Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond (1994)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Acceptable use policy (AUP), 159-60, 282
Access circuits
bearer service (ODN) and, 88
bidirectionality as critical factor, 86-87, 89
definition, 284
network sharing and, 181
recommendation regarding, 91
research needed, 98-99
Access links. See Access circuits; Last-mile connections.
Accessibility issues
balancing conflicting needs, 150, 152-53, 166n
bandwidth requirements, 65-67, 151
basic services, 151
censorship, 158-60
controlling access, 156-58, 169n
cost reductions, 37
costs as key factor, 123, 132, 142
costs of infrastructure, 176-83
education (K-12), 132
equity of access, 149-53
government-generated information, 154-56, 168n
international concerns, 272-77
Internet as access model, 30-31
libraries, 137-40
navigation and filtering tools, 99-100
network access points (NAPs), 28
payment and pricing, 152-53, 167n, 183-98
privacy concerns, 156-58
research community concerns, 118
residential service, 152, 180-81, 200n
satellite dishes, 273
telephone service as pricing model, 37
telephone service example, 149-50
types of access, 40
user charges, 8-10
Accounting. See Financial issues.
Acronyms identified, 282-85
Addresses for Internet sites, 75, 246-47, 250
Addressing and naming issues, 74-76, 94-95
Administration support, 206
limited technical scope of, 13
Applications level (ODN), 5, 49
access circuit bidirectionality and, 87
basic services, 59-63
diagram, 53
information access services, 61-63
interconnection via, 246
research and development needs, 103-5
Archie (file access service), 61
Architecture of networks. See Open Data Network (ODN) architecture.
Archives as information providers, 143n
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 103, 104, 109n, 111n, 216, 237-39
ARPANET development, 237-39
Arts and humanities research, 114, 118-19, 144n
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) systems, 12, 221
B-ISDN vs, 58
bearer service (ODN) and, 56-58, 108nn
definition, 282
federal policy and, 221, 223, 232n
standards-setting groups, 73
ATM systems, See Asynchronous transfer mode systems.
Audio servers, 60
AUP (acceptable use policy), 159-60, 282
B
B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network), 56-58, 108nn, 282
Backbone network services. See NSFNET; T3 network service; vBNS.
Bandwidth
accessibility requirements and, 151
definition, 282
education (K-12) requirements, 126
limitation as network measure, 52
modem limitations, 37
reserved bandwidth service, 66-67, 108n
research requirements, 117-18
BARRnet regional network, 266
map, 24
Bearer service level (ODN), 5, 47-48
access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89, 110nn
characteristics of, 52-55
diagram, 53
integration options, 88-89
quality of service, 65-67, 93, 95
research needs, 93-95
Best-effort service, 65-66, 179, 181, 189-91
BESTNET (educational consortium), 120
Bidirectional communications paths, 86-87, 89, 110nn
Bilateral issues. See International issues.
Branscomb report (network access concerns), 119, 144n
Browsing network resources, 60-63, 99-100
Business issues. See Commercialization issues.
C
Cable television (CATV) issues
access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89
cable links, 19
high-definition TV (HDTV), 41-42n, 85
interactive possibilities, 31
pricing of services, 182, 200n
technology upgrades, 37
video services delivery, 88-89
CalREN educational network (proposed), 266
CATV. See Cable television issues.
CCIRN (Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks), 270
Censorship issues, 156-60
Centralization issues
Internet administration, 247-49
user support services, 262-64
CERFnet regional network, 266
map, 24
CICnet regional network
libraries and, 135
map, 24
CISE (Computer and Information Science and Engineering) Directorate, 283
CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange), 222, 249
Clinton-Gore administration's role, 32, 33, 205-6
Closed networks
international concerns, 277-79
security of, 45
CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls), 278
Code of Fair Information Practices (updates), 254, 258-61
Collaborative computing, 115
Collaborative work via networks
education, 125-26
Collaboratory, 115-16
Commerce Department and networks, 210, 280
Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX), 222, 249
Commercialization issues.
