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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

APPENDIX D
Tables

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-1 Percent Working Full Time in Academia of All Ph.D.s and All Ph.D.s Who Are Working Full Time, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

		1973		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Engineering	% of Ph.D.s	36.7	32.3	34.5	37.4	33.3	37.3	28.5	35.8
	n	33442	127	47329	422	68482	1852	82512	4447
	% of FT	38.7	47.1	36	43.1	36.1	41.3	32.4	42.2
	n	31717	87	45315	367	63212	1671	72496	3778
Mathematics	% of Ph.D.s	76.2	63.5	68.2	59.2	62.1	57.8	54.9	50
	n	11719	869	16180	1397	22966	2659	27727	4008
	% of FT	81.7	88	72.4	73.1	66.1	67.7	61.3	60.9
	n	10925	627	15241	1132	21570	2270	24827	3290
Physical Science	% of PhDs	38.3	38.4	37.2	36.7	34.2	32.8	31.7	32.9
	n	61358	2864	75878	4235	95396	8540	104500	12860
	% of FT	42	60.6	40.1	48	38.5	39.4	38	40.1
	n	55990	1814	70367	3239	84777	7095	87228	10543
Life Sciences	% of Ph.D.s	59.5	48.3	57.7	52.5	50.3	51.4	46	50.4
	n	50438	7119	68133	11773	96767	27498	109811	40987
	% of FT	65.4	70.2	62.2	68	56.3	62.1	53.6	60.3
	n	45874	4893	63157	9078	86440	22754	94175	34263

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Social and Behavioral Sciences	% of Ph.D.s	63.1	45.7	57.4	46.8	49.4	39.8	43	37.2
	n	47296	8407	69802	17458	99780	40768	99024	51986
	% of FT	70.5	66	62.3	59.8	55.9	51.2	50.5	48.2
	n	42365	5817	64267	13655	88135	31660	84233	40095
Combined Fields	% of Ph.D.s	51.2	46.3	48.6	47.8	43.7	43.5	38.9	41.8
	n	204253	19386	277322	35285	383391	81317	423574	114288
	% of FT	55.9	67.8	52.2	61.4	48.7	54	45.4	52
	n	186871	13238	258347	27471	344134	65450	362959	91969

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-2 Percent and Number of Full-Time Academic Labor Force Who Are Women, by Field and Year of Survey

		1973	1979	1989	1995
Engineering	% Women	0.3	1.0	2.9	6.3
	n Women	41	158	690	1593
	n Total	12,312	16,468	23,506	25,117
Mathematics	% Women	5.8	7.0	9.7	11.6
	n Women	552	827	1537	2003
	n Total	9,481	11,867	15,789	17,214
Physical Science	% Women	4.5	5.2	7.9	11.3
	n Women	1100	1555	2798	4229
	n Total	24,594	29,796	35,438	37,369
Life Sciences	% Women	10.3	13.6	22.5	29.0
	n Women	3436	6175	14124	20663
	n Total	33,438	45,457	62,807	71,150
Social and Behavioral Sciences	% Women	11.4	16.9	24.8	31.2
	n Women	3841	8163	16221	19341
	n Total	33,698	48,201	65,468	61,899
Combined Fields	% Women	7.9	11.1	17.4	22.5
	n Women	8970	16878	35370	47829
	n Total	113,523	151,789	203,008	212,749

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-3 Number of Full-Time Scientists Working in Academia by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field and Year of Survey

		1973		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Engineering	Research I	6675	17	8121	78	11714	399	11303	663
	Research II	1632	2	2219	8	2997	50	2476	123
	Doctoral	1901	9	2092	23	3052	58	3430	258
	Master’s	998	6	1169	12	1915	102	2532	198
	Baccalaureate	172	0	156	2	306	15	340	52
	Medical	121	0	370	9	602	28	874	96
	Engineering	159	0	182	0	401	4	305	28
	Other	169	2	127	2	458	0	321	19
	Missing	444	5	1874	24	1371	34	1943	156
	Total	12271	41	16310	158	22816	690	23524	1593
Mathematics	Research I	3705	146	4533	271	5515	441	5142	576
	Research II	956	37	974	55	1308	98	1337	191
	Doctoral	1187	61	1428	95	1950	206	2041	242
	Master’s	1909	186	2318	227	3502	497	4287	474
	Baccalaureate	828	96	981	102	1225	192	1392	276
	Medical	19	2	144	19	103	47	241	95
	Engineering	66	0	43	0	120	5	105	57
	Other	68	1	72	12	118	14	232	0
	Missing	191	23	547	46	411	37	434	92
	Total	8929	552	11040	827	14252	1537	15211	2003

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1973		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Physical Sciences	Research I	9857	376	10549	514	12473	1171	12773	1587
	Research II	2174	56	1965	115	2278	181	2208	272
	Doctoral	2807	99	2961	120	3105	235	3788	293
	Master’s	4252	253	4328	259	5467	438	5288	800
	Baccalaureate	2273	165	2827	209	3313	335	3012	425
	Medical	520	64	1053	181	1598	202	1723	290
	Engineering	214	0	225	2	125	8	232	15
	Other	139	9	266	8	183	14	355	87
	Missing	1258	78	4067	147	4098	214	3761	460
	Total	23494	1100	28241	1555	32640	2798	33140	4229
Life Sciences	Research I	14375	1287	15375	2147	19102	5249	18384	6574
	Research II	2819	198	3219	232	4475	834	4340	1231
	Doctoral	2527	236	2399	446	3593	1070	3304	1602
	Master’s	3785	550	4486	798	5295	1596	5789	2774
	Baccalaureate	1547	266	1896	445	2014	648	2274	1040
	Medical	3847	734	9659	1773	13112	4454	14156	6429
	Engineering	24	0	66	5	88	0	107	22
	Other	65	11	63	7	148	34	211	129
	Missing	1013	154	2119	322	856	239	1922	862
	Total	30002	3436	39282	6175	48683	14124	50487	20663

