In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work? (1993)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Abiotic processes
conservative tracers of, 79
in contaminant mass loss, 85-87
Adaptation
as evidence of bioremediation, 7, 73
by native organisms, 24
Aeration systems, 51-53
Aerobic respiration
modeling, 155
oxygen delivery for, 144-146
process, 18-20
Agricultural areas, 42
Air sparging, 57-59, 124-125, 126, 127
definition, 187
monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80
monitoring electron acceptor uptake in, 79
oxygen delivery via, 144-145
Alcohols, 32
Alkylbenzenes, 161-162
Anaerobic respiration, 19, 20-21, 187
measuring byproducts of, 75-76
process innovations, 132
Aquifer
bioremediation systems for, 53-59
definition, 187
minerals in, 41
monitoring of, 137-140
permeability, 138-139
preparation for bioremediation, 140-141
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 187
B
Bacteria measurement
bacterial activity, rates of, 70-73
biogeography, 113-114
fatty acid analysis, 69-70
field evaluation, 67-70
metabolic adaptation, 73
microscopic counting, 68
oligonucleotide probes, 69
Baseline conditions, 65-67
Benzene, 32
See also BTEX
Biodiversity, 111-112
Biofilm kinetics, 154-155
Biological reaction rate models, 83-84
BIOPLUME model, 156-158
Biopolishing, 132
Bioremediation. See In situ bioremediation
BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes), 32, 70, 128, 188
conventional cleanup approaches, 105
engineered bioremediation of, case example, 71-72
estimate of oil/water partitioning, 164-166
estimating distribution of, 164
extent of problem with, 104-105
intrinsic bioremediation of, 105-106
levels of intrinsic attenuation of, 106-108
oily-phase residual, 170-171
practicality of bioremediation for, 104
remediation in ground water, case example, 174
remediation of subsurface material, case example, 175-178
research needs in bioremediation of, 108
C
Carbon-13/14 labeling, 70-72, 80, 149
Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117
Carbonates, in aquifer matrix, 41
Chlorocatechols, 27
Coal tar, remediation of, 149
dead-end products from, 27-28
in ecological perspective, 114, 115
principles of, 143
Commercial bioremediation
growth of, 13
standards of practice for, 61-62
status of, 129
Complexing agents, 26, 188-189
Conservative tracers, 79-80, 189
Contaminants
combined remediation strategies for, 126-127
designing bioremediation strategy for, 49-50
estimating distribution in ground water, 164
estimating mass of, 161-163
halogenated, 22, 33-34, 128-129
incomplete degradation of, 27-28
low concentrations of, 25-26
microbial demobilization of, 22-23
microbial destruction of, 17-22, 48
mobilization of, 26
modeling subsurface behavior of, 81-88
nitroaromatics, 34
plume containment, 141
prevalence, 29
sequestering of, 25-26
source removal, 140
subsurface spreading of, 49
susceptibility to bioremediation, 2-3, 29-35
toxicity to microorganisms, 26-27
See also Petroleum products
Conventional cleanup technologies
for BTEX, 15
excavation-and-incineration, 13
integrated with bioremediation, 60-61, 126-127
in preparation for bioremediation, 139
pump-and-treat methods, 12-13, 48, 61, 140, 193
Core samples, handling of, 163
Cost of remediation
of aromatic compounds, 104-105
time as factor in, 48
Creosote, 32
D
Dead-end products, 27-28
Demobilization of contaminants, 22-23
Demonstration projects, evaluation of, 64
Dichloroethylene, 78
E
Ecological perspective, 110-111
biogeography, 113-114
biological specificity in, 111-112
feasibility evaluation in, 116-119
microbial diversity, 112-113
microbial natural selection in, 114-115
successful bioremediation in, 119
Education/training, recommendations for, 10-11, 95
Electron acceptor, 18, 19, 189
air injection for, 57-59
in bioremediation mechanics, 142, 144
in ecological perspective, 119
measuring concentration of, 75
measuring uptake of, 79
nitrate as, 124
in water circulation systems, 41-42, 57
Electron donor
in bioremediation mechanics, 142, 144
inorganic compound as, 21
in reductive dehalogenation, 22
Engineered bioremediation
air injection systems in, 57-59