See also Financial issues;
Payment and pricing issues;
Publishing industry issues.
access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87
access restrictions, 119
administration views, 33
censorship, 158-60
costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n
customer support services, 263-64
funding partnerships, 174-75
government-generated information, 154-56, 168n
intellectual property protection, 160-65, 170nn
interconnection services, 176
Internet oversight, 221-23
last-mile considerations, 36-38, 45, 180-81
needs of markets vs communities, 150, 152-53, 166n
NSFNET, 242
open system support, 90-91
payment for services and access, 152-53, 167n
privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n
public vs private interests, 90-91, 211-13, 232n
residential connections, 36-38, 45, 180-81
royalties protection, 163, 164
service availability, 150
standards setting, 6, 218-20, 71-72
Communications infrastructure. See Information infrastructure; Networks; NII.
Computer networks. See Internet; Networks; NII.
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) principles, 257
Confidentiality issues. See Privacy issues; Security issues.
Congestion problems, 96-97, 189-90, 201n
Connectivity issues
access circuits, 86-89
administration's goals, 32, 33
circuits (links) in networks, 19
connectivity levels, 245
costs as key factor, 123, 132, 142
costs of infrastructure, 176-83
entertainment industry influences, 31-32
international concerns, 272-77
Internet access, 245-49
Internet connectivity, 30
last-mile connections, 36-38, 180-81, 284-85
links (circuits) in networks, 19
payment and pricing, 183-98
proposals, 28-30
residential service, 180-81, 200n
standards setting, 71-72
telephone link limitations, 36-37
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), 278
Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks (CCIRN), 270
Copyright protection, 161, 162-63
copyright management (academic), 164
open issues, 100
technological means, 104-5
CoRen (Corporation for Regional and Enterprise Networking), 267
Cost recovery issues. See Financial issues; Payment and pricing issues; User charges.
CSUnet, 266
Customer support services, 263-64
D
DARPA. See ARPA.
DARTnet (ARPA), 241
Data integrity, 80, 81-83, 161
Database browsing services, 60, 61-63
Database sharing in education, 121
Decentralization issues, 45
Internet experience, 247-51
network control functions, 96
routing, 94
security concerns, 101-2
user support services, 262-64
DECnet networks, 238
Defense Department (DOD) and networks, 72, 238, 109n.
See also ARPA;
ARPANET.
Department of … See Commerce …; Defense …; Education …; Energy Department and networks.
Digital communications infrastructure. See Information infrastructure; Networks; NII.
Digital libraries, 132, 136-40, 145-46n
Digital object storage services, 60
Distribution issues (international concerns), 274-76
DOD. See Defense Department and networks.
DOE networks. See Energy Department and networks.
E
Economic issues. See Federal funding issues; Financial issues.
Education Department (ED) and networks
Internet support, 242
leadership role in K-12 issues, 15, 209-10
Title II-D program, 242
Education issues (higher education), 119-22
copyright management, 164
California networking examples, 121, 266
financial considerations, 7-10
instructional concerns, 119, 144n
library projects, 141
network usage examples, 120-21
privacy requirements, 157
Education issues (K-12), 122-32
censorship, 158-60
commercial support, 173
costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n
costs as key factor, 123, 142-43, 173
equity in financing, 196-97
equity of access, 149-53
federal leadership required, 11-12, 15
federal policy role, 131-32, 209-10
financial considerations, 7-10
HPCC assistance, 242
infrastructure deficiencies, 122-24
Internet access improvements, 242
learning resources, 126
network usage examples, 125, 127-30
personnel training deficiencies, 124
privacy requirements, 157
teachers' concerns. 124-25, 127-30
Education issues (lifelong education), 133, 258
Electronic archiving, 114, 141
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) principles, 256
Electronic mail. See E-mail.
Electronic publishing. See Publishing issues.
as applications-level service, 59
educational (K-12) uses, 127-30
Internet and, 243
Energy Department (DOE) and networks, 116, 231-32n, 238
Entertainment industry issues
financing of NII by, 31
size of customer base, 31
Equity of access, 149-53
ESnet (DOE network), 283
Ethical issues, 165-66.
See also Accessibility issues;
Legal issues.
balancing conflicting needs, 150, 152-53, 166n
intellectual property protection, 160-65, 170nn
policy guidelines, 166
principles of information usage, 254-61
privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n
Exchange points on Internet (FIXes, CIX), 249
Export controls and international networks, 277-79
F
Fair information practices, 258-61
Fairness issues, 258.
