A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop (2019)
Chapter: Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
D
Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights
| Law or Opinion | Year (ratified) | Purpose or Holding |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. Constitution | ||
|
1865 | Abolished slavery |
|
1868 | Provides due process and equal protection for all |
|
1870 | Prohibits discrimination regarding voting based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” |
|
1920 | Women granted the right to vote |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27-30 | 1866 | Citizenship for all born in the United States (excluding American Indians) |
| Indian Citizenship Act, Pub. L. 68-175, 43 Stat. 253 | 1924 | Citizenship for American Indians born in the United States |
| Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) | 1954 | Desegregated the U.S. public school system |
| Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, 323 F. 2d 959 (4th Circuit, 1963) | 1963 | Provisions of Hill-Burton around “separate but equal” hospital and health care facilities unconstitutional |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
| Law or Opinion | Year (ratified) | Purpose or Holding |
|---|---|---|
| Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 | 1964 | |
|
Prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements | |
|
Bans discrimination based on “race, color, religion, or national origin” in public establishments with a connection to interstate commerce or supported by the state | |
|
Prevents discrimination based on race, color, or national origin by government agencies that receive federal funds | |
| Social Security Act Amendments (Medicare and Medicaid bills), Pub. L. 89-97, 79 Stat. 286 | 1965 | Bill that created federal Medicare and Medicaid programs |
| Voting Rights Act, Pub. L. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437 | 1965 | Prohibits discrimination in voting and laws or tests that result in discrimination against racial or language minorities (e.g., literacy tests or poll taxes, ballots and materials only in English) |
| Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Pub. L. 90-202, 81 Stat. 602 | 1967 | Prohibits discrimination based on age (≥40 years) in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms of employment |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, Pub L. 92-261, 83 Stat. 102 | 1972 | Prohibits discrimination in employment; extends protections of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to public and private employers with ≥15 employees |
| Title IX of the Education Amendments, Pub. L. 318; 86 Stat. 235 | 1972 | Prohibits discrimination due to sex in any federally funded education activity |
| Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394 | 1973 | No one with a disability should be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal funding |
| Amendments to Older Americans Act of 1965—Age Discrimination Act, Pub. L. 94-135, 89 Stat. 713 | 1975 | Updates Older Americans Act and prohibits discrimination due to age in programs and activities receiving federal funding |
| Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub. L. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 | 1990 | Prohibits discrimination based on disability, including requirements for reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities and accessibility requirements for public accommodations |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
| Law or Opinion | Year (ratified) | Purpose or Holding |
|---|---|---|
| Olmstead v. L.C. 527 U.S. 581 (1999) | 1999 | Publicly funded entities must serve individuals with disabilities in the least restrictive, most integrated setting possible |
| Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA); | 2010 | Health care reform bill |
| Section 1557, 42 U.S.C. § 18116 | 2015 | Nondiscrimination provisions ban discrimination due to race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability for health programs or activities receiving federal funds; prohibits sex discrimination in health care, and applies civil rights protections to health insurance marketplaces |
| Obergefell v. Hodges 576 U.S. (2015) | 2015 | Same-sex couples have a right to marry |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/25409.
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