determining baseline conditions, 65-67
followed by intrinsic bioremediation, 61
proving, in case example, 71-72
systems for, 4
for unsaturated soils, 50-53
vs. intrinsic bioremediation, 35
water circulation systems in, 53-57
Esters, 32
Ethers, 32
Ethylbenzene, 32
See also BTEX
Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 26
Evaluation of bioremediation
of carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117
case examples, 66-67, 71-72, 77, 86, 148-150
ecological perspective in feasibility studies, 116-119
evidence for, 5-6
feasibility studies, 142
field experiments for, 7-8
field measurements for, 6-7
gas surveys in, 138
individual site differences and, 88
in intrinsic bioremediation, 59-60
modeling techniques for, 8-9, 80-88, 153, 154
monitoring-well placement in, 138, 139, 181-182
as multidisciplinary activity, 89
protocols for, 94
of rate-limiting factors, 117-119
regulatory, 99-103
of residual oily-phase hydrocarbons, 170-171
See also Field evaluation;
Measurement
F
Fatty acid analysis, 69-70
Field evaluation
of bacterial adaptation, 73
byproducts of anaerobic activity in, 75-76
carbon isotope ratios for, 74-75
of contaminant distribution, 164
of co-oxidation of trichloroethylene, 129
degradable/nondegradable substance ratio in, 76-78
of electron acceptor concentration, 75
electron acceptor uptake in, 79
establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67
evidence collection for, 6
handling core samples for, 163
of hydrocarbon concentration in ground water, 178
of inorganic carbon concentration, 73-74
intermediary metabolites in, 76
labeling contaminants in, 80
laboratory microcosms for, 70-73
monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80
need for, 64-65
of number of bacteria, 67-70
of oil/water partitioning, 164-166
of polychlorinated biphenyls, 77
of postbioremediation processes, 178-181
of protozoa, 70
of rate of bacterial activity, 70-73
sample selection for, 67-68, 89-90
spatial heterogeneity in, 171-173
stimulating bacteria in subsites for, 78
of total contaminant mass, 161-163
See also Evaluation
Flow models, 8-9
estimating recirculated volume in, 164
multiphase, 82
saturated, 81-82
Free product recovery, 60, 190
G
Geochemical models, 82-83
Ground water
air injection systems for, 57-59
bacteriological samples from, 67-68
circulation systems, 53-57
engineered bioremediation for, 4
estimating contaminant concentration in, 164-166
estimating contaminant distribution in, 164
estimating recirculated volume in, 164
evaluating processes in, 88-89
in flow models, 81-84
in intrinsic bioremediation, 41-42
tracer tests for, 138
Growth substrates, 114-116
H
Halogenated aliphatics, 33
Halogenated aromatics, 34
Halogenated compounds, 22, 33-34, 128-129
Helium, as conservative tracer, 79
Hexachlorocyclohexane, 78
Hydrocarbon. See Petroleum products
Hydrogen peroxide
in bioremediation mechanics, 145-146
in controlling bioremediation, 28
development of, in bioremediation, 123-124
limitations of, 145-146
in water circulation system, 53
I
In situ bioremediation
advantages of, 48-49
bacterial measures as evidence of, 65-78
biodiversity and, 112-113
chemical changes in ground water in, 23-24
as commercial industry, 13, 61-62, 129
complicating factors in, 25-28
contaminants susceptible to, 29-35
current status of, 11, 29, 47-48, 121-122, 125-127
defining success in, 14, 160, 169-170
determinants of success in, 49, 116-119, 136, 137, 150
ecological perspective of, 110-111
educational recommendations for, 10-11, 95-96
effect on native organisms, 24-25
engineered, 2, 3-4, 20, 35, 39-41, 50-59, 61, 65-67, 71-72, 189
environments amenable to, 35-43
evolution of, 122-125
first application of, 3, 47, 122
good practices in, 61-62
integrated with nonbiological technologies, 5, 60-61, 126-127
intrinsic, 2, 3, 4, 20, 35-39, 41-42, 59-60, 105-108, 191
limitations of, 29-32, 127-130, 153-154
measuring microbial action as evidence of, 78-80
multidisciplinary nature of, 9, 13-14, 44-46
natural selection and, 114-115, 119
preparation for, 140-141
principles of, 2-3, 49-50, 136-137
prospects for, 9-10, 95-96, 108, 127-133
proving, 63-65
