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Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age (2018)

Chapter: Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

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Previous Chapter: Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25148.

Appendix E

Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

Table E-1 shows a compilation of the scaling methods to extrapolate from the reference values of one age group to another age group (IOM, 2002/2005).

REFERENCE

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10490.

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TABLE E-1 Extrapolation by Scaling

Nutrient	Extrapolation	Allometric, E xponent; 0.75	Isometric	Growth Factor	Other
Choline	AI _adult →AI _child	yes		yes
Choline	AI _0–6m→AI _7–12m	yes		no
Biotin	AI _0–6m→AI _7–12m, 1–18y, adult	yes		no
Pantothenic acid	adult→children	yes		yes
Pantothenic acid	AI _0–6m→AI _7–12m	yes		no
Fluoride	0.05 mg/kg/d	no	yes	no
Vitamin D	adult→1–9y		yes	no
Magnesium	EAR _10–15y→EAR _1–3 and 4–8y 5mg/kg/d		yes	no
Potassium	AI _adult→AI _1–18y				AI _child = AI _adult × F F = energy intake_child/ energy intake _adult UL _child = UL _adult × F F= energy intake _adult/
Potassium	UL _adult →UL _child				energy intake _child
Sodium	Same as potassium
Vitamin A, chromium, copper, molybdenum, iodine	EAR/AI _adult→EAR/AI _child (no extrapolation for iodine for 1–3 y and 4–8 y old)	yes		yes
		yes
	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m			no
Vitamin K	AI _7–12m→AI _0–6m	yes		no
Iron	No extrapolation for 7–12 m, 1–8y, 9–18 y
Manganese	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes		yes
Manganese	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	no		no

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Zinc				Factorial similar to allometric extrapolation from adult plus GF
Thiamin	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
Thiamin	EAR _adult→AI _7–12m	yes	yes
Riboflavin	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
Riboflavin	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	yes	no
Niacin	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
	EAR _adult→AI _7–12m	yes	yes
	UL _adult →UL _child	yes	no
Vitamin B6	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
	^AI 7–12m from mean of extrapolations:
	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m
	EAR _adult→AI _7–12m	yes	no
	UL _adult →UL _child	yes	yes
		yes	no
Folate	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	yes	no
	EAR _adult→AI _7–12m	yes	yes
	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
	UL _adult →UL _child	yes	no
Vitamin B12	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
Vitamin B12	EAR _adult→AI _7–12m	yes	yes
Vitamin C	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	yes	no
Vitamin C	EAR _adult→EAR_child	no	no
Vitamin E	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	yes	no
Vitamin E	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes
Selenium	AI _0–6m →AI _7–12m	yes	no
Selenium	EAR _adult→EAR_child	yes	yes

NOTE: When data are insufficient, the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) for infants or children can be extrapolated down by scaling the requirements for adults to the 0.75 power of body mass.

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Next Chapter: Appendix F: European Food Safety Authority's Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Protein: Growth Factors for Children Age 6 Months to 17 Years

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Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age (2018)

Chapter: Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

Appendix E

Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

REFERENCE

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Suggested citation

My Academies

Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age (2018)

Chapter: Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

Appendix E Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another

REFERENCE

Appendix E

Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another