America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume II (2001)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Accidents and injuries
I: 33–34
II: 290, 328, 359, 361–362, 363, 366
Acculturation, see Assimilation
Adolescents
alcohol and drug abuse,
II: 311, 327, 328–334, 329, 341
Blacks,
II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 323–339, 340–341, 361–364 (passim)
see also “teenage pregnancy” infra
crime and criminal justice system,
Blacks, II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 311, 323–334
homicide, II: 311, 322, 323–328, 340–341
dropouts,
educational issues, other,
II: 73
see also “test…” infra
employment, II: 101
firearms, II: 328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364
health issues, general,
I: 18
II: 322–339, 340–342, 359–364, 365–366, 367
Hispanics,
I: 375
II: 323, 328–331, 332, 361, 362, 363
homicide, II: 311, 322, 323–328, 340–341
immigrants, general, I: 230, 231
mortality, II: 323–327, 359, 361–362, 363– 364
peer pressure,
I: 375–378
II: 331
population age structure, I: 45–48
psychosocial problems, II: 311, 322–339, 340–342
smoking,
I: 33
suicide, II: 311, 322, 335–339, 341
teenage pregnancy,
I: 62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423
II: 147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399
I and II indicate the respective volumes to which the page numbers refer.
test scores, affirmative action,
test scores, cross-group comparisons,
violence, II: 311, 322, 323–328
wages, II: 109
Whites, II: 323–331, 335–337, 363
Adults, I: 14
disabled, II: 267
health status,
I: 17
II: 371–410
household structure, I: 24–25
immigrants, general, I: 230, 231
population age structure, I: 45–48
see also Elderly persons;
Military service;
Veterans
Affirmative action, I: 12, 318–347
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 171, 274
attitudes toward,
I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–344
II: 36
Blacks,
I: 272–273, 274, 318, 321, 331–332, 334–344
II: 5, 9, 10, 36, 75–79, 139, 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–214
classification of race and, I: 326
conference agenda,
I: 475
II: 437
criminal justice system and, II: 5, 9, 10, 36
defined, I: 318–319
education,
I: 319, 327–329, 332, 333, 334–335, 336, 337–342, 348
II: 198
electoral issues, I: 319, 329–331
employment,
I: 271, 274, 319–320, 322, 323–325, 332–337, 342
II: 69, 75–79, 104–105, 113–114, 204
funding and,
I: 319, 320–321, 322, 324, 325–326, 343–344, 426–427
II: 76–77
government contracting,
Hispanics,
I: 14, 123, 124, 274, 328, 335
housing,
Jews,
litigation,
local-level,
military personnel,
I: 15
II: 186
minority-owned businesses,
II: 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–217, 219
poverty and,
reverse discrimination,
set-asides,
state-level,
I: 319, 325–326, 329–330, 331, 333
II: 206
test scores, I: 323, 327–329, 334, 335, 337–342
Whites,
attitudes toward, I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331–337
other,
II: 75
women,
I: 319, 321, 324, 325, 331, 334, 336, 337
II: 113–114
African Americans, see Blacks
Age Discrimination Act, II: 77–78
Age factors, I: 44–49
affirmative action, attitudes toward, I: 333
American Indians,
I: 47, 48, 65–66, 67, 68, 75, 86–87
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
II: 282
Blacks,
I: 45, 46, 48, 66–67, 68, 71, 93, 350–356
II: 9, 13, 42–43, 165, 340, 378, 387
disabled persons, II: 267
educational attainment I: 114, 116
see also “test scores” infra
employment, II: 101, 144, 146–147
fertility, I: 62–63, 65–67, 68, 69
Hispanics,
I: 47–48, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 81, 85, 86–87, 114, 116, 119, 350, 352–356
household structure, I: 25
immigrants, general, I: 47, 49, 206, 208–209, 229–232
life expectancy,
II: 256, 257, 265, 382–383, 384–385
political factors, I: 62
test scores, I: 350–356
wealth, II: 234–237
Whites,
see also Adolescents;
Adults;
Children;
Development;
Elderly persons;
Infants;
Life expectancy
Aggregation and disaggregation techniques
Agricultural sector
American Indians, I: 152
immigrants, I: 59–60, 200–201, 213–214
internal migration, I: 58
see also Rural areas
AIDS
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), II: 153–158, 160, 161–162, 163, 168, 169
see also Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Alabama, II: 28
Alaskan Natives, see American Indians and Alaskan Natives
