Appendix B

Biographical Sketches of Planning Committee Members and Speakers^*

PIERRE AZOULAY (Planning Committee Member) is International Programs professor of management and professor of technological innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management; he is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. His current research focuses on empirical studies of the supply of biomedical innovators, particularly at the interface of academia and the biopharmaceutical industry. He also is interested in the topic of academic entrepreneurship, having recently concluded a major study of the antecedents and consequences of academic patenting. Azoulay has previously investigated the impact of superstar researchers on the research productivity of their colleagues, and the outsourcing strategies of pharmaceutical firms, in particular the role played by contract research organizations in the clinical trials process. He holds a PhD in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

ALBERT BRAVO-BIOSCA is founding director of the Innovation Growth Lab (IGL), a global nonprofit initiative based at Nesta that works to increase the impact of innovation and growth policy by ensuring that it is informed by new ideas, increased experimentation, and robust evidence. IGL brings together governments, foundations, and researchers to test different approaches to accelerate innovation, high-growth entrepreneurship, and business growth, helping organizations to become more experimental, test ideas, and learn from each other. Bravo-Biosca is also a visiting fellow at the Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard and guest professor at the Barcelona School of Economics. His work is at the intersection of innovation, growth, and finance. His research has looked at the drivers of venture capital performance, the linkages between financial institutions and innovative performance, and the effectiveness of innovation policy. Prior to founding IGL, Bravo-Biosca was senior economist and led two of Nesta’s major research programs in this area, one exploring business growth dynamics and its drivers in the United Kingdom and internationally, the other examining the contribution of intangible assets to productivity growth. He has also been member of the U.K. Cross-Government Trials Advice Panel,

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^* As of March 2023.

visiting economist at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and consultant for the World Bank. He holds a PhD in economics from Harvard University.

RIKKE CHRISTENSEN is senior impact partner at the Novo Nordisk Foundation. She is responsible for managing and coordinating the foundation’s evaluation and analytical work. In addition, Christensen is responsible for the foundation’s Social Science Research Program. Previously, she worked extensively with program evaluation in the World Bank; more recently, she worked at the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education Agency in Brussels, where she carried out several large monitoring and impact assessment studies. Christensen holds a master’s degree in economics from the University of Aarhus and a PhD from the University of Aarhus and The George Washington University.

JORDAN DWORKIN is metascience program lead at the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). His work focuses on growing and strengthening the metascience community and building connections between researchers and policymakers to translate innovative ideas into science policy design. Before joining FAS, Dworkin was assistant professor of clinical biostatistics at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, where his research touched on statistical methodology, medical imaging, and mental health. He holds a PhD in biostatistics from the University of Pennsylvania and a BS in psychology from Haverford College.

MATTHIAS EGGER is the elected president of the National Research Council at the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). He is also professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Bristol and professor of epidemiology and public health at the University of Bern, where he previously headed the university’s Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine. Between April and July 2020, Egger led the scientific task force advising the Swiss government on the COVID-19 pandemic. He is currently working on projects involving vaccination against Ebola and studies on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancer in southern Africa, as well as methodological projects.

DIANA EPSTEIN is the evidence team lead at the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), where she supports implementation of Title 1 of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act, chairs the Evaluation Officer Council, and provides technical assistance on evidence and evaluation activities for a broad range of federal agencies and government functions. Previously, she was a research and evaluation manager at the Corporation for National and Community Service and a program evaluator and policy analyst at Abt Associates, the American Institutes for Research, and the RAND Corporation. Epstein holds a PhD from the Pardee RAND Graduate School; a master of public policy from

the Goldman School at the University of California, Berkeley; and a bachelor’s degree in applied math-biology from Brown University.