See also Accessibility issues;
Connectivity issues;
Social issues.
Fax services, 59
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 231n
Federal funding issues, 172-76
basis for federal support, 9
Internet support as model, 23
limitations inherent in, 10-11, 227
recommendation for, 14-15
Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes), 249
Federal Internetworking Requirements Panel (FIRP), 215
Federal Networking Council (FNC), 230n, 251, 278
Federal policy issues, 204-33
acceptable use policy, 159-60
access circuit bidirectionality, 89-90
access circuits reengineering, 86-91
administration goals and roles, 33, 205-6
agencies involved in, 280
coordination and management role, 213-16
education (K-12) concerns, 131-32, 209-10
export controls, 277-79
government-generated information, 154-56, 168n
infrastructure deployment, 14, 223-26
infrastructure development, 91-102, 207-8, 217-28
international concerns, 277-79
Internet coordination, 250-51
Internet oversight, 221-23
Internet support as model, 23
libraries, 135
ODN as technical framework, 13, 214-15, 217
OSI support, 219
procurement role, 220-21
public vs private interests, 90-91, 211-13, 233n
recommendations, 13-16, 210, 216
research and development, 91-105, 207, 217-21, 223-28
roles defined, 205
technical scope, limitations, 13, 214-15, 217
Fiber-optic links
compliance issues, 69
federal support of, 12
international connectivity, 273-74
Internet and, 249
networks changed by, 19-20
synchronous optical network (SONET), 284
Fidonet and international networking, 271
File transfer protocol (FTP) upgrades, 61
Financial issues, 172-202
access links, 181
cost reduction and new technology, 37
costs as key factor, 142-43
costs of infrastructure, 176-83, 199n
database sharing, 121
education (K-12) concerns, 132
entertainment industry role, 31-32
export controls, 277-79
federal funding, 9-11, 14-15, 23, 172-76, 227
fixed costs, 177-78
funding partnerships, 174-75
geographical cost differences, 180-81
interconnect charges, 183
international concerns, 271-72, 276
last-mile connections, 36-38, 181
link technology and pricing, 37
payment and pricing, 183-99.
See also Payment and pricing issues.
public financing needed, 9
transitional financing, 186
user charges, 8-10
Financial transaction services, 60
FIRP (Federal Internetworking Requirements Panel), 215
First Amendment protections, 156-60
Fixed costs of networks, 177-78
FIXes (Federal Internet Exchanges), 249
Flat-fee pricing, 183, 191-93, 200n
FNC (Federal Networking Council), 230n, 251, 278
FTP (file transfer protocol), 283
upgrades, 61
Funding issues. See Financial issues.
G
Gateways
applications-level connections via, 246
in networks (figure), 22
Gigabit network testbeds, 21, 27, 283
Global issues, 269-82.
See also International issues.
