Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report (2016)
Chapter: Appendix J: Dietary Reference Intake Values and Nutrients and Foods Analyzed
TABLE J-1a Dietary Reference Intakes Used for Assessing Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Subgroups
| Nutrient | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium (mg/d) | Copper (μg/d) | Iron (mg/d) | Magnesium (mg/d) | Phosphorus (mg/d) | Selenium (μg/d) | Zinc (mg/d) | Potassium (mg/d) | Sodium (mg/d) | |
| Infants 0 to 6 mo | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 200* | 200* | 0.27* | 30* | 100* | 15* | 2* | 400* | 120* |
| UL | 1,000 | ND | 40 | ND | ND | 45 | 4 | NA | ND |
| Infants 6 to 12 mo | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 260* | 220* | 6.9 | 75* | 275* | 20* | 2.5 | 700* | 370* |
| UL | 1,500 | ND | 40 | ND | ND | 60 | 5 | NA | ND |
| Children 1–3 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 500 | 260 | 3 | 65 | 380 | 17 | 2.5 | 3,000* | 1,000* |
| UL | 2,500 | 1,000 | 40 | 65 | 3,000 | 90 | 7 | NA | 1,500 |
| Children 4–8 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 340 | 4.1 | 110 | 405 | 23 | 4 | 3,800* | 1,200* |
| UL | 2,500 | 3,000 | 40 | 110 | 3,000 | 150 | 12 | NA | 1,900 |
| Females 19–30 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 700 | 8.1 | 255 | 580 | 45 | 6.8 | 4,700* | 1,500* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 4,000 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
| Females 31–50 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 700 | 8.1 | 265 | 580 | 45 | 6.8 | 4,700* | 1,300* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 4,000 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
| Pregnancy 19–30 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 800 | 22 | 290 | 580 | 49 | 9.5 | 4,700* | 1,500* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 3,500 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
| Pregnancy 31–50 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 800 | 22 | 300 | 580 | 49 | 9.5 | 4,700* | 1,500* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 3,500 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
| Lactation 19–30 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 1,000 | 6.5 | 255 | 580 | 59 | 10.4 | 5,100* | 1,500* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 4,000 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
| Lactation 31–50 y | |||||||||
| EAR/AI | 800 | 1,000 | 6.5 | 265 | 580 | 59 | 10.4 | 5,100* | 1,500* |
| UL | 2,500 | 10,000 | 45 | 350 | 4,000 | 400 | 40 | NA | 2,300 |
NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake, used when necessary, followed by an asterisk (*); EAR = Estimated Average Requirement, used when available; NA = Not Applicable; ND = not determined due to lack of data; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
The UL for magnesium represents intake from pharmacological agents only and does not include intake from food.
The AIs for calcium for infants are based on the calcium content of human milk. The UL values for phosphorous and sodium in this table were corrected to mg units from the values in the originally posted prepublication, which were in g units.
DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c are listed after Table J-1c.
TABLE J-1b Dietary Reference Intakes Used for Assessing Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Subgroups
| Nutrient | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (μg/d) | Vitamin D (IU/d) | Vitamin E (mg/d) | Vitamin C (mg/d) | Thiamin (mg/d) | |||||||
| Infants 0 to 6 mo | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 400* | 400* | 4* | 40* | 0.2* | ||||||
| UL | 600 | 1,000 | ND | ND | ND | ||||||
| Infants 6 to 12 mo | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 500* | 400* | 5* | 50* | 0.3* | ||||||
| UL | 600 | 1,500 | ND | ND | ND | ||||||
| Children 1–3 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 210 | 400 | 5 | 13 | 0.4 | ||||||
| UL | 600 | 2,500 | 200 | 400 | ND | ||||||
| Children 4–8 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 275 | 400 | 6 | 22 | 0.5 | ||||||
| UL | 900 | 3,000 | 300 | 650 | ND | ||||||
| Females 19–30 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 500 | 400 | 12 | 60 | 0.9 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Females 31–50 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 500 | 400 | 12 | 60 | 0.9 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Pregnancy 19–30 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 550 | 400 | 12 | 70 | 1.2 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Pregnancy 31–50 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 550 | 400 | 12 | 70 | 1.2 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Lactation 19–30 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 900 | 400 | 16 | 100 | 1.2 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Lactation 31–50 y | |||||||||||
| EAR/AI | 900 | 400 | 16 | 100 | 1.2 | ||||||
| UL | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | ND | ||||||
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | Niacin (mg/d) | Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | Folate (μg DFE/d) | Vitamin B12 (mg/d) | Choline (mg/d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3* | 2* | 0.1* | 65* | 0.4* | 125* |
| ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 0.4* | 4* | 0.3* | 80* | 0.5* | 150* |
| ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 0.4 | 5 | 0.4 | 120 | 0.7 | 200* |
| ND | 10 | 30 | 300 | ND | 1,000 |
| 0.5 | 6 | 0.5 | 160 | 1.0 | 250* |
| ND | 15 | 40 | 400 | ND | 1,000 |
| 0.9 | 11 | 1.1 | 320 | 2.0 | 425* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
| 0.9 | 11 | 1.1 | 320 | 2.0 | 425* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
| 1.2 | 14 | 1.6 | 520 | 2.2 | 450* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
| 1.2 | 14 | 1.6 | 520 | 2.2 | 450* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
| 1.3 | 13 | 1.7 | 450 | 2.4 | 550* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
| 1.3 | 13 | 1.7 | 450 | 2.4 | 550* |
| ND | 35 | 100 | 1,000 | ND | 3,500 |
NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake, used when necessary, followed by an asterisk (*); EAR = Estimated Average Requirement, used when available; NA = Not Applicable; ND = not determined due to lack of data; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
The UL for vitamin A refers to preformed vitamin A only.