Alcohol and drug abuse, II: 343, 399
adolescents, II: 311, 327, 328–334, 329, 341
American Indians, II: 320–321, 340
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 320–321
Blacks,
I: 6
II: 3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46–47, 328–334, 341, 381, 382, 397
cocaine, II: 4, 12, 15–18, 26, 29, 39, 46, 47, 326, 328, 331, 333
criminal justice system,
I: 6
II: 3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46–47, 326, 328, 329, 331, 333
fetal alcohol exposure, II: 275, 311, 320–322, 340
health effects of alcohol, other, II: 275–276, 375–376, 380
Hispanics, II: 328–331, 332, 382
marijuana, II: 16, 39, 328, 329, 333
suicide and, II: 335
Whites, II: 39–40, 46–47, 328–332, 381, 382
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
American Academy of Pediatrics, II: 315
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
I: 103–104
II: 254
American Indians and Alaska Natives, I: 16, 38, 135–169
adolescent violence, II: 323
age factors,
I: 47, 48, 65–66, 67, 68, 75, 86–87
attitudes, I: 155
Bureau of Indian Affairs, I: 139
businesses owned by, II: 202
census data,
II: 371
Civil Rights Movement and, I: 153, 159
classification of,
II: 257, 371, 383–384, 387, 398
crime and criminal justice system,
cultural factors,
I: 16, 138, 139–140, 142–143, 147–148, 151, 153–165
II: 398
see also “language factors” infra
demographics, general, I: 16, 22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 137–138, 140, 141, 165
diseases and disorders, II: 60, 157, 267
economic conditions, general, I: 15, 31, 38, 60–61, 145–147
education, I: 137, 147–155, 166
educational attainment,
employment,
I: 60–61
fertility, I: 64–71 (passim), 93, 137
gambling on reservations, I: 146–147
gender factors,
I: 180
II: 340
see also “Indian Health Service” infra
health-care professionals, II: 286, 295
health risk factors, II: 272–276 (passim)
health status, general,
II: 254, 256, 258, 259, 262–263, 276, 383–384, 398
see “immunizations,” “infant…,” “life expectancy,” and “mortality” infra
homicide and assaultive violence,
housing conditions, I: 36–37
income,
II: 164
Indian Health Service,
I: 91
infant mortality,
infants, birth weight, II: 319
infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II: 320–321, 340
intermarriage,
II: 293
language factors, I: 142, 149, 154
legal issues,
remains of dead, I: 154(n.10), 158–161, 166
tribal membership requirements, I: 139–140, 144
tribal sovereignty, I: 143–144, 145, 146–147, 165–166
legislation,
general, I: 16, 143–144, 145, 149–150, 159–162
specific, I: 60, 140, 143–144, 152, 154(n.10), 160–161
life expectancy,
II: 262
marriage,
I: 16, 73, 75–76, 77, 79, 93, 142, 149
see also “intermarriage” supra
Medicare, II: 282
military service, I: 60
mortality,
I: 32–35, 80, 81, 82–83, 86–89, 91, 92, 93, 137, 146
II: 256, 258, 264, 266, 372–380, 383–384, 387
political factors, I: 16, 138, 143–145, 147, 153, 155–166
population size and growth,
I: 16, 22–23, 61, 135–138, 140
II: 254
poverty,
I: 146
II: 292
prenatal care, II: 279
racism and discrimination,
II: 391
regional demographics, I: 22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 136(n.2), 141
religion, I: 147–148, 154, 155–165
relocation of,
I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 141, 150, 151–152
II: 44
reservation inhabitants,
I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151
see also Indian Health Service
state-level factors,
I: 139, 140, 145, 150, 159–160, 251
II: 384
teenage pregnancy,
tribal affiliation/enrollment, I: 138–140, 142–143
tribal membership requirements, I: 139–140, 144
tribal sovereignty, I: 143–144, 145, 146–147, 165–166
urban areas,
I: 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 141–142, 150, 151–152
II: 262–263
veterans, II: 422
welfare,
II: 156–157, 164–165, 166, 171
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, II: 15, 26
Antiquities Act, I: 160
Apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
see also Jim Crow laws
Armed Forces, see Military service
Armed Forces Qualification Test, II: 141
Asian Indians
classification of, I: 41, 177, 255
criminal justice system, II: 44
educational attainment, I: 180, 181, 209
fertility, I: 66
health status, general, II: 266
immigrants, I: 51, 60, 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210
mortality,
II: 263
regional demographics, I: 51, 60