Gopher (information browsing service), 61, 64
Gore, Albert (Vice President), 33, 206
Government issues. See Federal policy issues; Federal funding issues
H
HDTV (high-definition TV), 41-42n, 85-86
HEPnet, 238
High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (PL102-194), 135, 189
High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) initiative
education (K-12) and, 122
humanities research, 122
IITA as component, 29, 29, 242
NREN program and, 240-41
subcommittee (HPCCIT) for, 14
technical roots of NII, 13
Higher-level network services. See Applications level (ODN)
Hospitals and health care issues
commercial support, 173
online services potential, 145n
privacy requirements, 157
HPCC. See High Performance Computing and Communications initiative
Humanities and arts research, 114, 118-19, 144n
Hypertext, 30
document definition by, 164-65
information access using, 61-62
I
IEPG (Internet Engineering Planning Group), 270
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 219, 270
IITA (Information Infrastructure Technology and Applications) program, 29, 122, 206, 242
IITF (Information Infrastructure Task Force), 206, 213-15, 217
Information infrastructure. See also NII;
ODN
costs, 177-83
description, 21
federal role, 217-28
networks compared to, 21-22
Information retrieval services, 60, 64, 65
Information retrieval tools, 99-100
Information Superhighway. See National Information Infrastructure (NII)
Intellectual property protection, 16-65, 170nn
academic publishing, 162-63, 164
commercial publishing, 163-64
open issues, 100
principles ensuring, 5, 254-61
testbeds for, 104
Intelsat (satellite transmission provider), 273, 280-81nn
Interactive video as instructional tool, 120-21
Interconnection costs, 182-83
International issues, 269-81
connectivity concerns, 272-79
cost issues, 271-72
distribution concerns, 274-76
export controls, 277-79
federal agency roles, 270
fiber-optics connections, 273
networks development, 269-70
ODN characteristics and, 45, 46
research networks, 275-76
satellite connections, 273, 274-75, 280-81nn
transmission concerns, 272-74, 276
volunteer networks, 271
International Organization for Standardization. See OSI protocols
Internet
accessing, 245-49
addresses for, 75, 246-47, 250
administration characteristics, 250-51
censorship issues, 159
commercialization trends, 103
current status, 243
decentralization issues, 247-51
diversification of (figure), 26
entertainment user base compared, 31
federal policy issues, 218-22
financial considerations, 8-9
funding partnerships, 174-75
growth (figure), 248
higher education usage, 121
interconnections, 249
international aspects of, 247-48, 270
journal distribution via, 163
library access, 137-40
networks constituting, 246-47
NII compared to, 18
NSFNET as backbone, 21, 27, 239-40
privacy issues, 254
protocols, 276-77.
See also IP;
TCP
research activities via, 113-19
routers, 247
services (figure), 244
technologies comprised by, 246-47
upgrades to backbone service, 21, 27
user charges, 251
value of, 112
Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 250
Internet Assigned Number Authority, 250
Internet Engineering Planning Group (IEPG), 270
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 219, 270
Internet protocols
international issues, 276-77
OSI protocols vs, 276-77
Internet Society, 250-51
international role of, 270-80
standards setting, 219
user support via, 263
IP (Internet Protocol).
See also TCP;
TCP/IP
ATM and, 57
bearer service of ODN and, 51-54, 93-94, 107-8nn
changes to, 50-51
connectivity and, 245
networks using (figure), 248
service features, 54
ISDN (integrated services digital network). See B-ISDN
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). See OSI protocols
J
JVNCnet regional network (map), 24
L
LANs. See Local area networks
Last-mile connections.
See also Access circuits
definition, 285
economics, 36-38
residential services and, 45, 180-81, 200n
technology and, 36-37
Legal issues
censorship, 158-60
intellectual property protection, 160-65, 170nn
liability concerns, 170n
libraries, 138
personal information usage, 261
privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n
Liability concerns, 170n
Library issues, 133-41
accessibility concerns, 137-40
commercial support, 173
costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n
costs as key factor, 142-43, 146n
digital libraries, 104, 111n, 132, 136-40, 145-46n
equity in financing, 196-97
equity of access, 149-53
government-generated information, 154-56
interlibrary loan system, 146n
privacy requirements, 157
public library characteristics, 134-37, 146n
Local area networks (LANs)
description, 19
Internet access via, 245
as internetwork element, 22
ODN protocol stack and, 5
LosNettos regional network, 266
M
M-bone (multicast backbone), 103, 110n
Measuring and monitoring of networks, 77-78, 98
Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 22
MichNet, 122
Microwave links, 19
Middleware level (ODN) services, 5, 49, 55, 58
diagram, 53
research and development needs, 99-102, 103-4
MIDnet regional network, map, 24
Mobile access technology, federal support of, 12
Mobility of computing, 76-77, 97
Modem bandwidth limitations, 37
Monitoring and measuring networks, 77-78, 98
Mosaic hypertext interface, 30, 62, 120, 165
MPEG II (Motion Picture Experts Group) standard, 85
Multicast backbone (virtual network), 103, 110n
Multicast capabilities, 95, 97
Multilateral issues. See International issues.
Multimedia
money spent on, 32
products, 32
teleconferencing, 243
N
Naming and addressing issues, 74-76, 94-95
NAPs. See Network access points.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
international research networks, 270-71, 276, 278
networking support, 231-32n, 241
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). See NASA
National Information Infrastructure (NII), 1-13.