regulatory assessment of proposal for, 99-103
research recommendations for, 10, 94-95
role of evaluation in, 91, 93-94
role of microbes in, 16-17
strategy selection, 49-50
technical developments in, 92-93
vs. other technologies, 12-13, 48-49
INT activity test, 68
Intrinsic bioremediation
of aromatic hydrocarbons, 105-106
of crude oil spill, case example, 37-38
following engineered bioremediation, 61
indications for, 4
levels of attenuation in, 106-108
requirements for, 35-39, 59-60
site conditions for, 3, 39, 41-42
vs. engineered bioremediation, 35
Intrinsic permeability, 39, 138-139, 191
Isotope fractionation, 74-75, 191
J
Jet fuel, evaluating bioremediation of, 149-150
K
Ketones, 32
L
Labeling of contaminants, 8, 80
Laboratory microcosms, 70-73
Ligands. See Complexing agents
M
Measurement
of anaerobic activity, 75-76
of bacterial activity, 70-73
of bacterial population, 67-70
of contaminant mass loss, 85-87
of degradable/nondegradable substance ratio, 76-78
establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67
interdisciplinary integration in, 89
of labeled contaminants, 80
of metabolic byproducts, 7
of microbiological field activity, 7-8, 23-24
of microbiological field samples, 6-7, 65-67
modeling techniques for, 8-9
of protozoa, 70
research needs in, 10
of subsurface hydrogeochemical properties, 42
See also Bacteria measurement
Metals, 34-35
in anaerobic respiration, 20-21
mobilization of, 26
precipitation of, microorganisms for, 23
Methanotrophs, 129
Microbial action
advances in understanding of, 92
aerobic stimulation of, 144-146
air sparging for, 57-59
alternate substrates for, 143
aquifer clogging from, 28, 138-139
availability of contaminants for, 25-28
basic metabolism in, 17-20
biological specificity in, 111-112
biostimulation of, 79, 92-93, 141-147
changes in ground water chemistry from, 23-24
chemical indicators of, 23-25
in demobilizing contaminants, 22-23
description of, in bioremediation proposal, 101-102
in destroying contaminants, 17-22
determinants of, in bioremediation, 16, 147
in evaluating bioremediation, 5-6, 63, 64
evidence of, 67-70
field evaluation of, 6-8, 65, 78-80
genetic engineering for, 131
hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source for, 123-124
incomplete degradation of contaminant by, 27-28
inorganic nutrients for, 146-147
intermediate metabolite formation in, 76
intrinsic bioremediation requirements for, 59-60
intrinsic hydrocarbon biodegradation by, 105-106
laboratory breeding for, 131
limits to, 128-129
measuring rate of, 70-73
on metals, 34-35
in multiple-contaminant environment, 27, 128
nutrient delivery for, 144
nutrients in water circulation for, 54-57
nutritional requirements for, 22
predator growth from, 25
prevented by toxicity of contaminant, 26-27
principles of, in bioremediation, 142-143
reaction rate models of, 83-84
stability in, and biodiversity, 112-113
stimulants for, 92-93
See also Bacteria measurement
Modeling techniques
biodegradation effects in, 82
biofilm kinetics, 154-155
biological reaction rate models, 83-84
BIOPLUME model, 156-158
for bioremediation evaluation, 8-9, 80-81
combining, 84
direct methods, 87-88
evolution of, 154-155
geochemical models, 82-83
in intrinsic bioremediation, 59
limitations of, 88
measuring mass loss in, 85-87
multiphase flow models, 82
saturated flow models, 81-82
sorption effects in, 81-82
Moffett Naval Air Station, 66-67
Most-probable-number measures, 69, 70
Multiphase flow models, 82
N
Natural gas, 86
Natural selection, 114-115, 119
Nitrate, 103
as electron acceptor, 118, 124
Nitroaromatic compounds, 34, 127
Nonaqueous-phase formation, 192
contaminants susceptible to, 29-32
flow characteristics and, 39-41
in multiphase flow models, 82
as obstacle to bioremediation, 25, 29-30
removal, before bioremediation, 140
strategies for overcoming, 26
Nutrients
in air sparging, 58
delivery of, 144
in water circulation, 54-57
O
Octadecane, 76-78
Oligonucleotide probes, 69, 192
Oxidation-reduction reaction, 18
P
Pentachlorophenol, 34
Perchloroethylene, 129
Petroleum products
degradable/nondegradable substances in bioremediation of, 76-78