single parents, I: 77
Asian Pacific Planning and Policy Council, I: 173
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 16, 17, 94, 170–199, 277
adolescent violence, II: 323
affirmative action, I: 171, 274
age factors,
II: 282
attitudes of, I: 189, 209, 223
businesses owned by, II: 202
cardiovascular disease, II: 372–373
census data, I: 177–178
children of immigrants, I: 228–229
Civil Rights Movement, I: 173, 174
classification of,
I: 5, 22, 40, 41, 170(n.1), 177–178, 255, 267
II: 257, 371, 384–385, 387, 398
conference agenda,
I: 474–475
II: 436–437
criminal justice system, II: 44, 45
cultural factors,
I: 69, 178, 222, 223, 245–246, 260
II: 263, 287, 384–385, 398, 399
demographics, general, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 174–182
disabilities, II: 267
educational attainment,
I: 174, 179–182, 187–189, 209, 251, 348, 379
II: 102–103, 142, 145, 292, 319
elderly, II: 266
electoral issues, I: 170–174, 178, 179, 180, 182–193
employment,
II: 102–104, 126, 128, 129, 130–132, 133, 134, 135, 145
fertility, I: 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 93
funding, electoral participation, I: 171, 172, 173, 192
gender factors,
I: 180
II: 102, 126, 128, 129, 130–132, 133, 134, 135, 141–143, 145
Hawaii, residing in,
I: 51, 60, 171, 173, 176, 183, 185, 186, 191
II: 399
see also Hawaiian Natives
health care, II: 285
health-care professionals, II: 286
health insurance, II: 281–282, 283
health risk factors, II: 272–276 (passim)
health status, II: 256, 263, 272–276, 281–282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 373–374, 380, 384–385, 386, 398
housing conditions, I: 36–37
immigrants,
I: 23, 38–39, 48, 55–56, 57, 91, 93, 173, 175–176, 177, 184–189, 192, 205, 209, 210, 213–220, 223, 227–228, 407–409, 425
see also “naturalization” infra
immunizations, II: 362
income,
infant mortality,
II: 265
infants, birth weight, II: 319
infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II: 320–321
intermarriage,
II: 293
life expectancy,
I: 81
marriage,
I: 16, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 177, 178, 259
mental illness, I: 178
mortality,
II: 258, 263, 265, 266, 371–380, 384–385, 387
naturalization, I: 173, 186, 187–189, 255
neighborhood segregation/diversity,
I: 14, 37–38, 39, 44, 401, 407–409, 411, 414–415, 425
II: 44
political issues, I: 38, 170–199
population size and growth,
I: 16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 174–175, 182, 250
II: 352
prenatal care, II: 279
projections, I: 16, 43, 44, 61
racism and discrimination,
I: 172, 173–174, 192, 228, 260, 277, 280, 281, 285, 286
regional demographics,
I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 178, 215–220
research methodology,
I: 177–179
II: 367
socioeconomic status,
II: 385
see also “income” supra
state-level factors, I: 171–172, 173, 183
suburban areas, I: 190, 191, 456
teenage pregnancy,
I: 68
II: 361
test scores, I: 348
urban areas,
I: 53, 54, 55–56, 57–58, 93, 183–184, 187, 214, 216–217, 219, 220, 228–229, 233, 250, 441, 456
II: 44–45
wages,
I: 14
II: 102–104, 126, 129, 141–143
see also “neighborhood segregation/ diversity” supra
welfare, II: 156–157, 164–165, 166, 390
see also specific groups
Assimilation
cultural,
I: 23, 60, 125–126, 220–221, 222, 223–224, 236–237, 246, 258–259
II: 88–89, 287–288, 292, 398, 399
health effects, II: 287–288, 292, 398, 399
Hispanics,
I: 125–126
see also Segregation
Asylees, see Refugees and asylees
Attitudes, I: 8, 12–13, 264–301
about affirmative action,
I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–344
II: 36
of American Indians, I: 155
of Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 189, 209, 223
of Blacks,
affirmative action, I: 272–273, 274, 324–344
criminal justice system, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 33, 35
health care system, II: 417–420
low-wage work, II: 109
residential desegregation, I: 411–412
teenage pregnancy, I: 66–67
consumerism, I: 208–209
of health care providers, II: 278
of Hispanics,
immigrants, I: 223
students, I: 380–384
of immigrants, I: 236–237
about marriage, Black vs White attitudes, I: 74, 75, 272
research methodology,
I: 265–269
II: 388–389
of students, I: 368–378, 380–384
teachers,
attitudes of students toward,
of Whites,
affirmative action, I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331–337
students, I: 380–384