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Social and Behavioral Sciences	Research I	11838	1264	13873	2868	16260	5524	12481	6243
	Research II	3213	243	3668	532	4121	1358	3615	1368
	Doctoral	4016	480	5801	1081	6761	1732	6042	2240
	Master’s	6556	1146	9449	1775	13184	3569	11280	4346
	Baccalaureate	2711	428	3447	836	5185	1810	4566	2114
	Medical	601	147	1746	718	2446	1711	2384	2330
	Engineering	0	3	74	0	95	0	42	0
	Other	232	17	221	103	581	265	526	215
	Missing	690	113	1759	250	614	252	1622	485
	Total	29857	3841	40038	8163	49247	16221	42558	19341
Combined Fields	Research I	46450	3090	52451	5878	65064	12784	60083	15643
	Research II	10794	536	12045	942	15179	2521	13976	3185
	Doctoral	12438	885	14681	1765	18461	3301	18605	4635
	Master’s	17500	2141	21750	3071	29363	6202	29176	8592
	Baccalaureate	7531	955	9307	1594	12043	3000	11584	3907
	Medical	5108	947	12972	2700	17861	6442	19378	9240
	Engineering	463	3	590	7	829	17	791	122
	Other	673	40	749	132	1488	327	1645	450
	Missing	3596	373	10366	789	7350	776	9682	2055
	Total	104553	8970	134911	16878	167638	35370	164920	47829

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-4 Number of Full-Time Scientists With and Without Tenure-Track Positions by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Engineering
Research I	Off-track	1277	24	984	65	1726	85
Research I	On-track	6628	50	9447	271	8850	431
Research II	Off-track	50	4	150	2	274	0
Research II	On-track	2118	4	2717	48	2137	111
Doctoral	Off-track	209	10	176	4	450	43
Doctoral	On-track	1883	11	2715	51	2914	202
Master’s	Off-track	211	0	302	4	262	0
Master’s	On-track	958	12	1492	96	2246	198
Baccalaureate	Off-track	0	0	42	1	29	26
Baccalaureate	On-track	140	2	247	14	311	26
Medical	Off-track	146	5	146	7	454	60
Medical	On-track	143	2	367	16	305	6
Engineering	Off-track	75	0	52	0	70	16
Engineering	On-track	107	0	315	4	235	12
Total		13945	124	19152	583	20263	1216
Mathematics
Research I	Off-track	519	78	563	74	734	166
Research I	On-track	3916	185	4305	321	4223	294
Research II	Off-track	77	17	48	8	16	18
Research II	On-Track	895	38	1147	82	1244	173
Doctoral	Off-track	85	23	50	20	84	32
Doctoral	On-track	1328	72	1797	179	1903	210

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Master’s	Off-track	126	27	158	12	106	43
Master’s	On-track	2177	200	3097	456	4164	415
Baccalaureate	Off-track	164	23	39	14	156	18
Baccalaureate	On-track	817	79	1142	168	1218	258
Medical	Off-track	39	6	37	18	84	32
Medical	On-track	62	11	62	20	125	43
Engineering	Off-track	0	0	2	0	0	8
Engineering	On-track	43	0	118	5	105	49
Total		10248	759	12565	1377	14162	1759
Physical Sciences
Research I	Off-track	1977	193	2147	346	3154	492
Research I	On-track	7167	174	7652	433	7006	575
Research II	Off-track	216	46	297	32	292	98
Research II	On-track	1637	41	1649	89	1575	151
Doctoral	Off-track	406	21	243	41	499	112
Doctoral	On-track	2409	76	2645	160	2998	181
Master’s	Off-track	323	46	340	52	413	143
Master’s	On-track	3970	208	4786	338	4741	657
Baccalaureate	Off-track	359	62	434	37	509	138
Baccalaureate	On-track	2390	145	2729	289	2500	287
Medical	Off-track	255	82	441	79	634	157
Medical	On-track	719	38	792	67	835	16
Engineering	Off-track	92	0	9	0	42	0
Engineering	On-track	119	2	116	4	175	15
Total		22039	1134	24280	1967	25373	3022

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Life Sciences
Research I	Off-track	2519	641	2644	1359	3592	1896
Research I	On-track	11122	893	12411	2436	11972	3065
Research II	Off-track	280	59	387	168	569	195
Research II	On-track	2801	130	3631	507	3404	818
Doctoral	Off-track	216	79	358	201	387	329
Doctoral	On-track	2100	340	2796	806	2753	1167
Master’s	Off-track	488	117	396	166	752	350
Master’s	On-track	3946	668	4541	1356	4960	2402
Baccalaureate	Off-track	219	88	130	78	399	175
Baccalaureate	On-track	1670	342	1766	526	1875	809
Medical	Off-track	1970	612	3043	1595	4316	2374
Medical	On-track	5922	676	7431	1658	7986	2526
Engineering	Off-track	7	0	0	0	37	0
Engineering	On-track	52	5	88	0	70	22
Total		33312	4650	39622	10856	43072	16128
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Research I	Off-track	1587	555	1900	1303	2189	1898
Research I	On-track	11860	2103	13185	3710	9947	3893
Research II	Off-track	523	107	303	273	539	360
Research II	On-track	3091	423	3328	968	3023	988
Doctoral	Off-track	778	221	429	281	724	567
Doctoral	On-track	4985	839	5841	1322	5296	1643

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Master’s	Off-track	965	200	797	470	860	573
Master’s	On-Track	8451	1565	11667	2869	10368	3773
Baccalaureate	Off-track	345	211	659	413	647	486
Baccalaureate	On-Track	3084	602	4176	1263	3919	1628
Medical	Off-track	560	274	915	680	1015	1394
Medical	On-Track	1026	268	1123	626	1254	599
Engineering	Off-track	29	0	40	0	22	0
Engineering	On-Track	45	0	55	0	20	0
Total		37329	7368	44418	14178	39823	17802
Combined Fields
Research I	Off-track	7879	1491	8238	3147	11395	4537
Research I	On-Track	40693	3405	47000	7171	41998	8258
Research II	Off-track	1146	233	1185	483	1690	671
Research II	On-Track	10542	636	12472	1694	11383	2241
Doctoral	Off-track	1694	354	1256	547	2144	1083
Doctoral	On-Track	12705	1338	15794	2518	15864	3403
Master’s	Off-track	2113	390	1993	704	2393	1109
Master’s	On-Track	19502	2653	25583	5115	26479	7445
Baccalaureate	Off-track	1087	384	1304	543	1740	843
Baccalaureate	On-Track	8101	1170	10060	2260	9823	3008
Medical	Off-track	2970	979	4582	2379	6503	4017
Medical	On-Track	7872	995	9775	2387	10505	3190
Engineering	Off-track	203	0	103	0	171	24
Engineering	On-Track	366	7	692	13	605	98
Total		116873	14035	140037	28961	142693	39927

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-5 Logit Analysis on Whether a Scientist Has a Tenure-Track Position by Sex and Year of Survey, b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test.