CHIARA FRANZONI (Planning Committee Member) is professor in the School of Management at Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy. Her research focuses on economics of science, innovation, intellectual property rights, and the funding of science and technology. In the area of economics of science, she has investigated the responses of scientists to different types of incentives on career events and has conducted a large cross-country study on the international mobility of researchers. In the area of economics of innovation, Franzoni has studied academic entrepreneurship and the crowdfunding of science and technology. She is now studying grant peer review and the way in which experts make decisions in conditions of uncertainty, such as choosing which research projects to fund. Franzoni is particularly interested in the judgment of high-risk, high-reward research. Her current work is sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Her research has been published in many journals, including Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nature Biotechnology, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Management Studies, and Research Policy. Franzoni holds a PhD in economics and management of technology from the University of Bergamo.

SASHA GALLANT leads Development Innovation Ventures (DIV), the tiered, evidence-driven, open innovation fund at the U.S. Agency for International Development. Gallant’s work has centered on the intersection of evidence-informed policy and innovation in international development, working across the public and social sectors, and the research, implementation, and funding domains. In previous positions, she has supported the establishment of national evidence-tiered funds and the strategies of a broad range of data-driven funders in global development. Gallant is a former public school educator and administrator. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Goucher College and a master of public policy from Georgetown University.

ERWIN GIANCHANDANI is assistant director for technology, innovation and partnerships (TIP), leading the newly established TIP Directorate, at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Previously, he served as senior advisor for TIP, where he helped develop plans for the new TIP Directorate in collaboration with colleagues at NSF, other government agencies, industry, and academia. At NSF, Gianchandani also previously served as deputy assistant director of the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering, twice serving as its acting assistant director. He also has led the development and launch of several new NSF initiatives, including the Smart & Connected Communities program, Civic Innovation Challenge, Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research, and the National Artificial Intelligence Research Institutes. Prior to his career at NSF, Gianchandani was the inaugural director of the Computing

Community Consortium, providing leadership to the computing research community in identifying and pursuing bold, high-impact research directions, such as health information technology and sustainable computing. Gianchandani has published extensively and presented at international conferences on computational systems biology, and he is a recipient of the Distinguished Presidential Rank Award, awarded to members of the federal government’s senior executive service for sustained extraordinary accomplishment. He holds a PhD in biomedical engineering from the University of Virginia.

DANIEL GOROFF is vice president and program director at the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a private charity that supports breakthroughs in science, technology, and economics. His research interests include optimization over time, decision making under uncertainty, the mathematics of privacy, and the economics of science. He is professor emeritus of mathematics and economics at Harvey Mudd College, where he previously served as dean of the faculty and vice president for academic affairs. He also previously taught at Harvard. Goroff has also held extended visiting positions at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Paris, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, the Dibner Institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University’s Teachers College, and the Bellagio Residency Program. Other previous positions include serving as division director for social and economic sciences at the National Science Foundation and as a division director at the National Research Council. Goroff has also twice worked for the president’s science advisor in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, most recently as assistant director for social, behavioral, and economic sciences.

EVA GUINAN is a physician specializing in pediatric hematology/oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) and professor of radiation oncology at Harvard Medical School. At DFCI, she previously served as associate director and then director of the bone marrow transplant service. Guinan now serves as director for the translational innovation programs of Harvard’s Center for Clinical and Translational Research. Guinan’s own translational research program focuses on the costimulatory blockade as a mechanism of overcoming problems related to allogenicity in transplantation and the amelioration of regimen-related toxicity. She holds an MD from Harvard Medical School, and she served a pediatric residency at Children’s Hospital and then held a pediatric hematology-oncology fellowship at Children’s Hospital and DFCI.

DANIEL HANDEL is the lead on external engagement for 3ei [International Initiative for Impact Evaluation]. He works with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); implementing partners; and advocacy groups, such as the Modernizing Foreign Assistance Network, to promote the use of rigorous evidence in development decision making. His work in international development has focused on economic growth, cash transfers, and impact evaluation. Prior to

joining 3ie, Handel served as a USAID foreign service officer with assignments in Washington, Rwanda, and Nicaragua. As the lead of the USAID’s evaluation team, he worked to improve the quality and use of evaluation in order to improve the effectiveness of USAID programming. Previously, Handel served as senior advisor on aid effectiveness in USAID’s Global Development Lab, with the primary responsibility of expanding the work he began in Rwanda of “cash benchmarking”—comparing the impact per dollar of traditional programs with what could be achieved with an unconditional cash transfer. In Rwanda, Handel also conducted research and program design on causes of malnutrition, led private-sector engagement, and managed impact evaluations. He has also worked as an economist for the Institute of Policy Studies in Sri Lanka. Handel holds an MA in economics from the University of Sussex, United Kingdom, and a BA in history from Brandeis University.

