| AST | Office of Commercial Space Transportation |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| BSL | Biosafety Level; Biohazard Safety Level |
| CAPS | Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science |
| CEQ | Council on Environmental Quality |
| CETEX | Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration |
| CNSR | Comet Nucleus Sample Return |
| COMSTAC | Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee |
| COPUOS | Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space |
| COSPAR | Committee on Space Research |
| CRAF | Comet Rendezvous–Asteroid Flyby |
| CRISPR | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DoC | Department of Commerce |
| EASTEX | East Coast Panel on Extraterrestrial Life |
| ESA | European Space Agency |
| ESF | European Science Foundation |
| FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
| FCC | Federal Communications Commission |
| HEOMD | Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate |
| IADC | Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee |
| IAF | International Astronautical Federation |
| ICBC | Interagency Committee on Back Contamination |
| ICSU | International Council for Science |
| IKI | Space Research Institute |
| ISAS | Institute for Space and Astronautical Science |
| JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| LAL | limulus amebocyte lysate |
| LIFE | Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment |
| MAX-C | Mars Astrobiology Explorer and Cacher |
| MEPAG | Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group |
| MER | Mars Exploration Rover |
| MO | Mars Observer |
| MSL | Mars Science Laboratory |
| MUSES-C | Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft-C |
| NAC | NASA Advisory Council |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NASEM | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| NID | NASA Interim Directive |
| NPD | NASA Policy Directive |
| NPI | NASA Policy Instruction |
| NPR | NASA Procedural Requirement |
| NRC | National Research Council |
| NSAM | National Security Action Memoranda |
| OCT | Organic Contamination Team |
| OPP | Office of Planetary Protection |
| OSIRIS-REx | Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer |
| OSMA | Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (NASA) |
| OST | Outer Space Treaty |
| OSTP | Office of Science and Technology Policy |
| Pc | probability of contamination |
| PPAC | Planetary Protection Advisory Committee |
| PPO | planetary protection officer |
| PPOSS | Planetary Protection for Outer Solar System |
| PPS | Planetary Protection Subcommittee |
| ROI | region of interest |
| ROSES | Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences |
| RSL | recurring slope lineae |
| SAG | Science Analysis Group |
| SAT | Office of Space and Advanced Technology |
| SMD | Science Mission Directorate |
| SR | Special Regions |
| SSB | Space Science Board (1958-1988), Space Studies Board (1988 to date) |
| STSC | Science and Technical Subcommittee |
| TOC | total organic carbon |
| UN | United Nations |
| WESTEX | West Coast Panel on Extraterrestrial Life |