		1979		1989		1995
Variable		Women	Men	Women	Mmen	Women	Men
Married	b	–0.212	0.223	–0.163	0.344	–0.053	0.119
Married	z	2.09	2.02	2.04	3.72	0.58	1.43
Children <6 at Home	b	–0.105	0.086	0.087	–0.040	0.021	0.308
Children <6 at Home	z	0.78	0.96	0.83	0.45	0.18	3.99
Not a US Citizen	b	–0.457	–0.495	–0.159	–0.279	–0.377	–0.218
Not a US Citizen	z	2.33	3.41	1.05	2.14	2.33	2.17
Career Year	b	0.118	0.281	0.125	0.099	0.115	0.144
Career Year	z	6.10	18.85	8.70	6.81	7.17	13.40
Career Year2	b	–0.002	–0.005	–0.002	–0.001	–0.002	–0.002
Career Year2	z	2.76	11.65	5.20	1.52	5.02	8.19
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.092	–0.160	0.961	0.588	0.992	0.250
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	0.32	0.83	4.84	3.97	4.02	2.32
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	0.001	0.281	0.701	0.570	0.684	0.771
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	0.01	1.84	4.65	3.70	3.51	5.33
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.948	–0.584	–0.537	–0.525	–0.399	–0.624
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	7.31	4.62	4.78	4.53	2.51	6.19
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.274	–0.315	–0.296	–0.104	0.031	–0.260
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	2.12	2.70	2.73	0.92	0.32	2.93
Medical vs. Research I	b	–0.546	–0.391	–0.556	–0.515	–0.582	–0.485
Medical vs. Research I	z	3.95	3.77	5.46	5.46	5.23	6.09
Research II vs. Research I	b	0.221	0.536	0.820	0.810	0.695	0.736
Research II vs. Research I	z	1.16	3.41	5.09	5.45	3.78	6.00
Doctoral vs. Research I	b	0.763	0.397	0.939	0.992	0.753	0.966
Doctoral vs. Research I	z	4.72	2.93	6.82	7.01	5.13	8.59

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Master’s vs. Research I	b	1.192	0.731	1.407	1.230	1.314	1.365
Master’s vs. Research I	z	8.32	5.95	11.41	9.57	9.83	12.86
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	b	0.826	0.885	1.450	0.971	1.029	0.985
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	z	4.87	5.01	9.13	6.17	6.07	7.32
Private vs. Research I	b	–0.582	–0.508	–0.632	–0.631	–0.405	–0.624
Private vs. Research I	z	5.88	5.97	7.94	8.40	4.55	9.71
Ph.D. Prestige	b	0.071	0.043	0.191	0.280	0.246	0.291
Ph.D. Prestige	z	1.28	0.84	3.94	5.84	4.40	7.33
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	b	0.251	0.093	0.041	–0.288	0.117	–0.415
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	z	2.09	0.81	0.44	2.91	1.22	5.14
Missing Data on Having Young Children	b	–0.089	0.297	0.235	–0.102
Missing Data on Having Young Children	z	0.49	1.83	1.81	0.90
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	b	–0.116	–0.023	0.342	–0.029
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	z	1.02	0.27	3.67	0.37
Constant	b	0.201	–0.560	–0.549	–0.573	–0.978	–1.086
Constant	z	0.82	2.40	2.55	2.55	4.01	5.56
Unweighted Observations		10,078	7,168	4,912	7,801	3,279	8,853

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-6 Number of Full-Time Scientists on Tenure Track With and Without Tenure by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Engineering
Research I	Untenured	1063	32	2198	166	1961	310
Research I	Tenured	5565	18	7249	105	6889	121
Research II	Untenured	464	2	659	28	293	45
Research II	Tenured	1654	2	2058	20	1844	66
Doctoral	Untenured	442	5	789	23	760	107
Doctoral	Tenured	1441	6	1926	28	2154	95
Master’s	Untenured	276	0	390	60	660	92
Master’s	Tenured	682	12	1102	36	1586	106
Baccalaureate	Untenured	0	2	92	8	102	13
Baccalaureate	Tenured	140	0	155	6	209	13
Medical	Untenured	76	2	118	14	134	6
Medical	Tenured	67	0	249	2	171	0
Engineering	Untenured	0	0	89	2	28	12
Engineering	Tenured	107	0	226	2	207	0
Total		11977	81	17300	500	16998	986
Mathematics
Research I	Untenured	755	97	837	109	830	129
Research I	Tenured	3161	88	3468	212	3393	165
Research II	Untenured	133	11	235	28	182	108
Research II	Tenured	762	27	912	54	1062	65
Doctoral	Untenured	322	26	492	83	291	96
Doctoral	Tenured	1006	46	1305	96	1612	114

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Master’s	Untenured	339	55	764	126	930	153
Master’s	Tenured	1838	145	2333	330	3234	262
Baccalaureate	Untenured	212	20	299	65	357	136
Baccalaureate	Tenured	605	59	843	103	861	122
Medical	Untenured	13	11	5	2	73	0
Medical	Tenured	49	0	57	18	52	43
Engineering	Untenured	0	0	0	0	37	0
Engineering	Tenured	43	0	118	5	68	49
Total		9238	585	11668	1231	12982	1442
Physical Sciences
Research I	Untenured	1121	54	1261	174	1202	231
Research I	Tenured	6046	120	6391	259	5804	344
Research II	Untenured	269	6	240	29	128	44
Research II	Tenured	1368	35	1409	60	1447	107
Doctoral	Untenured	389	21	485	66	455	73
Doctoral	Tenured	2020	55	2160	94	2543	108
Master’s	Untenured	499	39	470	109	713	340
Master’s	Tenured	3471	169	4316	229	4028	317
Baccalaureate	Untenured	614	52	512	149	490	126
Baccalaureate	Tenured	1776	93	2217	140	2010	161
Medical	Untenured	246	11	327	37	329	16
Medical	Tenured	473	27	465	30	506	0
Engineering	Untenured	32	2	0	4	3	15
Engineering	Tenured	87	0	116	0	172	0
Total		18411	684	20369	1380	19830	1882

