Previous Chapter: 7 Public Health Considerations and Harm Reduction Strategies
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

References

ADDA (Attention Deficit Disorder Association). 2022. Understanding ADHD. https://add.org/adhd-in-adults/ (accessed March 2, 2024).

Adler, L. A., J. Adams, J. Madera-McDonough, E. Kohegyi, M. Hobart, D. Chang, M. Angelicola, R. McQuade, and M. Liebowitz. 2022. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of centanafadine sustained-release tablets in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results of 2 Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 42(5):429-439.

Adler, L. A., S. V. Faraone, T. J. Spencer, P. Berglund, S. Alperin, and R. C. Kessler. 2017. The structure of adult ADHD. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 26(1).

Advokat, C. D., D. Guidry, and L. Martino. 2008. Licit and illicit use of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in undergraduate college students. J Am Coll Health 56(6):601-606.

Akili Interactive Labs. 2024. EndeavorOTC. https://www.endeavorotc.com/ (accessed March 5, 2024.

Aluri, J., D. Goodman, K. Antshel, and R. Mojtabai. 2023. Variation in ADHD treatment by mental health care setting among us college students from 2019 to 2022. J Atten Disord 27(12):1411-1419.

APA (American Psychiatric Association). 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-14907-000 (accessed April 29, 2024).

Arcos-Burgos, M., and M. T. Acosta. 2007. Tuning major gene variants conditioning human behavior: The anachronism of ADHD. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17(3):234-238.

Ariely, D. 2023. Misbelief: What makes rational people believe irrational things. New York: HarperCollins.

Arnsten, A. F., and S. R. Pliszka. 2011. Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 99(2):211-216.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Arnsten, A. F. T., and M. Wang. 2020. The evolutionary expansion of mGluR3-NAAG-GCPII signaling: Relevance to human intelligence and cognitive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 177(12):1103-1106.

Arria, A. M., K. M. Caldeira, K. E. O’Grady, K. B. Vincent, E. P. Johnson, and E. D. Wish. 2008. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students: Associations with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and polydrug use. Pharmacotherapy 28(2):156-169.

Arria, A. M., K. M. Caldeira, K. B. Vincent, K. E. O’Grady, M. D. Cimini, I. M. Geisner, N. Fossos-Wong, J. R. Kilmer, and M. E. Larimer. 2017. Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically? Addict Behav 65:245-249.

Arrondo, G., M. Mulraney, I. Iturmendi-Sabater, H. Musullulu, L. Gambra, T. Niculcea, T. Banaschewski, E. Simonoff, M. Döpfner, S. P. Hinshaw, D. Coghill, and S. Cortese. 2024. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Clinical utility of continuous performance tests for the identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 63(2):154-171.

Asherson, P., and H. Gurling. 2011. Quantitative and molecular genetics of ADHD. In Behavioral neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its treatment. Vol. 9, Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, edited by C. Stanford and R. Tannock. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Attention Deficit Disorder Association. 2022. Understanding ADHD. https://add.org/adhd-in-adults (accessed March 2, 2024).

Barkley, R. A., and M. Fischer. 2019. Hyperactive child syndrome and estimated life expectancy at young adult follow-up: The role of ADHD persistence and other potential predictors. J Atten Disord 23(9):907-923.

Bauer, A. M., M. M. Parker, D. Schillinger, W. Katon, N. Adler, A. S. Adams, H. H. Moffet, and A. J. Karter. 2014. Associations between antidepressant adherence and shared decision-making, patient–provider trust, and communication among adults with diabetes: Diabetes study of Northern California (distance). Journal of General Internal Medicine 29(8):1139-1147.

Bejerot, S., E. M. Rydén, and C. M. Arlinde. 2010. Two-year outcome of treatment with central stimulant medication in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 71(12):1590-1597.

Benson, K., K. Flory, K. L. Humphreys, and S. S. Lee. 2015. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 18(1):50-76.

Bernardina Dalla, M. D., C. O. Ayala, F. Cristina de Abreu Quintela Castro, F. K. Neto, G. Zanirati, W. Cañon-Montañez, and R. Mattiello. 2022. Environmental pollution and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Pollut 315:120351.

Berridge, C. W., D. M. Devilbiss, M. E. Andrzejewski, A. F. Arnsten, A. E. Kelley, B. Schmeichel, C. Hamilton, and R. C. Spencer. 2006. Methylphenidate preferentially increases catecholamine neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex at low doses that enhance cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 60(10):1111-1120.

Berridge, C. W., and R. C. Spencer. 2016. Differential cognitive actions of norepinephrine α2 and α1 receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 1641(Pt B):189-196.

Bowman, E., D. Coghill, C. Murawski, and P. Bossaerts. 2023. Not so smart? “Smart” drugs increase the level but decrease the quality of cognitive effort. Sci Adv 9(24):eadd4165.