see also Public opinion;
Racism and discrimination
B
Birthrate, see Fertility
Birth weight, II: 264, 279, 311, 318–320, 339–340, 399, 400
Black-owned businesses
adolescents,
II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 323–339, 340–341, 361–364 (passim)
affirmative action,
I: 272–273, 274, 318, 321, 331–332, 334–344
II: 5, 9, 10, 36, 75–79, 139, 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–214
age factors,
I: 45, 46, 48, 66–67, 68, 71, 93, 350–356
II: 9, 13, 42–43, 165, 340, 378, 387
see also “adolescents” supra and “elderly persons” infra
alcohol use/drug trafficking and abuse,
I: 6
II: 3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46–47, 328–334, 341, 381, 382, 397
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
attitudes,
affirmative action, I: 272–273, 274, 324–344
criminal justice system, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 33, 35
health care system, II: 417–420
low-wage work, II: 109
residential desegregation, I: 411–412
teenage pregnancy, I: 66–67
Brazil, racial discrimination, I: 304–307, 310–316
businesses owned by,
capital punishment, II: 12–14, 25–26, 33
census undercounting, gender factors,
I: 42
II: 387–388
children, II: 225–226, 289–290, 311–339, 353, 354, 355 (passim), 367, 369, 400
classification of,
crime and criminal justice system,
I: 18–19, 34–36, 319, 424, 427
II: 1–51, 110, 115, 322, 323–332, 361, 362, 363, 378–379
juveniles, II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47
public opinion of discrimination by, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34–35, 48
see also Police;
“drug…,” “homicide,” “jury selection,” and “sentencing…” infra
cultural factors,
I: 246, 253, 256, 257, 264, 312, 368–375
see also “music” infra
demographics, general,
digital divide, I: 25
educational admissions,
educational attainment,
I: 25–26, 27, 38, 116, 180, 222, 311, 348–387, 423, 425, 427
II: 56–58, 59, 63–66, 69–72, 78–79, 95, 99, 102, 104–112 (passim), 115, 127, 136–140 (passim), 145–147, 165, 167, 190, 292, 319
see also “test scores” infra
education, general,
II: 247
education, teacher certification, I: 364
elderly persons, health status, II: 265–266
employment,
I: 9–10, 28, 35–36, 56, 58, 110, 112, 121, 183, 222, 422, 423–424, 425, 436, 441–442
II: 98–101, 134, 165, 194, 196, 218, 278, 343, 391–392, 397–398
see also Military service
employment, discrimination, II: 28, 35–36, 107–108, 222
employment, gender factors,
II: 52–55, 61–73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 98–147 , 174, 179, 183, 278, 326, 397–398
employment, health risk factors, II: 278, 289–291
employment, impacts of segregation, II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144
see also Spatial mismatch hypothesis
fertility, I: 63–70 (passim), 77, 93
gender factors,
II: 1, 22, 33, 42, 52–58, 158–160, 174, 179, 183, 323–328, 331, 336, 337, 341, 361–364 (passim), 378, 382–383, 384–385, 387–388
see also “employment, gender factors” supra
health care, II: 284, 286, 392–395, 412, 414–421
see also “hospitalization” infra
health-care professionals, II: 286, 295
health insurance, II: 281, 283, 413
health risk factors,
I: 33
II: 272–278 (passim), 287–291, 395–396, 397
health status, general, II: 254, 258, 259–260, 265–266, 270, 287–291, 314, 381–383, 385–386, 397, 417
HIV,
I: 34
II: 377–378
homicide,
II: 2, 25–26, 27, 33, 259, 322, 323–328, 340, 361–364 (passim), 378, 379
hospitalization, II: 284–285, 393–394, 413, 415–421
housing conditions,
hypertension, II: 278, 288, 294, 396, 400
immigrants,
income,
I: 15, 30–31, 32, 38, 58, 111, 113, 114, 411, 421–422, 425
II: 2, 54, 55, 128, 165, 220, 225, 229–234
infant mortality,
infants, birth weight, II: 318, 319, 339–340, 400
infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II: 320–321, 340
infants, iron deficiency, II: 314, 315, 339
intermarriage,
II: 293
jury selection,
I: 319
language factors, II: 386
lead poisoning, II: 316, 317, 339–340
life expectancy,
II: 259, 266, 292, 382–383, 384–385
marriage,
I: 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 93, 272, 422
mathematics achievement, I: 25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367
Medicaid, II: 281
Medicare, II: 281, 284, 392, 413
mental illness, II: 188–289, 381–382
migration within U.S.,
see also “regional factors” infra
military personnel,
I: 15
II: 174–189, 393–394, 412, 414–421