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Life Sciences		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Research I	Untenured	2436	453	2560	1181	2047	1254
Research I	Tenured	8686	440	9851	1255	9925	1811
Research II	Untenured	488	54	568	168	634	289
Research II	Tenured	2313	76	3063	339	2770	529
Doctoral	Untenured	657	181	542	327	558	500
Doctoral	Tenured	1443	159	2254	479	2195	667
Master’s	Untenured	609	243	704	395	1076	886
Master’s	Tenured	3337	425	3837	961	3884	1516
Baccalaureate	Untenured	294	175	157	142	442	292
Baccalaureate	Tenured	1376	167	1609	384	1433	517
Medical	Untenured	1725	345	2048	843	2634	1320
Medical	Tenured	4197	331	5383	815	5352	1206
Engineering	Untenured	0	0	29	0	9	0
Engineering	Tenured	52	5	59	0	61	22
Total		27613	3054	32664	7289	33020	10809
Scial and Behavioral Sciences
Research I	Untenured	2247	1116	2363	1343	1754	1405
Research I	Tenured	9613	987	10822	2367	8193	2488
Research II	Untenured	640	141	338	381	276	410
Research II	Tenured	2451	282	2990	587	2747	578
Doctoral	Untenured	1297	399	840	467	1181	761
Doctoral	Tenured	3688	440	5001	855	4115	882
Master’s	Untenured	1731	521	1872	1010	1994	1175
Master’s	Tenured	6720	1044	9795	1859	8374	2598

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Baccalaureate	Untenured	673	314	1286	387	701	525
Baccalaureate	Tenured	2411	288	2890	876	3218	1103
Medical	Untenured	420	146	374	228	384	251
Medical	Tenured	606	122	749	398	870	348
Engineering	Untenured	0	0	0	0	0	0
Engineering	Tenured	45	0	55	0	20	0
Total		32542	5800	39375	10758	33827	12524
Combined Fields
Research I	Untenured	7622	1752	9219	2973	7794	3329
Research I	Tenured	33071	1653	37781	4198	34204	4929
Research II	Untenured	1994	214	2040	634	1513	896
Research II	Tenured	8548	422	10432	1060	9870	1345
Doctoral	Untenured	3107	632	3148	966	3245	1537
Doctoral	Tenured	9598	706	12646	1552	12619	1866
Master’s	Untenured	3454	858	4200	1700	5373	2646
Master’s	Tenured	16048	1795	21383	3415	21106	4799
Baccalaureate	Untenured	1793	563	2346	751	2092	1092
Baccalaureate	Tenured	6308	607	7714	1509	7731	1916
Medical	Untenured	2480	515	2872	1124	3554	1593
Medical	Tenured	5392	480	6903	1263	6951	1597
Engineering	Untenured	32	2	118	6	77	27
Engineering	Tenured	334	5	574	7	528	71
Total		99781	10204	121376	21158	116657	27643

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-7 Logit Analysis on Whether a Scientist in a Tenure-Track Position Has Tenure by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test.

		1979		1989		1995
Variable		Women	Men	Women	Women	Men	Men
Married	b	–0.297	0.131	–0.026	0.297	0.154	0.386
Married	z	2.13	0.86	0.24	2.28	1.17	3.15
Children <6 at Home	b	0.023	–0.109	0.039	0.042	–0.098	–0.078
Children <6 at Home	z	0.12	1.01	0.29	0.37	0.64	0.81
Not a US Citizen	b	0.279	0.11	–0.427	–0.331	–0.256	–0.219
Not a US Citizen	z	0.92	0.51	1.89	1.69	0.96	1.59
Career Year	b	0.569	0.731	0.562	0.638	0.487	0.62
Career Year	z	18.5	27.44	21.06	24.65	15.76	26.9
Career Year2	b	–0.011	–0.013	–0.009	–0.01	–0.008	–0.01
Career Year2	z	12.14	17.66	10.73	13.15	7.83	15.91
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.46	–0.503	0.163	–0.26	0.307	0.422
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1	1.99	0.74	1.39	1.11	2.97
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.31	0.026	0.328	0.011	0.462	0.56
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1.61	0.15	1.95	0.06	1.99	3.28
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.347	–0.601	–0.383	–0.504	0.04	–0.265
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1.75	3.56	2.32	3.13	0.16	1.65
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.86	–0.814	–0.255	–0.45	–0.217	–0.734
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	4.86	5.49	1.71	2.98	1.55	5.44
Medical vs. Research I	b	–0.365	–0.546	–0.922	–1.166	–0.729	–1.207
Medical vs. Research I	z	1.56	3.68	5.44	7.9	3.82	8.64
Research II vs. Research I	b	0.551	0.203	0.42	0.248	0.086	0.347
Research II vs. Research I	z	1.91	1.09	2.16	1.41	0.36	2.13
Doctoral vs. Research I	b	0.283	–0.099	0.11	0.029	–0.043	0.015
Doctoral vs. Research I	z	1.38	0.59	0.65	0.18	0.21	0.11

Page 289 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Master’s vs. Research I	b	0.765	0.727	0.405	0.255	0.42	–0.121
Master’s vs. Research I	z	4.54	4.96	2.93	1.76	2.57	0.96
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	b	0.318	0.665	0.483	0.301	0.557	0.405
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	z	1.34	3.2	2.53	1.51	2.43	2.03
Private vs. Research I	b	–0.51	–0.709	–0.482	–0.536	–0.512	–0.733
Private vs. Research I	z	3.56	6	4.23	4.95	3.84	7.41
Ph.D. Prestige	b	–0.104	0.014	0.029	0.062	–0.187	–0.047
Ph.D. Prestige	z	1.4	0.22	0.43	0.98	2.32	0.83
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	b	1.219	1.423	0.973	0.619	0.861	0.397
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	z	7.4	8.87	7.54	4.3	6.21	3.14
Missing Data on Having Young Children	b	–0.046	–0.219	–0.105	0.154
Missing Data on Having Young Children	z	0.18	1.04	0.65	0.97
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	b	0.459	0.393	0.361	0.199
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	z	2.79	3.54	2.86	1.86
Constant	b	–3.082	–4.066	–4.383	–4.834	–3.365	–4.456
Constant	z	8.94	12.55	13.11	14.41	8.75	14.31
Observations		8242	6113	3773	6664	2296	7105

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-8 Number of Full-Time Scientists on Tenure Track by Rank, Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Engineering		1
Research I	Instructor	16	0	16	0	27	0
	Asst. Prof.	807	31	1785	164	1647	295
	Assoc. Prof.	1833	16	2263	55	2426	103
	Full Prof.	3972	3	5383	52	4738	33
Research II	Instructor	15	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	251	2	597	32	286	45
	Assoc. Prof.	629	0	619	16	617	37
	Full Prof.	1223	2	1501	0	1234	29
Doctoral	Instructor	34	0	9	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	325	5	548	20	647	93
	Assoc. Prof.	435	4	528	26	1128	82
	Full Prof.	1089	2	1630	5	1139	27
Master’s	Instructor	16	0	17	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	87	1	250	54	408	97
	Assoc. Prof.	484	2	533	24	819	45
	Full Prof.	371	9	692	18	1019	56
Baccalaureate	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	0	0	92	8	68	13
	Assoc. Prof.	42	2	49	5	144	13
	Full Prof.	98	0	106	1	99	0
Medical	Instructor	0	0	0	5	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	76	2	24	9	93	6
	Assoc. Prof.	0	0	130	2	63	0
	Full Prof.	67	0	213	0	149	0
Engineering	Instructor	76	0	46	0	30	0
	Asst. Prof.	0	0	35	2	23	12
	Assoc. Prof.	0	0	132	2	125	0
	Full Prof.	31	0	102	0	57	0
Total		11977	81	17300	500	16986	986