DIETMAR HARHOFF is director at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition and professor for entrepreneurship and innovation at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich. His research focuses on innovation, entrepreneurship, intellectual property, industrial economics, and economic policy. Harhoff has served in advisory functions to private and public organizations, and he is a long-time member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of the German Federal Ministry for Economics. Previously, he was a member of the Economic Advisory Group on Competition Policy and chair of the Economic and Scientific Advisory Board at the European Patent Office. Harhoff also previously served as chair of the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation of the German Federal Government. After serving as chair of the Commission for the Establishment of the German Agency for Disruptive Innovation, he is now a member of its supervisory board. Harhoff’s doctoral training at the Sloan School of Management of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology focused on economics and management of innovation. He is an elected member of the German Academy of Science and Engineering, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

KAYE G. HUSBANDS FEALING (Planning Committee Member) is dean of the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where she formerly served as chair of the School of Public Policy. She specializes in science and innovation policy; the public value of research expenditures; and the underrepresentation of women and minorities in the fields and workforce of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Husbands Fealing developed and was inaugural program director for the National Science Foundation’s Science of Science and Innovation Policy program. She also cochaired the Science of Science Policy Interagency Task Group, chartered by the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Policy Council. Husbands Fealing is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an elected fellow of the National

Academy of Public Administration and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and a member of the AAAS Executive Board. She currently serves on the Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering of the National Science Foundation, the advisory committee of the agency’s Education and Human Resources Directorate; the Science, Technology Assessment, and Analytics Polaris Council of the Government Accountability Office; and the Georgia Intellectual Property Alliance. Husbands Fealing holds a PhD in economics from Harvard University and a BA in mathematics and economics from the University of Pennsylvania.

ADAM B. JAFFE (Planning Committee Member) is professor emeritus of economics at Brandeis University. His expertise is in industrial organization, technological change and innovation, the economics of science, and environmental economics. His publications include Patents, Citations and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy (with Manuel Trajtenberg, 2002) and Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress and What to Do About It (with Josh Lerner, 2004). He is also editor of The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy (with Ben Jones, 2015). In addition to his scholarly activities, Jaffe is active in public policy formulation and debate. In 2015–2017, he served with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as cochair of the Global Science Forum Experts’ Group on Effective Operation of Competitive Research Funding Systems. Jaffe has served on numerous panels and committees for the National Science Foundation; the National Institutes of Health; and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, where he is currently chair of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy. He holds a PhD in economics from Harvard University.

DEAN KARLAN is chief economist at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Frederic Esser Nemmers distinguished professor of economics and finance at Northwestern University; and founder and former president of Innovations for Poverty Action, a nonprofit organization dedicated to discovering and promoting solutions to global poverty problems. In his role at USAID, Karlan serves as the agency’s principal economist and top expert on economic policy and analysis. Prior to joining Northwestern University, he served as Samuel C. Park, Jr., professor of economics at Yale University and as assistant professor of economics at Princeton University. Karlan’s research focuses on microeconomic issues of poverty, typically employing experimental methodologies and behavioral economics insights to examine what works, what does not, and why to address social problems. His work spans many geographies and topics, including sustainable income generation for those in abject poverty, credit and savings markets for low-income households, agriculture for smallholder farmers, small and medium entrepreneurship and smoking cessation, and charitable giving. He has worked in more than 20 countries around the world,

including low-income countries, and also the United States. Karlan holds a PhD in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