mortality,
I: 32–35, 81, 82–83, 86–89, 90, 91–92, 93, 424, 425
II: 179, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 264, 265, 266, 277, 290, 291, 361, 363, 372–380, 382–383, 384–385, 387–388, 397, 417–418
political issues,
I: 38, 121, 129, 186, 279–280, 302–316
see also Civil Rights Movement
population size and growth,
I: 16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 250, 437, 438, 445
poverty,
II: 55, 67, 116, 218, 225, 274, 292, 324–327, 343, 357, 400
prenatal care, II: 279
projections, I: 16, 43, 44, 61
psychological factors, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 278, 335, 381–382
race, concept of, I: 246, 253, 256, 257
racial profiling by police, II: 3–7, 23, 24–25, 29, 33, 35–36
racism and discrimination,
I: 104, 221, 222, 264–267, 269–295, 302–316, 333, 348
II: 106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137–141, 142, 144, 147, 184–186, 188, 195, 239, 246–247, 367, 369, 389, 390, 391–396, 400–401, 420–421
reading achievement, I: 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 360–362, 366, 368, 369, 370, 372
regional factors, demographics,
I: 23–24, 50, 51, 52, 56–57, 58–59, 61, 218
health status, II: 260
urban areas,
I: 52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403
II: 104
see also “migration within U.S.” supra
segregation,
I: 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 244–245, 269–272, 273, 278, 279
II: 108–109
educational,
I: 269–271
employment impacts, II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144
health care, II: 281
Jim Crow laws,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402
II: 281
residential,
I: 6, 37–38, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 283–284, 294–295, 392–403, 405–406, 409–428, 436
II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 227, 240, 241, 243, 326, 331–332, 343, 391–392, 400–401
sentencing and incarceration,
II: 2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 110, 115
smoking,
I: 33
socioeconomic status, general,
II: 34–35, 52–56, 254, 270, 291, 386, 388
see also “educational attainment,” “employment…,” and “income” supra and “wealth” infra
South Africa, apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
suburban areas,
suicide, II: 34, 335–339, 341, 379–380, 381
teacher certification, I: 364
teachers attitudes toward, I: 13, 378–380
teenage pregnancy,
test scores,
I: 13, 323, 334, 335, 337–342, 348–367, 369, 370, 372, 383–384, 385–387
urban areas,
I: 52–59 (passim), 129, 218, 219, 220, 221–222, 233, 253, 376–378, 399, 400, 402–403, 456
II: 1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 104, 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 165, 191–193, 198–199, 208–213, 284, 326–327, 343, 391–392
see also “segregation” supra
veterans, health care,
I: 18
wages,
II: 52–53, 60–69, 70, 76, 78–79, 81, 94, 95, 98–100, 104–110, 115, 138–141, 143, 164, 326
wealth,
II: 92–94, 225–230, 232–234, 236–247
welfare,
White racism and discrimination, see “racism and discrimination” under Whites
Black Wealth/White Wealth, II: 225, 241
Blank, Rebecca M.
II: 439
Blumstein, Alfred
Bobo, Lawrence D.
II: 439
Bonilla, Frank
II: 440
Boston, Thomas D.
Brazil, I: 13, 304–307, 310–316
Breast cancer, II: 383
Brookings Institution, I: 453
fertility, I: 65
minority-owned businesses, II: 193, 200
racial and ethnic classification, I: 4–5, 7, 40–42, 57, 119–120, 121–122
undercounting,
II: 387–388
see also Current Population Survey
Bureau of Indian Affairs, I: 139
Bureau of Justice Statistics, II: 27
Bush, George, I: 326
Butler, John Sibley
C
California
affirmative action, I: 171, 330
American Indians, I: 139, 140, 251
Asian/Pacific Islander vote, I: 171, 173, 175–176, 183, 184, 251
Blacks,
I: 175
II: 43
Hispanics, I: 51, 107, 109, 175, 203, 251
illegal immigrants, I: 203
immigrants, other, I: 175–176, 206
minority population growth, II: 402
urban renewal, I: 446
Camarillo, Albert M.
II: 440
Canada
immigrants from, I: 216–217
Indians, I: 135–141 (passim)
Cancer
II: 272, 373–374, 380, 382–383, 384–385, 386, 393, 399, 418
Capital punishment, II: 12–14, 25–26, 33
Cardiovascular disease
II: 259, 274, 285, 328, 372–373, 380, 393–395, 414–415, 421, 423, 424
see also Hypertension
Carter, Jimmy, II: 78
Caucasians, see Whites
Census data
I: 40
II: 371
American Indians,
II: 371
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 177–178