Brod, M., J. Johnston, S. Able, and R. Swindle. 2006. Validation of the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder quality-of-life scale (AAQoL): A disease-specific quality-of-life measure. Qual Life Res 15(1):117-129.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Brown, N. M., S. N. Brown, R. D. Briggs, M. Germán, P. F. Belamarich, and S. O. Oyeku. 2017. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and ADHD diagnosis and severity. Acad Pediatr 17(4):349-355.

Burgard, D. A., R. Fuller, B. Becker, R. Ferrell, and M. J. Dinglasan-Panlilio. 2013. Potential trends in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug use on a college campus: Wastewater analysis of amphetamine and ritalinic acid. Sci Total Environ 450-451:242-249.

Callen, E. F., T. L. Clay, J. Alai, D. W. Goodman, L. A. Adler, J. Shields, and S. V. Faraone. 2023. Progress and pitfalls in the provision of quality care for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary care. J Atten Disord 27(6):575-582.

Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA). 2020. Canadian ADHD practice guidelines, 4.1 edition, Toronto ON; CADDRA, 2020. https://adhdlearn.caddra.ca/purchase-guidelines/ (accessed April 29, 2024).

Cassidy, T. A., E. C. McNaughton, S. Varughese, L. Russo, M. Zulueta, and S. F. Butler. 2015. Nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulant medications among adults in a substance abuse treatment population: Early findings from the NAVIPPRO surveillance system. J Atten Disord 19(4):275-283.

CHADD (Children and Adults with ADHD). 2023. ADHD medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Chamberlain, S. R., S. Cortese, and J. E. Grant. 2021. Screening for adult ADHD using brief rating tools: What can we conclude from a positive screen? Some caveats. Compr Psychiatry 106:152224.

Chang, Z., L. Ghirardi, P. D. Quinn, P. Asherson, B. M. D’Onofrio, and H. Larsson. 2019. Risks and benefits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases. Biol Psychiatry 86(5):335-343.

Chang, Z., P. Lichtenstein, L. Halldner, B. D’Onofrio, E. Serlachius, S. Fazel, N. Långström, and H. Larsson. 2014. Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(8):878-885.

Cherkasova, M. V., A. Roy, B. S. G. Molina, G. Scott, G. Weiss, R. A. Barkley, J. Biederman, M. Uchida, S. P. Hinshaw, E. B. Owens, and L. Hechtman. 2022. Review: Adult outcome as seen through controlled prospective follow-up studies of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed into adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 61(3):378-391.

Childress, A. and G. W. Mattingly. 2023. Assessing practice patterns in care of adults with ADHD. online: Medscape. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/998074 (accessed April 29, 2024).

Chung, W., S. F. Jiang, D. Paksarian, A. Nikolaidis, F. X. Castellanos, K. R. Merikangas, and M. P. Milham. 2019. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults and children of different racial and ethnic groups. JAMA Netw Open 2(11):e1914344.

Clark, S. V., T. D. Satterthwaite, T. Z. King, R. D. Morris, E. Zendehrouh, and J. A. Turner. 2022. Cerebellum-cingulo-opercular network connectivity strengthens in adolescence and supports attention efficiency only in childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 56:101129.

Clever, S. L., D. E. Ford, L. V. Rubenstein, K. M. Rost, L. S. Meredith, C. D. Sherbourne, N.-Y. Wang, J. J. Arbelaez, and L. A. Cooper. 2006. Primary care patients’ involvement in decision-making is associated with improvement in depression. Medical Care 44(5):398-405.

CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services). 2016. Drug diversion: What is a prescriber’s role in preventing the diversion of prescription drugs? https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/sites/default/files/hhs-guidance-documents/DrugDiversionFS022316.pdf (accessed April 29, 2024).

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Colaneri, N., S. A. Keim, and A. Adesman. 2018. Physician training and qualification to educate patients on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder stimulant diversion and misuse. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 28(8):554-561.

Connolly, J. J., J. T. Glessner, J. Elia, and H. Hakonarson. 2015. ADHD & pharmacotherapy: Past, present, and future: A review of the changing landscape of drug therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ther Innov Regul Sci 49(5):632-642.

Cools, R., and A. F. T. Arnsten. 2022. Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: The powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine. Neuropsychopharmacology 47(1):309-328.

Cortese, S., N. Adamo, C. Del Giovane, C. Mohr-Jensen, A. J. Hayes, S. Carucci, L. Z. Atkinson, L. Tessari, T. Banaschewski, D. Coghill, C. Hollis, E. Simonoff, A. Zuddas, C. Barbui, M. Purgato, H. C. Steinhausen, F. Shokraneh, J. Xia, and A. Cipriani. 2018. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 5(9):727-738.

Cortese, S., and C. Fava. 2024. Long-term cardiovascular effects of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-balancing benefits and risks of treatment. JAMA Psychiatry 81(2):123-124.