See also separate issues entries: Accessibility, Cable television, Connectivity, Commercialization, Education, Entertainment, Ethical, Federal, International, Library, Publishing, Research, Telephone industry.
architecture. See Open Data Network (ODN) architecture.
benefits, 36-8
commercial aspects of, 3
development, recommendations for, 12-16, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216-17, 222, 225, 227
development scenarios, 32-33
educational (K-12) policy, 209-10
educational (K-12) possibilities, 11-12
entertainment industry vision of, 31-32
federal roles in, 10-16, 204-8
integrated vision of, 34-38
international issues, 7
Internet as basis for, 2-3
Internet compared to, 18
Internet vision of, 30-31
last-mile economies and, 36-38
openness required for, 3-4
principles for using, 245-61
research requirements, 15-16, 226-28
scalability issues, 74-78
standards issues, 6, 70-74, 218-20
unified NII, need for, 90-91
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 219, 280
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. See NOAA
National Research and Education
Network program. See NREN program.
National Science Foundation (NSF).
See also NSFNET.
CISE Directorate, 283
commercial developments from, 247
digital library research, 104, 111n
educational (K-12) support, 118, 122
international network support, 270
Internet expansion by, 23, 238-40
NII, expansion of role in, 216
regional networks study, 266
supercomputer interconnections, 28
National Security Agency (NSA), networking role, 280
Navigation and filtering tools, 99-100
NEARnet regional network (map), 24
Network access points (NAPs), 222, 285
diagram showing, 29
NSFNET expansions and, 28
Network architecture, 4.
See also Open Data Network (ODN) architecture.
Network Communication Protocol (TCP precursor), 237
Network Information Center (NIC), 262
Network services.
See also vBNS.
flexibility required of, 45-46
illustration, 34
Networks, 18-19.
See also Internet;
NII;
NSFNET.
broadband, 20
costs of infrastructure, 176-83
elements of (figure), 20
federal expansion of, 23
information infrastructure compared to, 21-22
integrated (figure), 34
NII compliance, 6
principles guiding usage, 254-61
research requirements, 15
as shared resources, 178-79, 181
speeds for end users, 21
technology changes in, 26-27, 223-28
transitions under way in, 27
U.S. lead in, 12
user support services, 262-64
Newsgroups on Internet, 30
NIC (Network Information Center), 262
NII, 1-42.
See also National Information Infrastructure.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 219
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
international research networks, 270-71
network use and support, 117, 241-42
North Carolina, networking in, 265, 268n
Northwestnet regional network (map), 24
NREN (National Research and Education Network) program
agencies involved in, 230n, 241-42, 241-42
education (K-12) focus of, 119
federal funding, 174-75
federal policy and, 204-11, 228n
gigabit technology, 27
HPCC initiative and, 240
IITA and, 242
NII and, 2
NRENAISSANCE Committee, vii-viii
members, iii
recommendations, 12-16
NSF. See National Science Foundation; NSFNET.
NSF Connections program, 119, 122
NSFNET backbone service
cooperative agreement, 283
costs of expansion, 199
developments proposed for, 28-30
federal policy and, 221
internationalization via, 270
map, 24
next-generation, 28-30
regional networks and, 239
status 1993 (figure), 24
traffic (1991-1994), 25
usage patterns and charges, 231-32n
vBNS and, 240
NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) standard, 35, 284
NYSERnet regional network, 239
map, 24
O
ODN. See Open Data Network
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 23, 251
OMB (Office of Management and Budget), 215-251
Open Data Network (ODN), 2-4, 43-47
addressing and naming, 74-76
benefits, 46-47
compliance issues, 67-70
federal roles in, 10-16
mobility of computing, 76-77, 97
monitoring and measuring, 77-78, 98
network control functions, 96-97
objectives for, 44-46
openness defined, 3-4
organizational objectives, 44-46
quality of service, 65-67, 93, 95
recommendation for, 14
research and development, 91-104
security issues, 45, 78-84, 101-2
software development needs, 102-5
Open Data Network (ODN) architecture, 47-65
applications level, 5, 49, 59-63, 103-5
bearer service level, 5, 47-48, 51-55, 65-67, 88-89, 93-94
closed architecture vs, 4
diagram of, 53
information vs network service, 5
middleware level, 5, 48, 55, 58, 99-102
privacy protection, 5
routing issues, 94-95
summary, 4-5
transport level, 5, 48-49, 106n
Open networks, 43-47.