KARIM R. LAKHANI (Planning Committee Member) is Dorothy and Michael Hintze professor of business administration at Harvard Business School and cofounder and chair of the Digital, Data and Design Institute at Harvard University. He specializes in technology management, innovation, digital transformation, and artificial intelligence. Lakhani is known for his original scholarship on open-source communities, innovation contests, and scientific collaboration, and he pioneered the use of field experiments to help solve innovation-related challenges. Lakhani has published more than 150 peer-reviewed papers in leading management, economics, and natural science journals; executive-oriented articles in Harvard Business Review and MIT Sloan Management Review; and Harvard Business School case studies. He is coeditor of two books from MIT Press on open and distributed innovation models: Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation (2016) and Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software (2005). Lakhani holds a PhD in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

DANIELLE LI (Planning Committee Member) is associate professor of technological innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management; she is also a faculty research fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Her research interests are in economics of innovation and labor economics, with a focus on how organizations evaluate ideas, projects, and people. Li’s work has been published in leading academic journals across a range of fields, including the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Science, and Management Science. In addition, her work has been regularly featured in media outlets, including the Economist, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. She has previously taught at the Harvard Business School and the Kellogg School of Management. Li holds a PhD in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

JON LORSCH is director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), an institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In this position, Lorsch oversees the institute’s $3 billion budget, which supports basic research that increases understanding of biological processes and lays the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Previously, Lorsch was a professor in the department of biophysics and biophysical chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. A leader in RNA biology, Lorsch studies the initiation of translation, a major step in controlling how genes are expressed. Since joining NIH, he has taken on several leadership roles, including serving as cochair of the NIH Scientific Data Council and the Extramural Activities Working Group and as a member of the Administrative Data Council. Lorsch is the author of more than 80 peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, and

other papers. He has also been the editor of six volumes of Methods in Enzymology, has been a reviewer for numerous scientific journals, and is the author on two awarded U.S. patents. Lorsch holds a PhD in biochemistry from Harvard University.

DAYANAND MANOLI is professor in the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University. His research focuses on working closely with government agencies to design, test, evaluate, and improve government policies and programs. His research interests include tax policy, education policy, and workforce development. Currently, Manoli is working with collaborators at the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Virginia Department of Social Services. He has professional affiliations with the Jameel Poverty Action Lab and the National Bureau of Economic Research, and he was previously assistant professor in the economics departments at the University of California, Los Angeles, and The University of Texas at Austin. Manoli holds a PhD in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.

DYLAN MATTHEWS is a writer at Vox Media, which he joined as one of its first three employees a decade ago, and he cofounded Vox’s Future Perfect section. He writes about developments in social science, antipoverty efforts in the United States and abroad, and about the right way to do philanthropy.

LISA OUELLETTE is Deane F. Johnson professor of law at Stanford Law School and senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. Her scholarship addresses empirical and theoretical problems in intellectual property and innovation law. She takes advantage of her training in physics to explore such policy issues as how scientists use the technical information in patents, how scientific expertise might improve patent examination, the patenting of publicly funded research under the Bayh–Dole Act, and the integration of intellectual property with other levers of innovation policy. She has also coauthored a free patent law casebook, Patent Law: Cases, Problems, and Materials, which has been adopted at more than 40 law schools. Prior to her appointment at Stanford Law School, Ouellette was a fellow at the Information Society Project at Yale Law School. She also clerked on the U.S. Court of Appeals for both the Federal Circuit and the Second Circuit, and she has conducted scientific research at the Max Planck Institute, CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She holds a JD from Yale Law and a PhD in physics from Cornell University.