Cortese, S., M. Song, L. C. Farhat, D. K. Yon, S. W. Lee, M. S. Kim, S. Park, J. W. Oh, S. Lee, K. A. Cheon, L. Smith, C. J. Gosling, G. V. Polanczyk, H. Larsson, L. A. Rohde, S. V. Faraone, A. Koyanagi, E. Dragioti, J. Radua, A. F. Carvalho, J. Il Shin, and M. Solmi. 2023. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of ADHD from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries: Data, with critical re-analysis, from the global burden of disease study. Mol Psychiatry 28(11):4823-4830.

Crump, C., J. Sundquist, and K. Sundquist. 2023. Preterm or early term birth and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A national cohort and co-sibling study. Ann Epidemiol 86:119-125.e114.

Danielson, M. L., M. K. Bohm, K. Newsome, A. H. Claussen, J. W. Kaminski, S. D. Grosse, L. Siwakoti, A. Arifkhanova, R. H. Bitsko, and L. R. Robinson. 2023. Trends in stimulant prescription fills among commercially insured children and adults—United States, 2016-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 72(13):327-332.

DeSantis, A., S. M. Noar, and E. M. Webb. 2010. Speeding through the frat house: A qualitative exploration of nonmedical adhd stimulant use in fraternities. J Drug Educ 40(2):157-171.

DeSantis, A. D., and A. C. Hane. 2010. “Adderall is definitely not a drug”: Justifications for the illegal use of ADHD stimulants. Subst Use Misuse 45(1-2):31-46.

Edinoff, A. N., H. A. Akuly, J. H. Wagner, M. A. Boudreaux, L. A. Kaplan, S. Yusuf, E. E. Neuchat, E. M. Cornett, A. G. Boyer, A. M. Kaye, and A. D. Kaye. 2021. Viloxazine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 12:789982.

Fairman, K. A., A. M. Peckham, and D. A. Sclar. 2020. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in the United States: Update by gender and race. Journal of Attention Disorders 24(1):10-19.

Faraone, S. V., M. A. Bellgrove, I. Brikell, S. Cortese, C. A. Hartman, C. Hollis, J. H. Newcorn, A. Philipsen, G. V. Polanczyk, K. Rubia, M. H. Sibley, and J. K. Buitelaar. 2024. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 10(1):11.

Faraone, S. V., A. L. Rostain, C. B. Montano, O. Mason, K. M. Antshel, and J. H. Newcorn. 2020. Systematic review: Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: Risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 59(1):100-112.

FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration). 2017. Assessment of abuse potential of drugs. FDA-2010-D-0026. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/assessment-abuse-potential-drugs (accessed April 29, 2024).

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

FDA. 2019. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Developing stimulant drugs for treatment guidance for industry. FDA-2019-D-0849. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-developing-stimulant-drugs-treatment-guidance-industry (accessed April 29, 2024).

FDA. 2022. FDA announces shortage of Adderall. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-announces-shortage-adderall (accessed April 29, 2024).

FDA. 2023a. FDA updating warnings to improve safe use of prescription stimulants used to treat adhd and other conditions. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updating-warnings-improve-safe-use-prescription-stimulants-used-treat-adhd-and-other-conditions (accessed March 24, 2024).

FDA. 2023b. Treating and dealing with ADHD. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/treating-and-dealing-adhd#:~:text=The%20FDA%20has%20also%20approved,be%20best%20for%20your%20child. (accessed March 24, 2024).

FDA. n.d. Overview of the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for new drug applications https://www.fda.gov/media/156350/download.

FDA and DEA (U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration and U.S. Drug and Enforcement Agency). 2023. Joint letter: Updating on the ongoing prescription stimulant shortages https://www.fda.gov/media/170736/download?attachment

Findling, R. L. 2008. Evolution of the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A review. Clin Ther 30(5):942-957.

Fredriksson, I., N. Jayaram-Lindström, M. Wirf, E. Nylander, E. Nyström, K. Jardemark, and P. Steensland. 2015. Evaluation of guanfacine as a potential medication for alcohol use disorder in long-term drinking rats: Behavioral and electrophysiological findings. Neuropsychopharmacology 40(5):1130-1140.

Galvin, V. C., A. F. T. Arnsten, and M. Wang. 2020. Involvement of nicotinic receptors in working memory function. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 45:89-99.

Gerhard, T., A. G. Winterstein, M. Olfson, C. Huang, A. Saidi, and S. Crystal. 2010. Preexisting cardiovascular conditions and pharmacological treatment of adult ADHD. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19(5):457-464.

Goodman, D. 2023. ASPARD development of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for ADHD in adults. online: ASPARD.

Goodman, D. W., and G. Mattingly. 2023. Practice guidelines development: The ASPARD United States guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults. Psychiatric Annals 53(10):449-454.

Groom, M. J., and S. Cortese. 2022. Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 57:19-50.

Hains, A. B., Y. Yabe, and A. F. Arnsten. 2015. Chronic stimulation of alpha-2α-adrenoceptors with guanfacine protects rodent prefrontal cortex dendritic spines and cognition from the effects of chronic stress. Neurobiol Stress 2:1-9.

Heal, D. J., S. L. Smith, J. Gosden, and D. J. Nutt. 2013. Amphetamine, past and present—a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol 27(6):479-496.