Blacks,
I: 42
II: 387–388
fertility, I: 65
funding and census counts, I: 43
Hispanics,
I: 41–42, 57, 106, 107, 119–120, 121–122, 338
II: 85
illegal immigrants, II: 85
internal migration issues, I: 56, 58
minority-owned businesses, II: 200–204
segregation indices, I: 110, 419–420
undercounting,
II: 387–388
see also Bureau of Census;
Classification issues;
Current Population Survey
Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences (Stanford University), I: 1
Center for Employment Training, II: 113, 117
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, II: 321, 357, 367
Cerebrovascular disorders, II: 415–416, 422
Characteristics of Business Owners, II: 200, 203
Child abuse, II: 343
Children
adolescent violence, early childhood prevention, II: 327
American Indians, II: 353, 359, 360
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 228–229
behavioral and developmental problems,
I: 18
II: 311–344
Blacks, II: 225–226, 289–290, 311–339, 353, 354, 355 (passim), 367, 369, 400
demographics, general, II: 352–356
diet, II: 274
federal programs and health status,
II: 163–166, 342–344, 351, 364–370
health issues,
I: 18
II: 311–322, 339–340, 342–344, 351–359, 366
see also Birth weight;
Infant mortality;
Infants;
Pregnancy
Hispanics,
II: 102, 228–229, 289–290, 340, 353, 355, 400
household structure, I: 25
immigrants and of immigrants,
II: 102–103
immunizations,
I: 92
II: 357–359
iron deficiencies, II: 311, 312, 314–315, 339
lead poisoning, II: 289–290, 311, 315–318
neighborhood segregation, impacts on, I: 423
population age structure, I: 45–48
poverty, impacts on, II: 354, 356, 357–359, 400
psychological factors, II: 311–318
wealth, household, II: 225–226, 240–247
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), II: 153–158, 160, 161–162, 163, 168, 169
Supplemental Security Income, II: 156
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), II : 153, 154, 161, 342
Women, Infants, and Children program, II: 315
see also Adolescents;
Education;
Families and households;
Infant mortality;
Infants;
Parents;
Single parents
educational attainment, I: 180, 181, 209
employment issues, II: 103, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135
fertility, I: 66
health care, II: 282
health status, II: 263, 265, 266
immigrants, I: 51, 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 216–217
marriage,
II: 266
regional demographics, I: 51
Cities, see Urban areas
Citizenship, see Electoral issues;
Naturalization;
Political issues
Civil Rights Acts
I: 114, 320–321, 322, 323, 324, 333
II: 76, 77, 78, 139, 204, 206, 281
Civil Rights Commission, II: 127, 138(n.9)
Civil Rights Movement
I: 126, 244, 248, 250, 253, 254, 255, 258, 265, 290, 291, 304, 320, 351, 368, 437
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 173, 174
criminal justice system, II: 33, 45
Hispanics compared to Blacks, I: 118
residential segregation, I: 402
see also Affirmative action
Classification issues
I: 4, 40–44, 57, 119–120, 254–255
affirmative action and, I: 326
American Indians,
II: 257, 371, 383–384, 387, 398
Asian Indians, I: 41, 177, 255
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 5, 22, 40, 41, 170(n.1), 177–178, 255, 267
II: 257, 371, 384–385, 387, 398
Blacks,
Bureau of Census, I: 4–5, 7, 40–42, 57, 119–120, 121–122
government systems, discriminatory, I: 255
Hawaiian Natives,
II: 371
health status and care,
I: 5
Hispanics,
I: 4, 41–42, 57, 107, 119–120, 121–122, 267
II: 255, 256, 371, 384, 387, 398
mixed racial status, I: 4, 7, 41, 42, 85, 247–250
socioeconomic status and race, I: 5
Whites,
II: 387
see also Aggregation and disaggregation techniques
Clinton, William
affirmative action, I: 318
Asian vote, I: 171–172
Blacks, military personnel, II: 181
criminal justice system, II: 14
Initiative on Race,
Universal Savings Accounts, II: 248
Cocaine, II: 4, 12, 15–18, 26, 29, 39, 46, 47, 326, 328, 331, 333
Coleman Report, see Equality of Educational Opportunity
Colorado, I: 109
Commission on Minority Participation in Education and American Life, I: 364
Community development corporations, I: 450–451
Community-level factors, see Local factors
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act, II: 17
Computers and computer science
digital divide, I: 25
Internet, I: 130
Concerned Citizens of South Central, I: 451–452
Connecticut, II: 28
Conrad, Cecilia A.