PETER-ANTHONY PAPPAS is currently on detail from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to the U.S. Senate, where he serves as a subject matter expert and technical advisor on intellectual property (IP), antitrust, and cybersecurity matters to Senator Thom Tillis, the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary. At USPTO, Pappas is a supervisory patent examiner and manages an art unit of

approximately a dozen patent examiners who prosecute patent applications. At USPTO, he has been involved with numerous projects, including the Pro Se Pilot Program, for which he established the respective randomized controlled trial. Pappas has also served in a variety of other roles while at USPTO, including special advisor to the under secretary of commerce for intellectual property and to the USPTO director, advising on IP-related and operational matters. He served as chief of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board Analysis and Process Improvement Branch. Pappas holds a BS in computer engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and an executive certificate in public leadership from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

HOANGMAI (MAI) H. PHAM is president of Institute for Exceptional Care, a nonprofit dedicated to transforming health care for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Pham is a general internist and also works on national health policy. Previously, she was vice president at Anthem, Inc., responsible for value-based care initiatives. Prior to Anthem, Pham served as chief innovation officer at the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, where she was a founding official and the architect of foundational programs on accountable care organizations and primary care. She has published extensively on provider payment policy and its intersection with health disparities, quality performance, provider behavior, and market trends. Pham serves on the board of the Coalition to Transform Advanced Care and numerous advisory bodies, including for the National Academy of Medicine, the National Advisory Council for the Agency on Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Maryland Primary Care Program. Her clinical experience is grounded in primary care for underserved populations. She holds an AB from Harvard University; an MD from Temple University; and an MPH from Johns Hopkins University, where she was also a Robert Wood Johnson clinical scholar.

MARTIN RATER is chief statistician for patents at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). He joined more than two decades ago to lead efforts related to customer and employee surveys and provide statistical consultation for both the patents and trademarks quality review programs. Rater subsequently joined the Office of Patent Quality Assurance (OPQA), where he oversaw several aspects of the quality review program, such as sample design, review methodology, and reporting of quality metrics. He also oversaw OPQA’s ISO 9001–certified quality management system. In his role as chief statistician, Rater conducts statistical research on primary and secondary data to explore and test potential impacts on patent examination quality. He develops statistical sampling procedures and data collection methods to support quality control and quality assurance activities, and he serves on several teams tasked with evaluating program effectiveness, customer and employee experience, and patent examination behaviors. Current projects of note include being a member of the Council for Inclusive Innovation USPTO work team, where he is assisting with

the measuring and monitoring of diversity and equity initiatives in the expansion of American innovation. Rater is also leading a patents business unit effort aimed at expanding the culture of creative problem solving and rigorous testing of planned initiatives to realize better returns on investment and improvements in examination processes. At the forefront of this project is a dedicated research and development patent examination unit, consisting of more than 30 patent examiners, that will focus on the development and testing of new processes and procedures to generate evidence to support policy and decision making related to agency goals and objectives. This project also includes overseeing ideation workshops, which are structured brainstorming sessions designed to evaluate a wide range of complexities related to patent examination, develop problem statements, and create test and evaluation plans to investigate the efficacy of proposed solutions with patent examiners.

ADAM RUSSELL is a research scientist at the University of Maryland’s Applied Research Laboratory for Intelligence and Security, with an adjunct faculty position in the Department of Psychology. He was recently on leave to serve as acting deputy director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). Russell began his career in national security, working on human performance and strategic competitions for various government organizations. After joining the government, he worked as a program manager at the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) and then the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), where he was known as the “DARPAnthropologist.” At IARPA and DARPA, Russell managed a large portfolio of high-risk, high-impact research and development programs focused on enhancing the U.S. government’s human domain capabilities to better understand, anticipate, and leverage human social behavior and variability through improving scientific discovery, innovation, and reproducibility, especially in the social and behavioral sciences. Russell holds a DPhil in social anthropology from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar.

JAMES SAVAGE is director of data science at Schmidt Futures, where he leads internal research and development on new program initiatives, especially those that involve measuring talents at scale. Previously, he was head of data science at Lendable, a frontier markets lending platform. He also investigated retirement savings policy reforms at the Grattan Institute in Australia, and he served as a technical advisor to Australia’s Productivity Commission’s inquiry into the same reforms. Savage studied economics and econometrics at La Trobe and Melbourne Universities.