Hennissen, L., M. J. Bakker, T. Banaschewski, S. Carucci, D. Coghill, M. Danckaerts, R. W. Dittmann, C. Hollis, H. Kovshoff, S. McCarthy, P. Nagy, E. Sonuga-Barke, I. C. Wong, A. Zuddas, E. Rosenthal, and J. K. Buitelaar. 2017. Cardiovascular effects of stimulant and non-stimulant medication for children and adolescents with adhd: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine. CNS Drugs 31(3):199-215.

HMP Global. n.d. Psych congress. https://www.hmpglobalevents.com/psych-congress (accessed March 5, 2024).

Hughes, A., M. R. Williams, R. N. Lipari, J. Bose, E. A. P. Copello, and L. A. Kroutil. 2016. Prescription drug use and misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: NSDUH Data Review.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Humphreys, K. L., T. Eng, and S. S. Lee. 2013. Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 70(7):740-749.

Hupalo, S., and C. W. Berridge. 2016. Working memory impairing actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 41(11):2733-2740.

Hupalo, S., A. J. Martin, R. K. Green, D. M. Devilbiss, and C. W. Berridge. 2019. Prefrontal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons act locally to modulate frontostriatal cognition and circuit function. J Neurosci 39(11):2080-2090.

Hupalo, S., R. C. Spencer, and C. W. Berridge. 2021. Prefrontal corticotropin-releasing factor neurons impair sustained attention via distal transmitter release. Eur J Neurosci.

IQVIA (IQVIA Government Solutions). 2023. Stimulant prescription trends in the United States from 2012-2022. Falls Church, VA.

Iwanami, A., K. Saito, M. Fujiwara, D. Okutsu, and H. Ichikawa. 2020. Efficacy and safety of guanfacine extended-release in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 81(3).

Jean, F. A. M., J. Arsandaux, I. Montagni, O. Collet, M. Fatséas, M. Auriacombe, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, S. M. Côté, C. Tzourio, and C. Galéra. 2022. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and cannabis use after one year among students of the i-Share cohort. Eur Psychiatry 65(1):1-18.

Kantak, K. M., and L. P. Dwoskin. 2016. Necessity for research directed at stimulant type and treatment-onset age to access the impact of medication on drug abuse vulnerability in teenagers with ADHD. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 145:24-26.

Kessler, R. 2006. The prevalence and correlates of adult adhd in the united states: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 163(4).

Kilmer, J. R., N. Fossos-Wong, I. M. Geisner, J. C. Yeh, M. E. Larimer, M. D. Cimini, K. B. Vincent, H. K. Allen, A. L. Barrall, and A. M. Arria. 2021. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants as a “red flag” for other substance use. Subst Use Misuse 56(7):941-949.

Kim, J. H., J. Y. Kim, J. Lee, G. H. Jeong, E. Lee, S. Lee, K. H. Lee, A. Kronbichler, B. Stubbs, M. Solmi, A. Koyanagi, S. H. Hong, E. Dragioti, L. Jacob, A. R. Brunoni, A. F. Carvalho, J. Radua, T. Thompson, L. Smith, H. Oh, L. Yang, I. Grabovac, F. Schuch, M. Fornaro, A. Stickley, T. B. Rais, G. Salazar de Pablo, J. I. Shin, and P. Fusar-Poli. 2020. Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: An umbrella review. Lancet Psychiatry 7(11):955-970.

Kooij, S. J., S. Bejerot, A. Blackwell, H. Caci, M. Casas-Brugué, P. J. Carpentier, D. Edvinsson, J. Fayyad, K. Foeken, M. Fitzgerald, V. Gaillac, Y. Ginsberg, C. Henry, J. Krause, M. B. Lensing, I. Manor, H. Niederhofer, C. Nunes-Filipe, M. D. Ohlmeier, P. Oswald, S. Pallanti, A. Pehlivanidis, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, M. Rastam, D. Ryffel-Rawak, S. Stes, and P. Asherson. 2010. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European network adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 10:67.

Kubik, J. A. 2010. Efficacy of ADHD coaching for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 13(5):442-453.

Lange, K. W., S. Reichl, K. M. Lange, L. Tucha, and O. Tucha. 2010. The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2(4):241-255.

Larsson, H., Z. Chang, B. M. D’Onofrio, and P. Lichtenstein. 2014. The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Psychol Med 44(10):2223-2229.

Lee, S. M., H. K. Cheong, I. H. Oh, and M. Hong. 2021. Nationwide rate of adult ADHD diagnosis and pharmacotherapy from 2015 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21).

Leffa, D. T., A. Caye, and L. A. Rohde. 2022. ADHD in children and adults: Diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 57:1-18.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Leib, S. I., R. D. Keezer, B. M. Cerny, L. R. Holbrook, V. T. Gallagher, K. J. Jennette, G. P. Ovsiew, and J. R. Soble. 2021. Distinct latent profiles of working memory and processing speed in adults with ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol 46(8):574-587.