Council of Economic Advisers, I: 111, 114
Court cases, see Litigation
Crack cocaine, see Cocaine
Crime and criminal justice
II: 1–51
adolescents, II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 311, 323–334, 340–341
affirmative action, II: 5, 9, 10, 36
alcohol and drug abuse,
I: 6
II: 3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46–47, 326, 328, 329, 331, 333
American Indians,
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 44, 45
Black juveniles, criminal justice system, II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47
Blacks, other,
I: 18–19, 34–36, 319, 424, 427
II: 1–51, 13, 42–43, 107–108, 109–110
juveniles, II: 3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47
public opinion of discrimination against, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34–35, 48
see also Police
capital punishment, II: 12–14, 25–26, 33
child abuse, II: 343
Civil Rights Movement and, II: 33, 45
demographics of, II: 15, 22, 26–28, 32, 41–44
drug abuse,
I: 6
II: 4, 12, 14–17, 26, 29, 39, 46, 47
economic motives for crime, II: 109–110
employment discrimination due to fear of, II: 107–108
gender factors, II: 1, 22, 29–30, 323–326, 331, 378
Hispanics,
I: 18
political issues, II: 17, 33, 34, 40–41, 45
public opinion, discrimination against Blacks, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34–35, 48
racial stereotyping,
II: 3–7
racism and discrimination,
I: 280–283
sentencing and incarceration,
II: 2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 327
see also “capital punishment” supra
state-level factors, II: 7–9, 15, 28
urban areas,
I: 18
II: 1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 44–45, 331–332, 333
victims of crime,
II: 1–2, 10, 13, 14, 25, 26, 27
Whites
II: 1–15, 16–18, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 33–34, 35, 38–47 (passim), 323–332
see also Homicide;
Police;
Suicide;
Violence
Cubans, I: 5, 22, 42, 104, 105, 107, 108, 216–217, 233
educational attainment, I: 115, 116
employment,
health insurance, II: 280
health status, II: 256, 259, 265, 267
income, I: 113
political issues, I: 128
regional demographics, I: 51, 57
segregation, I: 110
urban areas, I: 54
Cultural factors, I: 2, 8, 9, 11–13, 104, 220–224, 229, 238
American Indians,
I: 16, 138, 139–140, 142–143, 147–148, 151, 153–165
II: 398
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 69, 178, 222, 223, 245–246, 260
II: 263, 287, 384–385, 398, 399
Blacks,
I: 246, 253, 256, 257, 264, 312, 368–375
education and, I: 368–378
health status effects, II: 263, 287–288, 292, 293–294, 414, 422
Hispanics,
I: 16, 23, 104–105, 119, 125–128, 222, 372
Hispanics, desired family size, I: 65
marriage, Black vs White women’s attitudes, I: 71, 74
multiculturalism, I: 16, 126, 221, 249, 252–254, 312–313, 368
popular culture and educational achievement, I: 368–375
race and ethnicity defined, I: 2–4, 13, 243–260
racism,
Brazil, South Africa, and U.S., compared, I: 304–316
U.S. Whites, I: 276, 277, 278–280, 305
research methodology,
I: 178
II: 287
stress, attitudes toward, II: 278
tests and testing, I: 12
urban areas, I: 218
White ethnics,
I: 18
Whites, other, I: 220–221, 251–254
see also Assimilation;
Language factors;
Music;
Political issues;
Racism and discrimination;
Religion
Current Population Survey (CPS), I: 40
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 178
Black and Hispanic women, employment, II: 133
health insurance coverage, II: 283
mortality data, II: 387
second-generation immigrants, I: 233
welfare, II: 171
D
Death, see Homicide;
Infant mortality;
Mortality;
Suicide
Death penalty, see Capital punishment
Death Registration Area, II: 254
Demographics, I: 1, 15–17, 22–25, 40, 49–51, 56–62, 92–93, 103
American Indians, I: 16, 22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 137–138, 140, 141, 165
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 174–182
Blacks,
children, general, II: 352–356
conference agenda,
I: 472
II: 434
criminal justice system, II: 15, 22, 26–28, 32, 41–44
Hispanics, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 59, 61, 93, 106–110
minority defined, I: 22
race and ethnicity defined, I: 2–4, 40–44, 245–252, 254–255
racism, international perspectives, I: 304–305, 307
regional, see Regional factors
see also Age factors;
Families and households;
Gender factors;
Immigrants and immigration;
Marriage and marital status;
Migration, within U.S.;
Mixed racial status;
Population size and growth;
Rural areas;
Segregation;
Socioeconomic status;
Suburban areas;
Urban area
Dental care, II: 393
Department of Commerce, II: 204–205
Department of Education
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), I: 25–26, 348–372, 380, 383–384
Department of Health and Human Services
I: 322
II: 364–365
Indian Health Service,
I: 91
National Center for Health Statistics, I: 85
Department of Housing and Urban Development, I: 417–419, 426–428, 436, 445, 451, 459
Department of Justice, I: 416
Bureau of Justice Statistics, II: 27
Department of Labor, I: 321, 322
Department of Veterans Affairs, II: 241
Development
adolescent,
I: 18
childhood
I: 18
early childhood education programs, II: 111
see also Age factors
Diabetes
I: 92
Diet, see Nutrition and diet
Disabled persons,
age factors, II: 267
birth weight and, II: 318
discrimination against,
I: 2
veterans, II: 411
Disaggregation of data, see Aggregation and disaggregation techniques
Discrimination, see Racism and discrimination
Diseases and disorders, I: 17–18
alcohol, health effects, II: 275–276, 311, 320–322, 340, 375–376, 380
American Indians, II: 60, 157, 267
iron deficiency and, II: 311, 312, 314–315, 339
lead poisoning, II: 289–290, 311, 315–318, 339
mortality rates and specific,
I: 90
II: 372–378
see also Accidents and injuries;
Disabled persons;
Mental illness;
specific diseases and disorders
Dropouts
Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Drug Enforcement Agency, II: 4
Du Bois, W.E.B., I: 348
E
Earned Income Tax Credit, II: 115
Economic factors, general
I: 14–15
II: 52–53
American Indians, I: 15, 31, 38, 60–61, 145–147
assimilation, II: 85–88
crime, participation in, II: 109–110
discrimination, I: 104
geographic factors, general, I: 17
health care costs not covered by insurance, II: 284, 333
Hispanics, I: 110–114, 124–125
immigration and globalization, I: 207–210, 212, 214, 224
immigration networks, I: 213–214, 222, 224, 403
marriage, Black vs White women’s attitudes, I: 71
race and racism, concept of, I: 245
regional demographics and internal migration, I: 46, 58, 59, 60
residential segregation, I: 391–392, 409–410, 411, 415–424, 427, 428
taxation,
II: 115, 154, 200–201, 227, 238–239, 371
see also Black-owned businesses;
Employment;
Income;
Minority-owned businesses;
Poverty;
Small businesses;
Socioeconomic status;
Wealth
Economic Opportunity Act, II: 204
Edley, Christopher, Jr.