Page 291 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Mathematics
Research I	Instructor	29	5	0	2	59	0
	Asst. Prof.	762	90	834	98	794	120
	Assoc. Prof.	1243	62	1017	136	1068	107
	Full Prof.	1882	28	2454	85	2302	67
Research II	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	142	13	174	29	164	111
	Assoc. Prof.	265	15	338	31	514	58
	Full Prof.	488	10	635	22	566	4
Doctoral	Instructor	8	0	0	2	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	342	26	457	83	286	76
	Assoc. Prof.	481	33	588	52	897	102
	Full Prof.	497	13	752	42	720	32
Master’s	Instructor	36	2	0	2	17	0
	Asst. Prof.	466	69	761	131	838	127
	Assoc. Prof.	875	74	1093	174	1481	126
	Full Prof.	787	55	1243	149	1828	162
Baccalaureate	Instructor	0	0	17	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	188	22	267	61	343	115
	Assoc. Prof.	377	22	311	54	368	53
	Full Prof.	252	35	547	53	507	90
Medical	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	28	9	5	4	57	0
	Assoc. Prof.	0	2	17	9	52	10
	Full Prof.	26	0	40	7	16	33
Engineering	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	0	0	0	0	37	0
	Assoc. Prof.	15	0	50	5	0	32
	Full Prof.	28	0	68	0	68	17
Total		9217	585	11668	1231	12982	1442

Page 292 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Physical Sciences
Research I	Instructor	56	5	180	23	38	39
	Asst. Prof.	883	51	1013	144	1041	216
	Assoc. Prof.	1773	70	1332	145	1583	155
	Full Prof.	4423	48	5127	121	4240	148
Research II	Instructor	0	0	0	1	0	3
	Asst. Prof.	269	7	214	26	129	44
	Assoc. Prof.	291	9	277	38	326	10
	Full Prof.	1077	25	1158	24	1104	94
Doctoral	Instructor	12	0	31	0	19	0
	Asst. Prof.	285	23	348	66	401	70
	Assoc. Prof.	986	34	732	47	690	94
	Full Prof.	1126	19	1534	47	1888	17
Master’s	Instructor	36	3	34	3	55	0
	Asst. Prof.	460	36	428	112	655	357
	Assoc. Prof.	1548	103	1325	86	1309	176
	Full Prof.	1917	66	2999	137	2722	124
Baccalaureate	Instructor	14	3	37	2	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	437	39	473	142	468	136
	Assoc. Prof.	798	42	527	56	565	81
	Full Prof.	1138	61	1692	89	1448	70
Medical	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	157	16	161	23	244	7
	Assoc. Prof.	319	18	256	28	94	9
	Full Prof.	224	4	375	16	497	0
Engineering	Instructor	0	0	10	0	30	0
	Asst. Prof.	32	2	0	4	0	15
	Assoc. Prof.	8	0	41	0	60	0
	Full Prof.	79	0	65	0	82	0
Total		18348	684	20369	1380	19688	1865

Page 293 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Life Sciences
Research I	Instructor	173	13	144	57	63	9
	Asst. Prof.	2030	389	2339	1110	1731	1115
	Assoc. Prof.	3142	279	3094	762	3169	1075
	Full Prof.	5753	201	6834	505	6892	838
Research II	Instructor	67	2	0	4	0	3
	Asst. Prof.	501	46	500	159	595	310
	Assoc. Prof.	765	45	1054	245	795	298
	Full Prof.	1455	37	2077	99	1999	207
Doctoral	Instructor	0	2	17	0	8	18
	Asst. Prof.	584	141	511	272	484	452
	Assoc. Prof.	756	130	1029	385	881	426
	Full Prof.	760	67	1239	149	1380	271
Master’s	Instructor	39	10	0	0	0	27
	Asst. Prof.	512	219	541	391	828	747
	Assoc. Prof.	1347	215	1016	437	1231	824
	Full Prof.	2048	219	2984	526	2901	786
Baccalaureate	Instructor	44	11	8	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	208	166	166	163	379	265
	Assoc. Prof.	706	96	386	208	294	296
	Full Prof.	712	69	1163	155	1150	248
Medical	Instructor	48	12	0	12	56	9
	Asst. Prof.	1412	353	1616	658	2221	1103
	Assoc. Prof.	1947	211	2399	644	2075	857
	Full Prof.	2494	98	3394	344	3634	553
Engineering	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	0	5	29	0	9	0
	Assoc. Prof.	52	0	0	0	0	0
	Full Prof.	0	0	59	0	61	22
Total		27555	3036	32599	7285	32836	10759

Page 294 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Social/Behavioral Sciences
Research I	Instructor	149	9	82	43	77	100
	Asst. Prof.	2302	1117	2246	1215	1556	1268
	Assoc. Prof.	2648	585	3444	1394	2800	1113
	Full Prof.	6758	375	7413	1058	5514	1390
Research II	Instructor	0	16	0	31	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	610	178	383	390	276	410
	Assoc. Prof.	921	122	1143	380	941	370
	Full Prof.	1560	107	1802	167	1806	208
Doctoral	Instructor	136	4	5	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	1088	388	791	448	1164	659
	Assoc. Prof.	2068	255	2423	543	1482	521
	Full Prof.	1652	191	2590	331	2633	463
Master’s	Instructor	59	26	27	45	0	22
	Asst. Prof.	1701	581	1545	1024	1555	1184
	Assoc. Prof.	2872	602	3481	873	2655	1592
	Full Prof.	3711	348	6614	927	6061	917
Baccalaureate	Instructor	111	16	53	4	0	3
	Asst. Prof.	796	287	774	355	625	559
	Assoc. Prof.	748	187	1318	524	1070	653
	Full Prof.	1429	107	2031	380	2172	413
Medical	Instructor	41	17	0	2	5	37
	Asst. Prof.	385	131	247	219	300	130
	Assoc. Prof.	248	59	262	215	418	201
	Full Prof.	352	61	614	190	508	231
Engineering	Instructor	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Asst. Prof.	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Assoc. Prof.	45	0	55	0	20	0
	Full Prof.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total		32390	5769	39343	10758	33638	12444