Levine, S. Z., A. Rotstein, A. Kodesh, S. Sandin, B. K. Lee, G. Weinstein, M. Schnaider Beeri, and A. Reichenberg. 2023. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the risk of dementia. JAMA Netw Open 6(10):e2338088.

Linssen, A. M., A. Sambeth, E. F. Vuurman, and W. J. Riedel. 2014. Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: A review of single dose studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 17(6):961-977.

Liu, C. I., M. H. Hua, M. L. Lu, and K. K. Goh. 2023. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural-based interventions for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder extends beyond core symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Psychother 96(3):543-559.

Loo, S. K., G. C. Salgari, A. Ellis, J. Cowen, A. Dillon, and J. J. McGough. 2021. Trigeminal nerve stimulation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Cognitive and electroencephalographic predictors of treatment response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 60(7):856-864.e851.

Lopez, P. L., F. M. Torrente, A. Ciapponi, A. G. Lischinsky, M. Cetkovich-Bakmas, J. I. Rojas, M. Romano, and F. F. Manes. 2018. Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3(3):Cd010840.

Mattingly, T. J., II, D. A. Hyman, and G. Bai. 2023. Pharmacy benefit managers: History, business practices, economics, and policy. JAMA Health Forum 4(11):e233804-e233804.

May, T., E. Birch, K. Chaves, N. Cranswick, E. Culnane, J. Delaney, M. Derrick, V. Eapen, C. Edlington, D. Efron, T. Ewais, I. Garner, M. Gathercole, K. Jagadheesan, L. Jobson, J. Kramer, M. Mack, M. Misso, C. Murrup-Stewart, E. Savage, E. Sciberras, B. Singh, R. Testa, L. Vale, A. Weirman, E. Petch, K. Williams, and M. Bellgrove. 2023. The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 57(8):1101-1116.

McCabe, S. E., J. E. Schulenberg, T. S. Schepis, R. J. Evans-Polce, T. E. Wilens, V. V. McCabe, and P. T. Veliz. 2022. Trajectories of prescription drug misuse among us adults from ages 18 to 50 years. JAMA Netw Open 5(1):e2141995.

McCabe, S. E., J. E. Schulenberg, T. E. Wilens, T. S. Schepis, V. V. McCabe, and P. T. Veliz. 2023. Prescription stimulant medical and nonmedical use among us secondary school students, 2005 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open 6(4):e238707.

McGuier, E. A., D. J. Kolko, S. L. Pedersen, H. L. Kipp, H. M. Joseph, R. A. Lindstrom, D. J. Bauer, G. A. Subramaniam, and B. S. G. Molina. 2022. Effects of training on use of stimulant diversion prevention strategies by pediatric primary care providers: Results from a cluster-randomized trial. Prev Sci 23(7):1299-1307.

McNeil, R., T. Fleming, S. Mayer, A. Barker, M. Mansoor, A. Betsos, T. Austin, S. Parusel, A. Ivsins, and J. Boyd. 2022. Implementation of safe supply alternatives during intersecting COVID-19 and overdose health emergencies in British Columbia, Canada, 2021. Am J Public Health 112(S2):S151-s158.

MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital). 2008. National pregnancy registry for psychiatric medications. https://womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry/ (accessed April 30, 2024).

Michelini, G., A. Lenartowicz, J. P. Diaz-Fong, R. M. Bilder, J. J. McGough, J. T. McCracken, and S. K. Loo. 2023. Methylphenidate, guanfacine, and combined treatment effects on electroencephalography correlates of spatial working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 62(1):37-47.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Michielsen, M., E. Semeijn, H. C. Comijs, P. van de Ven, A. T. Beekman, D. J. Deeg, and J. J. Kooij. 2012. Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 201(4):298-305.

Molina, B. S., S. P. Hinshaw, L. Eugene Arnold, J. M. Swanson, W. E. Pelham, L. Hechtman, B. Hoza, J. N. Epstein, T. Wigal, H. B. Abikoff, L. L. Greenhill, P. S. Jensen, K. C. Wells, B. Vitiello, R. D. Gibbons, A. Howard, P. R. Houck, K. Hur, B. Lu, and S. Marcus. 2013. Adolescent substance use in the multimodal treatment study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (MTA) as a function of childhood ADHD, random assignment to childhood treatments, and subsequent medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52(3):250-263.

Molina, B. S. G., H. M. Joseph, H. L. Kipp, R. A. Lindstrom, S. L. Pedersen, D. J. Kolko, D. J. Bauer, and G. A. Subramaniam. 2021. Adolescents treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric primary care: Characterizing risk for stimulant diversion. J Dev Behav Pediatr 42(7):540-552.

Molina, B. S. G., T. M. Kennedy, A. L. Howard, J. M. Swanson, L. E. Arnold, J. T. Mitchell, A. Stehli, E. H. Kennedy, J. N. Epstein, L. T. Hechtman, S. P. Hinshaw, and B. Vitiello. 2023. Association between stimulant treatment and substance use through adolescence into early adulthood. JAMA Psychiatry 80(9):933-941.

