introduced in the newly added preceding subsection. Include a sentence clarifying that irregularities resulting from variations in train performance, one of the components of operating margins, can be mitigated by carefully selecting a realistic runtime allowance, which significantly influences the calculation of the operating margin.

• Section 2, Rail Capacity Fundamentals: Add a sentence to the Reliability subsection to emphasize how establishing a reasonable time allowance can significantly enhance operational reliability.
• Section 4, Train Operations: Add a subsection between Examples of North American Operating Margins and Estimating Operating Margins titled Examples of Runtime Allowance. This subsection should provide a summary of the results of this small research task, including actual current approaches adopted by U.S. transit agencies, and the relationship of runtime allowance to dwell times and operating margins.
• Section 4, Train Operations: Edit the Estimating Operating Margins subsection to mention the relationship between runtime allowances and operating margins.
• Section 5, Rail System Capacity Methodologies: Incorporate the concept of runtime allowance throughout the section where applicable. Doing so entails discussing its connection with determining operating margins, minimum headways, and minimum train separation.

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