See also Internet;
Open Data Network (ODN).
commercial support, 90-91
description, 43
export controls and, 277-79
international concerns, 277-79
openness defined, 3-4
security and, 45
Open Systems Environment (OSE), 277
Open Systems Interconnection protocol. See OSI protocols.
OSE (Open Systems Environment), 277
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) protocols
definition, 284
federal support, 219
OSE as alternative to, 277
OSTP (Office of Science and Technology Policy), 23, 251
P
Packet-level connectivity, 245-46
Payment and pricing issues, 183-98, 201-2nn
education concerns, 196-97
equity concerns, 196-97
flat-fee pricing, 183, 191-93, 202n
government-generated information, 154-56, 168n
interconnect charges, 183
link technology and pricing, 37
local infrastructure costs, 186-88, 201n
open issues, 100
prices of network expansion, 199n
resource and cost matching, 189-90
royalties protection, 163, 164
subsidies, 193-95
times of usage, 189-90
traffic congestion, 183, 189-90
transitional financing, 186
usage-based pricing, 189-91
Personal information, protection of, 258-61.
See also Privacy issues.
PHONENET, 238
PREPnet regional network (map), 24
Pricing issues. See Financial issues;
Payment and pricing issues.
See also Security issues.
individuals' responsibilities, 169n
principles for information usage, 254-61
specific privacy needs, 157
Property rights. See Intellectual property protection.
Proprietary network architecture, 4
Protocols, 19.
See also OSI;
IP;
TCP;
TCP/IP.
PTTs (Postal Telephony and Telegraphy organizations), 272
Public interest networking. See Education issues;
Hospital and health care issues;
Library issues;
Research issues.
Public library issues. See Library issues.
Publishing issues
archiving electronically, 114
censorship, 158-60
challenges of networks, 53-54, 61-62, 153-54, 167-68n
copyright management, 164
copyright protection, 100, 104, 161, 162-63
copyright protection technology, 104-5
digital libraries, 136-40
document definition control, 164-65
educational publishing concerns, 126
electronic distribution, 141, 153, 168n
electronic text experiments, 141
filtering and navigating online information, 99-100
information overload management, 99-100
information retrieval services, 61-63
intellectual property protection, 100, 104, 160-65, 170nn
multimedia formatting needs, 105
navigating and filtering online information, 99-100
needs of markets vs communities, 150, 152-53, 166n
on-line projects, 141
open marketplace of ideas of WWW, 61-66
royalties protection, 100, 163, 164
technological changes, 153-54, 167-68n
user interface requirements, 99-100
Q
Quality of service issues, 65-67, 93, 95
R
Radio links, 19
Red Sage project (on-line journals), 163
Regional networks, 266-68
map, 24
NSF Connections program and, 238
usage types, 266
Remote access services, 59-60
Research and development for NII and ODN needs, 91-104, 110n, 223-228
Research community issues, 113-19.
See also Science and technology research issues.
access concerns, 119
arts and humanities, 118-19
collaborative computing, 115-16
costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n
costs as key factor, 142-43
equity in financing, 196-97
equity of access, 149-53
financial considerations, 7
humanities and arts, 118-19
international concerns, 275-76
Internet influenced by, 238-41
networking applications, 114
networks' influence on research, 9
privacy requirements, 157
scientific research, 113-18
Research issues. See Research community issues; Science and technology research issues.
Reserved bandwidth service, 65-67, 108n
Residential services connections, 180-81, 200n.
See also Last-mile connections.
Routing network traffic, 94-95, 110n
S
Satellite links
international connectivity, 273, 280-81n
Scalability of ODN, 45-74-78
Scholarship issues. See Education issues (higher education); Publishing issues; Research community issues.
Schools and NII. See Education issues.
