The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases (1997)
Chapter: APPENDIX A
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Appendix A Sexually Transmitted Pathogens and Associated Diseases, Syndromes, and Complications
Twenty-Five Sexually Transmitted Pathogens And Associated Diseases Or Syndromes
|
Pathogen |
Associated Disease or Syndrome |
|
BACTERIA |
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
Urethritis, epididymitis, proctitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, perihepatitis, bartholinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, prepubertal vaginitis, prostatitis (?), accessory gland infection, disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), chorio-amnionitis, premature rupture of membranes, premature delivery, amniotic infection syndrome |
|
Chlamydia trachomatis |
All of the above except DGI, plus otitis media, rhinitis, and pneumonia in infants and Reiter's syndrome |
|
Mycoplasma hominis |
Postpartum fever, salpingitis (?) |
|
Ureaplasma urealyticum |
Nongonococcal urethritis |
|
Treponema pallidum |
Syphilis |
|
Gardnerella vaginalis |
Bacterial ("nonspecific") vaginosis (in conjunction with Mycoplasma hominis and vaginal anaerobes, such as Mobiluncus spp) |
|
Haemophilus ducreyi |
Chancroid |
|
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis |
Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) |
|
Shigella spp |
Shigellosis in homosexual men |
|
Campylobacter spp |
Enteritis, proctocolitis |
|
VIRUSES |
|
|
Human immunodeficiency virus, types 1 and 2 |
AIDS |
|
Herpes simplex virus |
Initial and recurrent genital herpes, aseptic meningitis, neonatal herpes |
|
Human papillomavirus (more than 70 types identified) |
Condyloma acuminata, laryngeal papilloma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma, vaginal carcinoma, anal carcinoma, vulvar carcinoma, penile carcinoma |
|
Hepatitis B virus |
Acute hepatitis B virus infection, chronic active hepatitis, persistent (unresolved) hepatitis, polyarteritis nodosa, chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia (?), polymyalgia rheumatica (?), hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
Hepatitis A virus |
Acute hepatitis A |
|
Cytomegalovirus |
Heterophil-negative infectious mononucleosis; congenital CMV infection with gross birth defects and infant mortality, cognitive impairment (e.g., mental retardation, sensorineural deafness); protean manifestations in the immunosuppressed host |
|
Molluscum contagiosum virus |
Genital molluscum contagiosum |
|
Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, types I and II |
Human T-cell leukemia or lymphoma |
|
Human herpes virus type 8 |
Kaposi's sarcoma (?), body cavity lymphoma |
|
PROTOZOA |
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis |
Trichomonal vaginitis |
|
Entamoeba histolytica |
Amebiasis in men who have sex with men |
|
Giardia lamblia |
Giardiasis in men who have sex with men |
|
FUNGI |
|
|
Candida albicans |
Vulvovaginitis, balanitis |
|
ECTOPARASITES |
|
|
Phthirus pubis |
Public lice infestation |
|
Sarcoptes scabiei |
Scabies |
Selected Syndromes And Complications Of Sexually Transmitted Pathogens
|
Syndrome or Complication |
Associated Sexually Transmitted Pathogen |
|
IN MEN |
|
|
AIDS |
Human immunodeficiency virus, types 1 and 2 |
|
Urethritis |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydial trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, Ureaplasma urealyticum |
|
Epididymitis |
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae |
|
Intestinal infections |
|
|
Proctitis |
N. gonorrhoeae, herpes simplex virus, C. trachomatis |
|
Proctocolitis or enterocolitis |
Campylobacter spp, Shigella spp, Entamoeba histolytica |
|
Enteritis |
Giardia lamblia |
|
Hepatitis |
Hepatitis A and B viruses, cytomegalovirus, Treponema pallidum |
|
IN WOMEN |
|
|
AIDS |
Human immunodeficiency virus, types 1 and 2 |
|
Lower genitourinary tract infection |
|
|
Vulvitis |
Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus |
|
Vaginitis |
Trichomonas vaginalis, C. albicans |
|
Vaginosis |
Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp, other anaerobes, Mycoplasma hominis |
|
Cervicitis |
N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, herpes simplex virus |
|
Urethritis |
N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, herpes simplex virus |
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease |
N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, M. hominis, anaerobes, Group B streptococcus |
|
Infertility |
|
|
Postsalpingitis, postobstetrical, postabortion |
N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, M. hominis (?) |
|
Pregnancy morbidity |
Several STDs have been implicated in one or more of these conditions. |
|
Chorioamnionitis, amniotic fluid infection, prematurity, premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, postpartum endometritis, ectopic pregnancy |
|
|
IN MEN AND WOMEN |
|
|
Neoplasia |
Human papillomavirus |
|
Cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile; intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma |
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Hepatitis B virus |
|
Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
Human immunodeficiency virus, types 1 and 2 |
|
Genital ulceration |
Herpes simplex virus, T. palladium, Haemophilus ducreyi, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, C. trachomatis (LGV strains) |
|
Acute arthritis with urogenital or intestinal infection |
N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp |
|
Genital warts |
Human papillomavirus |
|
Molluscum contagiosum |
Molluscum contagiosum virus |
|
Ectoparasite infestations |
Sarcoptes scabiei, Phthirus pubis |
|
Heterophil-negative mononucleosis |
Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (some evidence for sexual transmission) |
|
Tropical spastic paraparesis |
Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type I |
|
IN NEONATES AND INFANTS |
|
|
TORCHES syndromea |
Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, T. pallidum |
|
Conjunctivitis |
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae |
|
Pneumonia |
C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum (?) |
|
Otitis media |
C. trachomatis |
|
Sepsis, meningitis |
Group B streptococcus |
|
Cognitive impairment, deafness |
Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, T. pallidum |
|
NOTE: For each of the above syndromes, some cases cannot yet be ascribed to any cause and must currently be considered idiopathic. An ''?" indicates a possible associated syndrome. a TORCHES is an acronym for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, and syphilis. The syndrome consists of various combinations of encephalitis, hepatitis, dermatitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). SOURCES: Cates W Jr., Holmes KK. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Last JM, Wallace RB, eds. Maxcy-Rosenau-Last public health and preventive medicine. 13th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992:99-114; 121-3. Holmes KK, Handsfield HH. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 13th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1994:534-43. |
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