Molina, B. S. G., H. L. Kipp, H. M. Joseph, S. A. Engster, S. C. Harty, M. Dawkins, R. A. Lindstrom, D. J. Bauer, and S. S. Bangalore. 2020. Stimulant diversion risk among college students treated for ADHD: Primary care provider prevention training. Acad Pediatr 20(1):119-127.

The MTA Cooperative Group. 1999. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(12):1073-1086.

Mustonen, A., A. E. Alakokkare, J. G. Scott, A. H. Halt, M. Vuori, T. Hurtig, A. Rodriguez, J. Miettunen, and S. Niemelä. 2023. Association of ADHD symptoms in adolescence and mortality in northern Finland birth cohort 1986. Nord J Psychiatry 77(2):165-171.

Nasser, A., J. T. Hull, S. A. Chaturvedi, T. Liranso, O. Odebo, A. R. Kosheleff, N. Fry, A. J. Cutler, J. Rubin, S. Schwabe, and A. Childress. 2022. A Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of viloxazine extended-release capsules in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 36(8):897-915.

NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness). 2023. Mental health by the numbers. https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-by-the-numbers/ (accessed April 26, 2024).

NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 2019. National health interview survey. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/index.htm (accessed April 30, 2024).

NeuroSigma. 2022. What is Monarch eTNS? https://www.monarch-etns.com/ (accessed March 5, 2024).

NICE (National Institue for Health and Care Excellence, UK). 2018. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87 (accessed April 30, 2024).

NIH (National Institues of Health). 1998. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). NIH Consens Statement 16(2):1-37.

Novak, S. P., L. A. Kroutil, R. L. Williams, and D. L. Van Brunt. 2007. The nonmedical use of prescription adhd medications: Results from a national internet panel. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2:32.

Office of the Surgeon General. 2021. Publications and reports of the Surgeon General. In Confronting health misinformation: The U.S. Surgeon General’s advisory on building a healthy information environment. Washington (DC): Department of Health and Human Services.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Öhlund, L., M. Ott, R. Lundqvist, M. Sandlund, E. Salander Renberg, and U. Werneke. 2020. Suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour in patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after initiation of central stimulant treatment: A mirror-image study based on the LiSIE retrospective cohort. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 10:2045125320947502.

Otsuka (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization). 2022a. A trial of centanafadine efficacy and safety in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. Original edition, NCT05257265.

Otsuka. 2022b. A trial of centanafadine efficacy and safety in children with ADHD: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. Original edition, NCT05428033.

Pauly, V., E. Frauger, M. Lepelley, M. Mallaret, Q. Boucherie, and J. Micallef. 2018. Patterns and profiles of methylphenidate use both in children and adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84(6):1215-1227.

Pedersen, T. R., J. Kjekshus, K. Berg, T. Haghfelt, O. Faergeman, G. Faergeman, K. Pyörälä, T. Miettinen, L. Wilhelmsen, A. G. Olsson, and H. Wedel. 2004. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4s). 1994. Atheroscler Suppl 5(3):81-87.

Pehlivanidis, A., K. Papanikolaou, V. Mantas, E. Kalantzi, K. Korobili, L. A. Xenaki, G. Vassiliou, and C. Papageorgiou. 2020. Lifetime co-occurring psychiatric disorders in newly diagnosed adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or/and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). BMC Psychiatry 20(1):423.

Phillips, E. L., and A. E. McDaniel. 2018. College prescription drug study key findings report. Center for the Study of Student Life, Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University.

Pohl, J., P. Pittman, M. Anslie, M. B. Bigley, and T. Kopanos. A decade of data: An update on the primary care and mental health nurse practitioner and physician workforce. Health Affairs.

Pujol-Gualdo, N., C. Sanchez-Mora, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, M. Ribases, and M. Soler Artigas. 2021. Integrating genomics and transcriptomics: Towards deciphering ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 44:1-13.

Quinn, P. D., Z. Chang, K. Hur, R. D. Gibbons, B. B. Lahey, M. E. Rickert, A. Sjölander, P. Lichtenstein, H. Larsson, and B. M. D’Onofrio. 2017. ADHD medication and substance-related problems. Am J Psychiatry 174(9):877-885.

Rabiner, D. L., A. D. Anastopoulos, E. J. Costello, R. H. Hoyle, S. E. McCabe, and H. S. Swartzwelder. 2009. Motives and perceived consequences of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students: Are students treating themselves for attention problems? J Atten Disord 13(3):259-270.

Rajala, A. Z., J. B. Henriques, and L. C. Populin. 2012. Dissociative effects of methylphenidate in nonhuman primates: Trade-offs between cognitive and behavioral performance. J Cogn Neurosci 24(6):1371-1381.

Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., V. Nasillo, F. Fernández-Aranda, and M. Casas. 2014. Addressing the lack of studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 14(5):553-567.