Page 295 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

		1979		1989		1995
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Combined Fields
Research I	Instructor	423	32	422	125	264	148
	Asst. Prof.	6784	1678	8217	2731	6769	3014
	Assoc. Prof.	10639	1012	11150	2492	11046	2553
	Full Prof.	22788	655	27211	1821	23686	2476
Research II	Instructor	82	18	0	36	0	6
	Asst. Prof.	1773	246	1868	636	1450	920
	Assoc. Prof.	2871	191	3431	710	3193	773
	Full Prof.	5803	181	7173	312	6709	542
Doctoral	Instructor	190	6	62	2	27	18
	Asst. Prof.	2624	583	2655	889	2982	1350
	Assoc. Prof.	4726	456	5300	1053	5078	1225
	Full Prof.	5124	292	7745	574	7760	810
Master’s	Instructor	186	41	78	50	72	49
	Asst. Prof.	3226	906	3525	1712	4284	2512
	Assoc. Prof.	7126	996	7448	1594	7495	2763
	Full Prof.	8834	697	14532	1757	14531	2045
Baccalaureate	Instructor	169	30	115	6	0	3
	Asst. Prof.	1629	514	1772	729	1883	1088
	Assoc. Prof.	2671	349	2591	847	2441	1096
	Full Prof.	3629	272	5539	678	5376	821
Medical	Instructor	89	29	0	19	61	46
	Asst. Prof.	2058	511	2053	913	2915	1246
	Assoc. Prof.	2514	290	3064	898	2702	1077
	Full Prof.	3163	163	4636	557	4804	817
Engineering	Instructor	76	0	56	0	60	0
	Asst. Prof.	32	7	64	6	69	27
	Assoc. Prof.	120	0	278	7	205	32
	Full Prof.	138	0	294	0	268	39
Total		99487	10155	121279	21154	116130	27496

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-9 Percent With a Given Rank by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

		Men			Women			Difference
		1979	1989	1995	1979	1989	1995	1979	1989	1995
Engineering	Asst. Prof.	14.0	19.4	19.0	51.2	58.8	56.9	–37.2	–39.4	–37.9
	Assoc. Prof.	28.7	24.7	31.3	30.0	26.0	28.4	–1.3	–1.3	2.9
	Full Prof.	57.3	55.9	49.7	18.8	15.2	14.7	38.5	40.7	35.0
	n	11,907	17,228	16,986	80	500	986
Mathematics	Asst. Prof.	21.9	21.6	20.0	40.3	33.5	38.1	–18.4	–11.9	–18.1
	Assoc. Prof.	35.5	29.3	33.7	35.6	37.4	33.8	–0.1	–8.1	–0.1
	Full Prof.	42.6	49.1	46.3	24.1	29.1	28.1	18.5	20.0	18.2
	n	9,125	11,648	12,982	585	1,231	1,442
Physical Sciences	Asst. Prof.	14.4	14.4	15.6	27.0	39.6	47.6	–12.6	–25.2	–32.0
	Assoc. Prof.	31.3	21.9	23.5	40.4	29.0	28.2	–9.1	–7.1	–4.7
	Full Prof.	54.3	63.8	60.9	32.6	31.4	24.3	21.7	32.4	36.6
	n	18,277	20,245	19,688	684	1,380	1,865
Life Sciences	Asst. Prof.	20.5	18.0	19.4	45.1	38.8	37.7	–24.6	–20.8	–18.3
	Assoc. Prof.	31.6	27.6	25.7	32.2	36.7	35.1	–0.6	–9.1	–9.4
	Full Prof.	48.0	54.5	54.9	22.8	24.4	27.2	25.2	30.1	27.7
	n	27,392	32,577	32,836	3,035	7,274	10,759

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Social and Behavioral Sciences	Asst. Prof.	22.8	15.6	16.5	48.2	35.1	35.1	–25.4	–19.5	–18.6
	Assoc. Prof.	29.4	30.8	27.9	31.2	36.5	35.8	–1.8	–5.7	–7.9
	Full Prof.	47.8	53.6	55.6	20.6	28.4	29.1	27.2	25.2	26.5
	n	32,310	39,274	33,638	5,743	10,756	12,444
Combined Fields	Asst. Prof.	19.5	17.2	17.9	45.4	37.1	37.9	–25.9	–19.9	–20.0
	Assoc. Prof.	30.8	27.4	27.7	32.4	35.9	34.6	–1.6	–8.5	–6.9
	Full Prof.	49.7	55.4	54.4	22.2	27.0	27.5	27.5	28.4	26.9
	n	99,011	120,972	116,130	10,127	21,141	27,496

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TABLE D-10 Percent With a Given Rank by Sex, Carnegie Type, and Year of Survey

		Men			Women			Difference
		1979	1989	1995	1979	1989	1995	1979	1989	1995
Research I	Asst. Prof.	17.9	18.4	16.9	50.7	39.8	38.5	–32.8	–21.4	–21.6
	Assoc. Prof.	26.3	23.9	26.6	29.9	34.8	31.2	–3.6	–10.9	–4.6
	Full Prof.	55.8	57.7	56.5	19.4	25.4	30.3	36.4	32.3	26.2
	n	40790	47578	42367	3384	7180	8289
Medical	Asst. Prof.	27.6	21.0	28.4	54.3	39.0	40.6	–26.7	–18.0	–12.2
	Assoc. Prof.	32.2	31.4	25.8	29.2	37.6	33.8	3.0	–6.2	–8.0
	Full Prof.	40.2	47.6	45.8	16.4	23.3	25.6	23.8	24.3	20.2
	n	7757	9748	10482	992	2387	3186
Research II	Asst. Prof.	17.3	15.0	12.8	41.5	39.7	41.3	–24.2	–24.7	–28.5
	Assoc. Prof.	27.3	27.5	28.1	30.0	41.9	34.5	–2.7	–14.4	–6.4
	Full Prof.	55.3	57.5	59.1	28.5	18.4	24.2	26.8	39.1	34.9
	n	10441	12469	11352	636	1694	2241
Doctoral	Asst. Prof.	22.3	17.0	19.0	44.1	35.4	40.2	–21.8	–18.4	–21.2
	Assoc. Prof.	37.0	33.7	32.0	34.1	41.8	36.0	2.9	–8.1	–4.0
	Full Prof.	40.6	49.4	49.0	21.8	22.8	23.8	18.8	26.6	25.2
	n	12607	15684	15847	1336	2514	3403
Master’s	Asst. Prof.	17.6	14.1	16.5	35.9	34.5	34.8	–18.3	–20.4	–18.3
	Assoc. Prof.	36.9	29.0	28.4	37.6	31.1	37.5	–0.7	–2.1	–9.1
	Full Prof.	45.6	56.9	55.1	26.5	34.4	27.8	19.1	22.5	27.3
	n	19318	25497	26382	2631	5106	7369