PAULA STEPHAN (Planning Committee Chair) is professor emerita of economics at the Georgia State University Andrew Young School for Policy Studies and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Her research focuses on the economics of science and the careers of scientists and engineers. Her recent work examines factors that discourage risk-taking in

science, including the peer-review process, the relationship between international mobility and scientific productivity, how gender-pairing between student and advisor relates to the productivity of PhD recipients, and the economics of the postdoctoral position. Stephan is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and served on the Board of Reviewing Editors for Science (2012–2019) and on the National Advisory General Medical Sciences Council of the National Institutes of Health (2005–2009). She has published articles in such journals as The American Economic Review, Journal of Economic Literature, Management Science, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Organization Science, PLOS One, and Research Policy and Science. She is the author of How Economics Shapes Science (Harvard University Press, 2012). Stephan holds a PhD in economics from the University of Michigan.

SHIRLEY M. TILGHMAN is a member of the faculty of Princeton University, where she also served as the university’s 19th president. During her scientific career as a mammalian developmental geneticist, she studied the way in which genes are organized in the genome and regulated during early development, and she was one of the founding members of the National Advisory Council of the Human Genome Project for the National Institutes of Health. Tilghman is an officer of the Order of Canada and the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Developmental Biology, the Genetics Society of America Medal, the L’Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science, and the George W. Beadle Award from the Genetics Society of America. She is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Royal Society of London. She serves as a trustee of Amherst College, the Institute for Advanced Study, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Simons Foundation. Tilghman is director of the Broad Institute and the Hypothesis Fund, a fellow of the Corporation of Harvard College, and an external science advisor for the Science Philanthropy Alliance.

ALAN TOMKINS is deputy director of the Division of Social and Economic Sciences (SES) of the National Science Foundation (NSF). Since joining the agency, he has served as acting division director for SES on several occasions and, for a period, for the Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences. Tomkins has also served in a variety of agency-wide roles, ranging from increasing public access to simplifying, streamlining, and standardizing the merit review process. His major cross-agency activity is serving as one of the cochairs of the Subcommittee on Open Science, along with representatives from the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. He also serves as NSF’s representative on the committee that is advising the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) and the Federal Judicial Center on developing a fourth edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, a

primary reference source for federal judges on questions of science, technology, and medicine in litigation. Tomkins is also involved in the oversight of the National Academies’ Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN): Facilitating Rapid and Actionable Responses to Social, Behavioral, and Economic-Related COVID-19 Questions. Prior to joining NSF, he was on the faculty of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, where was founding director of the University of Nebraska Public Policy Center (now emeritus director) and professor in the law-psychology program (now emeritus professor). Tomkins holds a BA in psychology and philosophy from Boston University, and a JD and a PhD in social psychology from Washington University in St. Louis.

CALEB WATNEY is cofounder and co-CEO of the Institute for Progress (IFP), a nonpartisan think tank focused on innovation. At IFP, he manages the metascience and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics immigration policy teams, and his research examines policy levers the United States could use to rebuild state capacity and increase long-term rates of innovation. Previously, Watney worked as director of innovation policy at the Progressive Policy Institute, as a technology policy fellow at the R Street Institute, and as a graduate research fellow at the Mercatus Center. He holds a master’s degree in economics from George Mason University.

HEIDI WILLIAMS (Planning Committee Member) is Charles R. Schwab professor of economics at Stanford University. Her teaching and research focus on how society can best support science and innovation and how one can best ensure that science and innovation generate broad benefits to society. She is also director of science policy at the Institute for Progress; cochair (with Paul Niehaus) of the Science for Progress Initiative of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab; and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where she is codirector (with Ben Jones) of the Innovation Policy working group. At Stanford she is also professor, by courtesy, at Stanford Law School and senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. Williams is editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives. Williams is a fellow of the Econometric Society, and she is the recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, and the ASHEcon Medal. She has been recognized for her undergraduate teaching, graduate teaching, and graduate advising. She holds an AB in mathematics from Dartmouth College, an MSc in development economics from Oxford University, and a PhD in economics from Harvard University.