estimating ground water concentration of, 178
first bioremediation application to, 3
intrinsic bioremediation of crude oil spill, 37-38
proving bioremediation of, 71-72
spatial heterogeneity in bioremediation of, 171-173
susceptibility to bioremediation, 2, 32
types of, 32
See also BTEX
Phosphates
in controlling hydrogen peroxide reactions, 145
effects of, on bioremediation rate, 146
Phytane, 76-78
Plume containment, 141
evaluation of, 170
levels of intrinsic attenuation in, 106-108
modeling of, 155
postbioremediation, 178-182
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 127
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 34, 70, 127
anaerobic dechlorination of, 76, 92
bioremediation of, case example, 77
dehalogenation of, 129
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 32, 157
Polynuclear aromatics, 149
Primary substrates, 18, 19, 142-143, 192
in cometabolism, 115
Protozoa
as evidence of bioremediation, 6
field evaluation of, 70
growth in bioremediation, 25
Pump-and-treat methods
integrated with bioremediation, 61
in preparation for bioremediation, 140
Push/pull tests, 149
R
Reductive dehalogenation, 20, 22, 193
Regulatory assessment
information needed for, 99-100
proposed process description for, 101-102
site cleanup description for, 102-103
site description for, 100-101
Research
in development of bioremediation, 122-124
for evaluation protocol development, 94
for improving models, 94-95
on increasing microbe availability, 93
on microbial processes, 92, 128-129
needs, 108
in site characterization techniques, 94
on stimulating microbial action, 92-93
S
Saturated flow models, 81-82
Secondary utilization/cometabolism, 21, 143, 193
Sequestering of contaminants, 25-26
Sewage contamination, 149
Site conditions
in choosing bioremediation strategy, 49-50
contaminant concentrations, 25-27
determinants of bioremediation potential, 35, 126, 130, 137-138
electron receptor concentration, 41-42
for engineered bioremediation, 3-4, 39-41, 50
estimating total contaminant mass, 161-163
ground water behavior, 41-42
indications for integrated cleanup approach, 5, 60-61, 126-127
individual differences in, 3, 35, 88
for intrinsic bioremediation, 3, 39, 41-42, 59-60
multiple contaminants, 27, 128
regulatory description of, 100-101
See also Soil conditions
Soil conditions
aeration systems and, 51-53
in air sparging, 58
bioremediation contraindicated by, 126
hydraulic conductivity, 39
intrinsic attenuation of plume and, 107
unsaturated, 50-53
See also Site conditions
Solvents
dechlorination of, 76, 127, 143
halogenated compounds as, 33, 34
Stereoisomers, 78
T
Tetrachloroethene, 33
Time factors
in bioremediation vs. conventional methods, 13, 48
in ecologically oriented bioremediation, 116
in engineered bioremediation, 3-4, 50
See also BTEX
Tracer compounds, 8
Trichloroethane, 24
Trichloroethylene, 28, 129, 143
intermediary metabolites in transformation of, 76
Trinitrotoluene, 34
U
oxygen delivery techniques for, 124-125
V
Vadose zone. See Unsaturated soils
integrated with bioremediation, 61, 126-127
W
Water circulation systems, 53-57
X
Xylene, 32
Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board
Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty (1993)
Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas (1993)
Sustaining Our Water Resources: Proceedings, WSTB Symposium (1993)
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)
Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy (1992)
Toward Sustainability: Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries (1991)
Preparing for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the USGS Water Resources Division (1991)
Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991)
A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)
Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)
Managing Coastal Erosion (1990)
Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications (1990)
Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems: What Can Be Learned from the San Joaquin Valley Experience? (1989)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press
1-800-624-6242
202-334-3313