Science and technology research issues, 113-19
accessibility, 119
biomedical, 114-15
earth sciences, 113-14, 117, 241-42, 270-71
interdisciplinary possibilities, 115
Internet development role, 238-41
networks' influence on research, 9
physical sciences, 116, 117-18
space sciences, 241, 270-71, 276, 278
visualization applications, 117
Security issues, 78-84
closed systems, 45
information security, 80, 81-83, 258-61
international concerns, 277-79
open systems, 45
research needs, 101-2
technological limits, 84
user controls, 83
user security, 254-61
wireless transmission, 109n
Sesquinet regional network, 239
map, 24
Social issues.
See also Accessibility issues;
Education issues;
Ethical issues;
Legal issues.
balancing conflicting needs, 150, 152-53, 166n
educational concerns, 119-33
federal policy and social needs, 214
lifelong education, 133
newsgroups, 30
public vs private interests, 90-91, 211-13, 232n
Software development research needs, 102-5
SONET (synchronous optical network) standard, 223, 232n, 284
SPAN (NASA network), 238
Standards issues, 70-74
connectivity and, 71-72
consumer-oriented standards, 220, 231n
federal policy regarding, 218-20
international concerns, 276-77
OSI protocols, 70, 109n, 219, 276-77
risks to, 71-72
TCP/IP, 109n
State networks, 266-68
Subscriber loop (last-mile connection, telephones), 285
Subsidies for user charges, 193-95
SURAnet regional network, 239
map, 24
Switching technology, analog vs digital, 35
Symmetry of data paths, 87, 110n
Synchronous optical network (SONET) standard, 284
T
T1 network service (1.5 Mbps), 21, 27, 286.
T3 network service (45 Mbps)
definition, 286
map, 24
upgrade costs, 199
TCP (Transport Control Protocol)
early development, 241
multicast limitations, 96
ODN transport level and, 5, 51
TCP/IP protocols, 109n.
See also IP;
TCP.
Teachers (K-12) and networks, 124-30
Telecommunications infrastructure. See Information infrastructure; National Information Infrastructure (NII); Networks.
Telecommunications Policy Roundtable principles, 255
Teleconferencing
home education possibilities, 133
multimedia, 243
Telephone industry issues
access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89
community access support, 173, 198n
equity of access, 149-50, 166n
lobbying efforts, 230n
PHONENET, 238
technology upgrades, 37
video possibilities, 31
Television (cable). See Cable television issues.
Television issues (broadcast)
high-definition TV (HDTV), 41-42n
transmission standard's limitations, 35
Testbeds for network technology, 21, 27
convergence of TV with data, 85-86
Toward a National Research Network (1988), vii, 27
Traffic congestion problems, 189-90, 201n
Transmission issues
international concerns, 272-74, 276
Internet vs TV broadcasting, 35-36
satellites, 273
TV broadcasting standards (NTSC), 35
Transport level (ODN), 5, 48-49, 106nn,
diagram, 53
limitations to, 96
protocol requirements, 96, 107-8nn,
TWBnet (ARPA), 241
U
UCNET, 266
Universal service expectation, 149-50, 166n
Usage-based pricing, 183, 189-91
User addressing issues, 74-76, 94-95
User authentication, 83
User charges, 8-10.
See also Payment and pricing issues.
free information providers and, 143
Internet model, 251
libraries and, 136
sources of, 251
subsidies for, 193-95
User interface requirements, 99-100
User privacy protection. See Privacy issues.
User support services, 262-64
UUCP, 271
V
vBNS (very high speed backbone network service)
access possibilities, 28
definition, 286
federal policy and, 221
Video (interactive), 63, 120-21
Video services delivery, 63, 88-89
Videoconferencing, 145n
Virtual network (multicast backbone), 103, 110n
Volunteer networks (Fidonet), 271
VSATs (small satellite dishes), 273
W
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), 62-63
Westnet regional network, 239
map, 24
White-pages user search services, 262
Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), 62-63
Wide area networks (WANs)
description, 19
as internetwork element, 22
ODN protocol stack and, 5
Wireless technology
compliance issues, 69
federal support of, 12
limits of, 108n
security problems (radio), 109n
WWW (World-Wide Web), 61-63, 64
X