Ramos, B. P., and A. F. Arnsten. 2007. Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: Focus on the prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Ther 113(3):523-536.

Rapoport, J. L., M. S. Buchsbaum, H. Weingartner, T. P. Zahn, C. Ludlow, and E. J. Mikkelsen. 1980. Dextroamphetamine. Its cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37(8):933-943.

Rasmussen, L., H. Zoëga, J. Hallas, and A. Pottegård. 2015. Deviant patterns of methylphenidate use in adults: A Danish nationwide registry-based drug utilization study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 24(11):1189-1196.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Robe, A., A. Dobrean, I. A. Cristea, C. R. Păsărelu, and E. Predescu. 2019. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and task-related heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 99:11-22.

Rooney, M., A. Chronis-Tuscano, and Y. Yoon. 2011. Substance use in college students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 16(3):221-234.

Rossom, R. C., L. I. Solberg, G. Vazquez-Benitez, A. L. Crain, A. Beck, R. Whitebird, and R. E. Glasgow. 2016. The effects of patient-centered depression care on patient satisfaction and depression remission. Family Practice 33(6):649-655.

Russell, G., T. Ford, R. Rosenberg, and S. Kelly. 2014. The association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with socioeconomic disadvantage: Alternative explanations and evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(5):436-445.

Safren, S. A., S. Sprich, M. J. Mimiaga, C. Surman, L. Knouse, M. Groves, and M. W. Otto. 2010. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304(8):875-880.

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminstration). 2005. Emergency department trends from the drug abuse warning network, final estimates 1995–2002. (SMA) 03-3780 Department of Health and Human Services.

SAMHSA. 2021. Prescription stimulant misuse and prevention among youth and young adults. PEP21-06-01-003 National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-06-01-003.pdf (accessed April 30, 2024).

SAMHSA. 2023. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2022 national survey on drug use and health. PEP23-07-01-006. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-nsduh-annual-national-report (accessed April 30, 2024).

Schein, J., L. A. Adler, A. Childress, P. Gagnon-Sanschagrin, M. Davidson, F. Kinkead, M. Cloutier, A. Guérin, and P. Lefebvre. 2022. Economic burden of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults in the United States: A societal perspective. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 28(2):168-179.

Schmidt, M., S. A. Schmidt, J. L. Sandegaard, V. Ehrenstein, L. Pedersen, and H. T. Sørensen. 2015. The Danish national patient registry: A review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol 7:449-490.

Scott, D. 2023. The ongoing, unnecessary Adderall shortage, explained. Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy/2023/4/10/23671128/adhd-medication-adderall-shortage-2023 (accessed April 30, 2024).

Sepúlveda, D. R., L. M. Thomas, S. E. McCabe, J. A. Cranford, C. J. Boyd, and C. J. Teter. 2011. Misuse of prescribed stimulant medication for ADHD and associated patterns of substance use: Preliminary analysis among college students. J Pharm Pract 24(6):551-560.

Shaw, P., K. Eckstrand, W. Sharp, J. Blumenthal, J. P. Lerch, D. Greenstein, L. Clasen, A. Evans, J. Giedd, and J. L. Rapoport. 2007. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(49):19649-19654.

Sheehan, D. V., Y. Lecrubier, K. H. Sheehan, P. Amorim, J. Janavs, E. Weiller, T. Hergueta, R. Baker, and G. C. Dunbar. 1998. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 20:22-33;quiz 34-57.

Sibley, M. H., L. E. Arnold, J. M. Swanson, L. T. Hechtman, T. M. Kennedy, E. Owens, B. S. G. Molina, P. S. Jensen, S. P. Hinshaw, A. Roy, A. Chronis-Tuscano, J. H. Newcorn, and L. A. Rohde. 2022. Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 179(2):142-151.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Sibley, M. H., L. A. Rohde, J. M. Swanson, L. T. Hechtman, B. S. G. Molina, J. T. Mitchell, L. E. Arnold, A. Caye, T. M. Kennedy, A. Roy, and A. Stehli. 2018. Late-onset ADHD reconsidered with comprehensive repeated assessments between ages 10 and 25. Am J Psychiatry 175(2):140-149.

Solanto, M. V., D. J. Marks, J. Wasserstein, K. Mitchell, H. Abikoff, J. M. Alvir, and M. D. Kofman. 2010. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 167(8):958-968.

Solberg, B. S., A. Halmoy, A. Engeland, J. Igland, J. Haavik, and K. Klungsoyr. 2018. Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity: A population-based study of 40 000 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 137(3):176-186.

Song, P., M. Zha, Q. Yang, Y. Zhang, X. Li, and I. Rudan. 2021. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 11:04009.

Soreff, S. 2022. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment & management. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-treatment#d8?form=fpf (accessed March 24, 2024).

Spencer, R. C., and C. W. Berridge. 2019. Receptor and circuit mechanisms underlying differential procognitive actions of psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(10):1820-1827.