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Baccalaureate	Asst. Prof.	22.2	18.7	19.4	47.4	32.5	36.3	–25.2	–13.8	–16.9
	Assoc. Prof.	33.0	25.9	25.2	29.4	37.5	36.4	3.6	–11.6	–11.2
	Full Prof.	44.8	55.4	55.4	23.2	30.0	27.3	21.6	25.4	28.1
	n	8098	9996	9700	1148	2260	3008
All Types	Asst. Prof.	19.5	17.2	17.9	45.4	37.1	37.9	–25.9	–19.9	–20.0
	Assoc. Prof.	30.8	27.4	27.7	32.4	35.9	34.6	–1.6	–8.5	–6.9
	Full Prof.	49.7	55.4	54.4	22.2	27.0	27.5	27.5	28.4	26.9
	n	99011	120972	116130	10127	21141	27496

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-11 Percent of Scientists in Given Types of Positions Who are Female by Field and Year of Survey.

		Engineering		Mathematics		Physical Sciences		Life Scicences		Social/Behavioral Sciences
		Percent Women	Deviation from % Full Time	Percent Women	Deviation from % Full Time	Percent Women	Deviation from % Full Time	Percent Women	Deviation from % Full Time	Percent Women	Deviation from % Full Time
Full Time	1979	0.9		6.9		5.0		12.3		16.5
	1989	2.9		9.8		7.5		21.3		24.1
	1995	5.7		11.0		10.6		27.2		30.9
Off-Track	1979	2.1	1.2	14.7	7.8	11.0	6.0	21.9	9.6	24.7	8.2
	1989	4.3	1.4	14.0	4.2	13.1	5.6	33.9	12.6	40.4	16.3
	1995	6.6	0.9	21.2	10.2	17.1	6.5	34.6	7.4	46.8	15.9
On-Track	1979	0.7	–0.2	6.0	–0.9	3.6	–1.4	10.0	–2.3	15.1	–1.4
	1989	2.8	–0.1	9.5	–0.3	6.3	–1.2	18.2	–3.1	21.5	–2.6
	1995	5.5	–0.2	10.0	–1.0	8.7	–1.9	24.7	–2.5	27.0	–3.9
Untenured	1979	1.8	0.9	11.0	4.1	5.5	0.5	18.9	6.6	27.3	10.8
	1989	6.5	3.6	13.6	3.8	14.7	7.2	31.6	10.3	35.0	10.9
	1995	12.9	7.2	18.7	7.7	20.3	9.7	38.0	10.8	41.9	11.0
Tenured	1979	0.4	–0.5	4.7	–2.2	3.2	–1.8	7.0	–5.3	11.0	–5.5
	1989	1.5	–1.4	8.3	–1.5	4.5	–3.0	14.0	–7.3	17.7	–6.4
	1995	3.0	–2.7	7.4	–3.6	5.9	–4.7	19.7	–7.5	22.5	–8.4

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Assistant Professor	1979	2.6	1.7	10.6	3.7	6.5	1.5	20.1	7.8	28.0	11.5
	1989	8.0	5.1	14.0	4.2	16.4	8.9	32.6	11.3	37.9	13.8
	1995	15.0	9.3	17.9	6.9	22.3	11.7	39.0	11.8	43.5	12.6
Associate Professor	1979	0.7	–0.2	6.0	–0.9	4.6	–0.4	10.1	–2.2	15.9	–0.6
	1989	3.0	0.1	11.9	2.1	8.2	0.7	23.0	1.7	24.5	0.4
	1995	5.0	–0.7	10.0	–1.0	10.2	–0.4	30.9	3.7	32.2	1.3
Full Professor	1979	0.2	–0.7	3.4	–3.5	2.2	–2.8	5.0	–7.3	7.1	–9.4
	1989	0.8	–2.1	5.9	–3.9	3.2	–4.3	9.1	–12.2	12.7	–11.4
	1995	1.7	–4.0	6.3	–4.7	3.6	–7.0	14.0	–13.2	16.2	–14.7
NOTE: Deviation from percent full time is the difference between the percent women in a given category and the percent women working full time in that field. Positive values indicate proportionally more women in that category than the representation of women in that field.

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-12 Multinomial Logit Analysis on Academic Rank, by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test

		1979		1989		1995
Variable		Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men
Married	b	–0.297	0.131	–0.026	0.297	0.154	0.386
Married	z	2.13	0.86	0.24	2.28	1.17	3.15
Children <6 at Home	b	0.023	–0.109	0.039	0.042	–0.098	–0.078
Children <6 at Home	z	0.12	1.01	0.29	0.37	0.64	0.81
Not a US Citizen	b	0.279	0.11	–0.427	–0.331	–0.256	–0.219
Not a US Citizen	z	0.92	0.51	1.89	1.69	0.96	1.59
Career Year	b	0.569	0.731	0.562	0.638	0.487	0.62
Career Year	z	18.5	27.44	21.06	24.65	15.76	26.9
Career Year2	b	–0.011	–0.013	–0.009	–0.01	–0.008	–0.01
Career Year2	z	12.14	17.66	10.73	13.15	7.83	15.91
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.46	–0.503	0.163	–0.26	0.307	0.422
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1	1.99	0.74	1.39	1.11	2.97
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.31	0.026	0.328	0.011	0.462	0.56
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1.61	0.15	1.95	0.06	1.99	3.28
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.347	–0.601	–0.383	–0.504	0.04	–0.265
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	1.75	3.56	2.32	3.13	0.16	1.65
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	b	–0.86	–0.814	–0.255	–0.45	–0.217	–0.734
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences	z	4.86	5.49	1.71	2.98	1.55	5.44
Medical vs. Research I	b	–0.365	–0.546	–0.922	–1.166	–0.729	–1.207
Medical vs. Research I	z	1.56	3.68	5.44	7.9	3.82	8.64
Research II vs. Research I	b	0.551	0.203	0.42	0.248	0.086	0.347
Research II vs. Research I	z	1.91	1.09	2.16	1.41	0.36	2.13
Doctoral vs. Research I	b	0.283	–0.099	0.11	0.029	–0.043	0.015
Doctoral vs. Research I	z	1.38	0.59	0.65	0.18	0.21	0.11

