Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age (2018)
Chapter: Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another
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Appendix E
Next Chapter: Appendix F: European Food Safety Authority's Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Protein: Growth Factors for Children Age 6 Months to 17 Years
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
Appendix E
Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another
Table E-1 shows a compilation of the scaling methods to extrapolate from the reference values of one age group to another age group (IOM, 2002/2005).
REFERENCE
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10490.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
TABLE E-1 Extrapolation by Scaling
| Nutrient | Extrapolation | Allometric, E xponent; 0.75 | Isometric | Growth Factor | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choline | AI adult →AI child | yes | yes | ||
| AI 0–6m→AI 7–12m | yes | no | |||
| Biotin | AI 0–6m→AI 7–12m, 1–18y, adult | yes | no | ||
| Pantothenic acid | adult→children | yes | yes | ||
| AI 0–6m→AI 7–12m | yes | no | |||
| Fluoride | 0.05 mg/kg/d | no | yes | no | |
| Vitamin D | adult→1–9y | yes | no | ||
| Magnesium | EAR 10–15y→EAR 1–3 and 4–8y 5mg/kg/d | yes | no | ||
| Potassium | AI adult→AI 1–18y | AI child = AI adult × F F = energy intakechild/ energy intake adult UL child = UL adult × F F= energy intake adult/ | |||
| UL adult →UL child | energy intake child | ||||
| Sodium | Same as potassium | ||||
| Vitamin A, chromium, copper, molybdenum, iodine | EAR/AI adult→EAR/AI child (no extrapolation for iodine for 1–3 y and 4–8 y old) | yes | yes | ||
| yes | |||||
| AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | no | ||||
| Vitamin K | AI 7–12m→AI 0–6m | yes | no | ||
| Iron | No extrapolation for 7–12 m, 1–8y, 9–18 y | ||||
| Manganese | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | no | no |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
| Zinc | Factorial similar to allometric extrapolation from adult plus GF | ||||
| Thiamin | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| EAR adult→AI 7–12m | yes | yes | |||
| Riboflavin | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | yes | no | |||
| Niacin | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| EAR adult→AI 7–12m | yes | yes | |||
| UL adult →UL child | yes | no | |||
| Vitamin B6 | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| AI 7–12m from mean of extrapolations: | |||||
| AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | |||||
| EAR adult→AI 7–12m | yes | no | |||
| UL adult →UL child | yes | yes | |||
| yes | no | ||||
| Folate | AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | yes | no | ||
| EAR adult→AI 7–12m | yes | yes | |||
| EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | |||
| UL adult →UL child | yes | no | |||
| Vitamin B12 | EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | ||
| EAR adult→AI 7–12m | yes | yes | |||
| Vitamin C | AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | yes | no | ||
| EAR adult→EARchild | no | no | |||
| Vitamin E | AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | yes | no | ||
| EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes | |||
| Selenium | AI 0–6m →AI 7–12m | yes | no | ||
| EAR adult→EARchild | yes | yes |
NOTE: When data are insufficient, the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) for infants or children can be extrapolated down by scaling the requirements for adults to the 0.75 power of body mass.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25148.
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