapid screening of hazard (RASH) method, 395-396

Raritan Arsenal, 49

Reproductive toxicity, 189-195, 220-221

of Lewisite, 192-195

occupational exposure, 190-191, 194

of sulfur mustard, 189-192, 220-221

Respiratory tract effects, 4-5, 112-115, 117, 118, 123-127, 218, 399-412

acute, 115-118, 125-126, 127, 399-412

battlefield exposure, 117, 120-122, 335-337

cancer, 216, 396-397

Lewisite, 117-118

of nitrogen mustard, 122

occupational exposure, 119-120

sulfur mustard, 115-123, 127, 218

Reverse assembly, 49

S

Scarring, 152, 160, 168, 219

Secrecy oath, 1, 7-8, 65-66, 226

Septicemia, 117

Service records, 7, 11, 66-67, 225, 371-377

Sexual dysfunction, 5, 65, 175, 219, 221

Shell shock, 203

Silicosis, 125, 407

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) elevation, 84, 86

Skin disorders and injury, 4, 64, 148-157, 162-164, 167-168, 171-172, 174-175, 219-220

acute effects, 157-167

battlefield exposure, 170, 173

cancer, 168, 169-170, 171-173, 175, 216-218, 219, 396

from Lewisite, 153, 164-167, 171-175

from nitrogen mustard, 156, 170

occupational exposure, 168-170, 172-173

sulfur mustard, 151, 153, 154, 156-164, 167-171, 174, 175

see also Erythema

Smoking, 101-102, 411

S.S. John Harvey, 43

Stockpile disposal, 33, 48-50

Stress effects, 204-211, 221

Sulfhydryl peptide depletion, 77

Sulfur dioxide, 123, 402

Sulfur mustard, acute effects, 22, 25, 34, 75-78, 82

carcinogenicity, 47, 78, 82-85, 102, 104, 105, 168-170, 216, 390-392, 395-397

chemistry and properties, 22, 24, 71-78

cytotoxicity, 75-77, 85

dermatological effects, 151, 153, 154, 156-164, 167-171, 174, 175

development, 22, 25

genetic damage, 46-47, 75-77, 83-85, 104, 189-192, 216

immunity effects, 181-186

mutagenicity, 46-47, 84-85, 190-191

occupational exposure, 97-101, 119-120, 139-140, 168-170

ocular effects, 133-144, 218-219

odor threshold, 53

production, 41

reproductive toxicity, 189-192, 220-221

respiratory effects, 115-123, 127, 218

stockpiles, 48-49

WWI casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 335-337

WWI casualty studies, 335-337

WWI use, 9

T

Testing, see Animal studies;

Chamber tests;

Field tests;

Patch tests

Three-Mile Island accident, stress effects, 209-210

Training exercises, 31, 42

Treatment of test subjects, 65-69, 211

Tuberculosis, 336-337

U

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 204-205

Unitary munitions stockpiles, 49

United Kingdom, weapons factory workers, 99-101, 119, 139-140, 170

WWI veterans, 101, 121-122, 140

U.S.S. Bistera, 43-44

V

VA, see Department of Veterans Affairs

Vapor cup tests, 35

Vedder, E.B., 28

Vietnam War, post-traumatic stress syndrome, 204, 207

W

War Department, see Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)

Wear tests, 40

Women in CWS supply units, 41-43

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, 41-42

World War I (WWI), combat

stress reactions, 203

gas casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 335-337

research programs, 26-28

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