Spencer, R. C., R. M. Klein, and C. W. Berridge. 2012. Psychostimulants act within the prefrontal cortex to improve cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 72(3):221-227.

Spencer, T., J. Biederman, T. Wilens, R. Doyle, C. Surman, J. Prince, E. Mick, M. Aleardi, K. Herzig, and S. Faraone. 2005. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57(5):456-463.

Spencer, T. J., L. A. Adler, Q. Meihua, K. E. Saylor, T. E. Brown, J. A. Holdnack, K. J. Schuh, P. T. Trzepacz, and D. K. Kelsey. 2010. Validation of the adult ADHD investigator symptom rating scale (AISRS). J Atten Disord 14(1):57-68.

Sprague, R. L., and E. K. Sleator. 1977. Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Science 198(4323):1274-1276.

Sprich, S. E., L. E. Knouse, C. Cooper-Vince, J. Burbridge, and S. A. Safren. 2012. Description and demonstration of CBT for ADHD in adults. Cogn Behav Pract 17(1).

Surman, C. 2021. A controlled study of solriamfetol for ADHD in adults: Massachusetts General Hospital,. Original edition, NCT04839562.

Surman, C., C. Vaudreuil, H. Boland, L. Rhodewalt, M. DiSalvo, and J. Biederman. 2021. L-threonic acid magnesium salt supplementation in ADHD: An open-label pilot study. J Diet Suppl 18(2):119-131.

Surman, C. B. H., D. M. Walsh, N. Horick, M. DiSalvo, C. H. Vater, and D. Kaufman. 2023. Solriamfetol for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 84(6).

Swanson, J., L. E. Arnold, H. Kraemer, L. Hechtman, B. Molina, S. Hinshaw, B. Vitiello, P. Jensen, K. Steinhoff, M. Lerner, L. Greenhill, H. Abikoff, K. Wells, J. Epstein, G. Elliott, J. Newcorn, B. Hoza, and T. Wigal. 2008. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA):Part I: Executive summary. Journal of Attention Disorders 12(1):4-14.

Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. 2019. Swedish national patient register. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/statistics-and-data/registers/national-patientregister/ (accessed April 30, 2024).

Teter, C. J., C. G. DiRaimo, B. T. West, T. S. Schepis, and S. E. McCabe. 2020. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among U.S. high school students to help study: Results from a national survey. J Pharm Pract 33(1):38-47.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.

Thomas, M., A. Rostain, R. Corso, T. Babcock, and M. Madhoo. 2015. ADHD in the college setting: Current perceptions and future vision. J Atten Disord 19(8):643-654.

Verdi, G., L. L. Weyandt, and B. M. Zavras. 2016. Non-medical prescription stimulant use in graduate students: Relationship with academic self-efficacy and psychological variables. J Atten Disord 20(9):741-753.

Wei, Y. J., Y. Zhu, W. Liu, R. Bussing, and A. G. Winterstein. 2018. Prevalence of and factors associated with long-term concurrent use of stimulants and opioids among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Netw Open 1(4):e181152.

Wender, P. H. 1995. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults, first edition: Oxford University Press.

Winterstein, A. G., T. Gerhard, P. Kubilis, A. Saidi, S. Linden, S. Crystal, J. Zito, J. J. Shuster, and M. Olfson. 2012. Cardiovascular safety of central nervous system stimulants in children and adolescents: Population based cohort study. BMJ 345:e4627.

Wolkoff Wachsman, M. 2023. DEA, drug manufacturers trade blame for generic Adderall, Vyvanse shortages. ADDitude.

World Federation of ADHD. 2024. Modernizing the concept of ADHD. https://www.adhd-federation.org/ (accessed March 24, 2024).

Yeung, A., E. Ng, and E. Abi-Jaoude. 2022. Tiktok and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study of social media content quality. Can J Psychiatry 67(12):899-906.

Young, S., N. Adamo, B. B. Ásgeirsdóttir, P. Branney, M. Beckett, W. Colley, S. Cubbin, Q. Deeley, E. Farrag, G. Gudjonsson, P. Hill, J. Hollingdale, O. Kilic, T. Lloyd, P. Mason, E. Paliokosta, S. Perecherla, J. Sedgwick, C. Skirrow, K. Tierney, K. van Rensburg, and E. Woodhouse. 2020. Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):404.

Zametkin, A. J., and M. Ernst. 1999. Problems in the management of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. N Engl J Med 340(1):40-46.

Zhang, L., L. Li, P. Andell, M. Garcia-Argibay, P. D. Quinn, B. M. D’Onofrio, I. Brikell, R. Kuja-Halkola, P. Lichtenstein, K. Johnell, H. Larsson, and Z. Chang. 2024. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases. JAMA Psychiatry 81(2):178-187.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 103
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 104
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 105
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 106
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 107
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 108
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 109
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 110
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 111
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 112
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 113
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Implications for Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27770.
Page 114
Next Chapter: Appendix A: Workshop Agenda
Subscribe to Email from the National Academies
Keep up with all of the activities, publications, and events by subscribing to free updates by email.