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Master’s vs. Research I	b	0.765	0.727	0.405	0.255	0.42	–0.121
Master’s vs. Research I	z	4.54	4.96	2.93	1.76	2.57	0.96
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	b	0.318	0.665	0.483	0.301	0.557	0.405
Baccalaureate vs. Research I	z	1.34	3.2	2.53	1.51	2.43	2.03
Private vs. Research I	b	–0.51	–0.709	–0.482	–0.536	–0.512	–0.733
Private vs. Research I	z	3.56	6	4.23	4.95	3.84	7.41
Ph.D. Prestige	b	–0.104	0.014	0.029	0.062	–0.187	–0.047
Ph.D. Prestige	z	1.4	0.22	0.43	0.98	2.32	0.83
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	b	1.219	1.423	0.973	0.619	0.861	0.397
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years	z	7.4	8.87	7.54	4.3	6.21	3.14
Missing Data on Having Young Children	b	–0.046	–0.219	–0.105	0.154
Missing Data on Having Young Children	z	0.18	1.04	0.65	0.97
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	b	0.459	0.393	0.361	0.199
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D.	z	2.79	3.54	2.86	1.86
Constant	b	–3.082	–4.066	–4.383	–4.834	–3.365	–4.456
Constant	z	8.94	12.55	13.11	14.41	8.75	14.31
Observations		8242	6113	3773	6664	2296	7105

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

TABLE D-13 Multinomial Logit Analysis on Academic Rank, by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test

Panel A: 1979
	Women		Men
	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof.	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof
Career Yr.	–0.841	–0.363	–1.015	–0.404
Career Yr.	20.33	10.22	33.83	16.02
Career Yr Squared	0.016	0.006	0.019	0.005
Career Yr Squared	15.41	6.52	27.25	7.69
Engineering¹	0.171	0.011	–0.434	–0.202
Engineering¹	0.27	0.02	1.53	1.13
Mathematics¹	0.537	0.211	0.502	0.385
Mathematics¹	2.31	1.14	2.61	2.88
Physical Sciences¹	0.818	0.602	0.498	0.431
Physical Sciences¹	3.49	3.38	2.66	3.44
Biological Sciences¹	0.392	0.095	0.629	0.447
Biological Sciences¹	2.00	0.59	4.07	4.22
Medical School²	1.273	0.638	0.851	0.574
Medical School²	4.09	2.36	5.05	4.81
Research II²	–0.785	–0.592	–0.355	–0.310
Research II²	2.37	2.35	1.75	2.24
Doctoral²	–0.542	–0.141	0.494	0.536
Doctoral²	2.17	0.72	2.66	4.31
Master’s²	–0.996	–0.412	–0.796	–0.173
Master’s²	4.95	2.62	5.02	1.62
Baccalaureate²	–0.748	–0.617	–0.193	0.114
Baccalaureate²	2.83	2.85	0.87	0.74
Constant	7.109	4.094	7.176	3.791
Constant	19.32	12.09	27.12	16.55
Observations	2129	2129	6113	6113
Observations	NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses.

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Panel B: 1989
	Women		Men
	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof.	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof
Career Yr.	–0.846	–0.349	–1.032	–0.384
Career Yr.	24.37	11.10	32.94	14.83
Career Yr Squared	0.015	0.005	0.018	0.005
Career Yr Squared	16.90	6.18	25.10	7.54
Engineering¹	–0.559	–0.342	–0.506	–0.454
Engineering¹	1.77	1.21	2.25	2.87
Mathematics¹	–0.020	0.165	0.066	0.100
Mathematics¹	0.10	1.17	0.33	0.82
Physical Sciences¹	0.581	0.177	0.434	–0.026
Physical Sciences¹	3.07	1.25	2.37	0.22
Biological Sciences¹	–0.197	0.052	0.360	0.024
Biological Sciences¹	1.26	0.45	2.22	0.24
Medical School²	0.741	0.354	1.077	0.545
Medical School²	3.51	2.09	6.42	4.82
Research II²	0.027	0.400	–0.364	–0.036
Research II²	0.11	2.08	1.82	0.28
Doctoral²	–0.133	0.285	0.088	0.474
Doctoral²	0.65	1.88	0.47	4.12
Master’s²	–0.867	–0.428	–0.597	–0.051
Master’s²	5.38	3.60	3.71	0.52
Baccalaureate²	–0.757	–0.436	–0.245	–0.137
Baccalaureate²	3.54	2.70	1.12	0.95
Constant	8.101	4.361	8.850	4.512
Constant	23.35	13.53	28.79	17.05
Observations	3779	3779	6681	6681
Observations	NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses

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Suggested Citation: "D: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

Panel C: 1995
	Women		Men
	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof.	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof	Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof	Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof
Career Yr.	–0.827	–0.345	–1.013	–0.391
Career Yr.	18.05	8.56	35.53	17.01
Career Yr Squared	0.014	0.005	0.017	0.005
Career Yr Squared	11.42	4.78	27.01	9.00
Engineering¹	–0.892	–0.709	–0.660	–0.069
Engineering¹	2.20	1.93	3.67	0.55
Mathematics¹	–0.674	–0.052	–0.008	0.264
Mathematics¹	2.17	0.22	0.04	2.13
Physical Sciences¹	0.044	–0.160	0.355	–0.006
Physical Sciences¹	0.13	0.59	1.91	0.05
Biological Sciences¹	–0.108	–0.051	0.628	0.035
Biological Sciences¹	0.59	0.36	3.96	0.36
Medical School²	0.717	0.302	1.678	0.595
Medical School²	2.83	1.45	10.20	5.17
Research II²	0.221	0.278	–0.144	0.034
Research II²	0.67	1.04	0.74	0.26
Doctoral²	–0.158	0.282	0.407	0.502
Doctoral²	0.59	1.32	2.44	4.46
Master’s²	–0.708	–0.076	–0.217	0.072
Master’s²	3.37	0.46	1.47	0.75
Baccalaureate²	–0.164	0.225	–0.131	–0.058
Baccalaureate²	0.57	0.99	0.58	0.40
Constant	8.387	4.493	9.133	4.863
Constant	18.91	10.99	31.12	19.50
Observations	2300	2300	7114	7114
Observations	NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses.