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Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients (1998)

Chapter: Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.

Appendix A

Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals

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TABLE A. Recommended Intakes For Individuals

Life Stage	Calcium	Phosphorus	Magnesium	Vitamin D	Fluoride	Thiamin
Group	(mg/d)	(mg/d)	(mg/d)	(μ)g/d)^a,^b	(mg/d)	(mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo	210*	100*	30*	5*	0.01*	0.2*
7–12 mo	270*	275*	75*	5*	0.5*	0.3*
Children
1–3 y	500*	460	80	5*	0.7*	0.5
4–8 y	800*	500	130	5*	1*	0.6
Males
9–13 y	1,300*	1,250	240	5*	2*	0.9
14–18 y	1,300*	1,250	410	5*	3*	1.2
19–30 y	1,000*	700	400	5*	4*	1.2
31–50 y	1,000*	700	420	5*	4*	1.2
51–70 y	1,200*	700	420	10*	4*	1.2
> 70 y	1,200*	700	420	15*	4*	1.2
Females
9–13 y	1,300*	1,250	240	5*	2*	0.9
14–18 y	1,300*	1,250	360	5*	3*	1.0
19–30 y	1,000*	700	310	5*	3*	1.1
31–50 y	1,000*	700	320	5*	3*	1.1
51–70 y	1,200*	700	320	10*	3*	1.1
> 70 y	1,200*	700	320	15*	3*	1.1
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y	1,300*	1,250	400	5*	3*	1.4
19–30 y	1,000*	700	350	5*	3*	1.4
31–50 y	1,000*	700	360	5*	3*	1.4
Lactation
≤ 18 y	1,300*	1,250	360	5*	3*	1.5
19–30 y	1,000*	700	310	5*	3*	1.5
31–50 y	1000	700	320	5*	3*	1.5
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the Al is the mean intake. The Al for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. ^a As cholecalciferol. 1 (μ)g cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. ^b In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. ^c As niacin equivalents (NE). I mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). ^d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = I (μ)g food folate = 0.6 (μ)g of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 (μ)g of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. ^e Although AIs have been set for choline, there are too few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.

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Life Stage	Riboflavin	Niacin	Vitamin B₆	Folate	Vitamin	Pantothenic	Biotin	Choline
Group	(mg/d)	(mg/d)^c	(mg/d)	(μ)g/d)^d	B₁₂(μ)g/d)	Acid (mg/d)	(μ)g/d)	(mg/d)^e
Infants
0–6 mo	0.3*	2*	0.1*	65*	0.4*	1.7*	5*	125*
7–12 mo	0.4*	4*	0.3*	80*	0.5*	1.8*	6*	150*
Children
1–3 y	0.5	6	0.5	150	0.9	2*	8*	200*
4–8 y	0.6	8	0.6	200	1.2	3*	12*	250*
Males
9–13 y	0.9	12	1.0	300	1.8	4*	20*	375*
14–18 y	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5*	25*	550*
19–30 y	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5*	30*	550*
31–50 y	1.3	16	1.3	400	2.4	5*	30*	550*
51–70 y	1.3	16	1.7	400	2.4^f	5*	30*	550*
> 70 y	1.3	16	1.7	400	2.4^f	5*	30*	550*
Females
9–13 y	0.9	12	1.0	300	1.8	4*	20*	375*
14–18 y	1.0	14	1.2	400^g	2.4	5*	25*	400*
19–30 y	1.1	14	1.3	400^g	2.4	5*	30*	425*
31–50 y	1.1	14	1.3	400^g	2.4	5*	30*	425*
51–70 y	1.1	14	1.5	400	2.4^f	5*	30*	425*
> 70 y	1.1	14	1.5	400	2.4^f	5*	30*	425*
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y	1.4	18	1.9	600^h	2.6	6*	30*	450*
19–30 y	1.4	18	1.9	600^h	2.6	6*	30*	450*
31–50 y	1.4	18	1.9	600^h	2.6	6*	30*	450*
Lactation
≤ 18 y	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7*	35*	550*
19–30 y	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7*	35*	550*
31–50 y	1.6	17	2.0	500	2.8	7*	35*	550*
^f Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B₁₂, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B₁₂ or a supplement containing B₁₂. ^g In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. ^h It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.