The UL for vitamin E applies to synthetic forms obtained from dietary supplements, and fortified foods, not from vitamin E naturally occurring in foods.
DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c are listed after Table J-1c.
TABLE J-1c Macronutrient Intake Recommendations for WIC-Eligible Subgroups
| Macronutrient | Recommended Intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months | Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months | Children 1–3 Years | Children and Adolescents 4–18 Years | Adults | |
| Fat (% of kcal AMDR) | 31g/d | 30 g/d | 30–40 | 25–35 | 20–35 |
| Carbohydrate (% of kcal AMDR)a | 60 g/d | 95 g/d | 45–65 | 45–65 | 45–65 |
| Protein (% of kcal AMDR) | ND | ND | 5–20 | 10–30 | 10–35 |
| Protein (g/kg/d EAR) | 1.52b | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.95 | 0.88 |
NOTES: AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement.
a Units are % of kcal except where noted.
b Adequate intake (AI).
DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c: Nutrients of concern are as presented in the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDA/HHS, 2015). Dietary Reference Intake values are from Institute of Medicine reports (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002/2005, 2005, 2011).
TABLE J-2 Nutrients Selected for Intake Analysis
| Nutrients Available in WWEIA | Include in Analyses | Rationale for Exclusion in Current Report |
|---|---|---|
| Food energy (kcal) |  |
|
| Protein (g) | |
|
| Carbohydrate (g) | |
|
| Fat, total (g) | |
|
| Dietary fiber, total (g) | |
|
| Saturated fatty acids, total (g) | |
|
| Monounsaturated fatty acids, total (g) | No DRI | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids, total (g) | No DRI | |
| Cholesterol (mg) | No DRI or DGAC recommendation | |
| Linoleic 18:2 (g) | Used USDA food pattern “oils” as a proxy | |
| Linolenic 18:3 (g) | Used USDA food pattern “oils” as a proxy | |
| EPA 20:5 (g) | No DRI, seafood intake as proxy | |
| DHA 22:6 (g) | No DRI, seafood intake as proxy | |
| Vitamin A as RAE (μg) | |
|
| Retinol (μg) | |
|
| Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol (mg) | |
|
| Added vitamin E (mg) | |
|
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3)(μg) | |
Only infants 0 to less than 12 months |
| Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy | |
|
| Vitamin K as phylloquinone (μg) | Inadequacy is extremely rare | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | |
|
| Thiamin (mg) | |
|
| Riboflavin (mg) | |
|
| Niacin (mg) | |
|
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | |
|
| Folate as DFE (μg) | |
|
| Folic acid (μg) | |
|
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | |
| Nutrients Available in WWEIA | Include in Analyses | Rationale for Exclusion in Current Report |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium (mg) | |
|
| Iron (mg) | |
|
| Magnesium (mg) | |
|
| Phosphorus (mg) | |
|
| Potassium (mg) | |
|
| Sodium (mg) | |
|
| Zinc (mg) | |
|
| Copper (mg) | |
|
| Selenium (μg) | |
|
| Choline (mg) | |
NOTES: DGAC = Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee; DRI = Dietary Reference Intake; WWEIA = What We Eat in America.
TABLE J-3 Food Groups for Analyses Based on Food Pattern Components in FPID and FPED
| Main Components | FPID/FPED Components (2011–2012) |
|---|---|
| Fruit | Total fruit |
| Vegetables | Total vegetables |
| Dark green vegetables | |
| Total red and orange vegetables | |
| Total starchy vegetables | |
| Other vegetables | |
| Beans and peas computed as vegetables | |
| Grains | Total grains |
| Whole grains | |
| Refined grains | |
| Protein Foods | Total protein foods |
| Total meat, poultry, and seafood | |
| Meat, poultry, and eggs (not seafood) | |
| Seafood | |
| Nuts, seeds, soy (nuts and seeds and soybean products) | |
| Dairy | Total dairy (milk, yogurt, cheese, whey) |
| Oils | Oils |
| Solid Fats | Solid fats |
| Added Sugars | Added sugars |
NOTES: FPED = Food Patterns Equivalents Database; FPID = Food Patterns Ingredients Database.
SOURCE: USDA/ARS, 2014.
REFERENCES
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
IOM. 1998. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
IOM. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
IOM. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
IOM. 2002/2005. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
IOM. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
IOM. 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 2014. Food patterns equivalents database 2011–2012: Methodology and user guide. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/fped/FPED_1112.pdf (accessed August 31, 2015).
USDA/HHS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2015. The report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015, to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: USDA/HHS. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/Scientific-Report-of-the-2015-DietaryGuidelines-Advisory-Committee.pdf (accessed May 24, 2015).