Education
II: 69–73
accountability, I: 364–365
adolescents,
II: 73
dropouts,
adolescent substance abuse, II: 334
adolescent violence, interventions, II: 327
affirmative action,
I: 319, 327–329, 332, 333, 334–335, 336, 337–342, 348
II: 198
American Indians, I: 137, 147–155, 166
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 188–189, 192
Blacks, admission to higher education,
Blacks, other,
II: 247
Blacks, segregation,
I: 269–271
conference agenda,
I: 473
II: 435
cultural factors, I: 368–378
demographic diversity, I: 25
digital divide,
I: 8–9, 17, 25, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320–321, 364, 445
early childhood development programs, II: 111
English-language courses, I: 365–366
G.I.Bill, I: 10
Hispanics, I: 14, 123, 124, 365, 366, 369, 371
Hispanics, bilingual, I: 119, 123, 124
immigrants, I: 208–210, 234, 235, 236
international students, I: 204, 210, 213
job training, I: 324, 336–337, 460
medical education, II: 286
parental attitudes toward, I: 379–380
politics of, I: 364
racism and discrimination,
I: 8–9, 17, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320–321, 364, 445
see also “affirmative action” supra
racism discussed by multiracial group, I: 256–257
school segregation/integration,
I: 149–152, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320–321, 364, 445
Whites, II: 246
affirmative action, I: 327–329, 337–342
see also Teachers;
Tests and testing
Educational attainment/achievement
American Indians,
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 174, 179–182, 187–189, 251, 209, 348, 379
II: 102–103, 142, 145, 292, 319
attitudes toward race and, I: 12–13
birth weight and maternal, II: 318
Blacks
I: 25–26, 27, 38, 116, 180, 222, 311, 348–387, 423, 425, 427
II: 56–58, 59, 63–66, 69–72, 78–79, 95, 99, 102, 104–112 (passim), 115, 127, 136–140 (passim), 145–147, 165, 167, 190, 292, 319
dropouts,
electoral participation and, I: 174, 179, 182, 187–188
employment and,
II: 63–65, 69–75, 99–100, 102, 104–112 (passim), 115, 127, 136–147 (passim)
health status and, II: 292, 311
Hispanics,
I: 26–27, 39, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118–119, 143, 180, 208, 379, 385–387
II: 56–59, 63, 64–65, 70–73, 78, 89, 94, 95, 102–103, 142, 143, 147, 165, 167, 227, 292, 319
immigrants, general, I: 208–210, 234, 236
job training, I: 324, 336–337, 460
jury selection, I: 13
mathematics,
I: 25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367
mortality and, I: 91
parental,
II: 319
quality of schooling, II: 139, 195
reading ability,
I: 149, 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 368, 369, 372
segregation and, I: 17
welfare recipients, II: 165, 167
Whites,
I: 25–26, 27, 116, 180, 369, 371, 379
II: 56–59, 63, 69–73, 127, 136–143 (passim), 145, 165, 319
see also Tests and testing
Eggerling-Boeck, Jennifer, I: 40–102
Elderly persons
access to health care, II: 278, 282
see also Medicare
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
American Indians, II: 266, 282
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 266
Blacks, II: 265–266
disabled, II: 267
health status, general, II: 265–266, 283
mortality, II: 264–266
population age structure, I: 45–48
Whites, households, I: 25
Electoral issues
affirmative action, legislative districting, I: 319, 329–331
affirmative action, other, I: 329–331
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 170–174, 178, 179, 180, 182–193
educational attainment and participation, I: 174, 179, 182, 187–188
Hispanics, I: 117–119, 121, 123, 186
jury selection and voter registration, II: 10
suburbs, I: 435
voting, discrimination, I: 9
Employment
II: 267
adolescents, II: 101
affirmative action,
I: 271, 274, 319–320, 322, 323–325, 332–337, 342
II: 69, 75–79, 104–105, 113–114, 204
age factors, II: 101, 144, 146–147
American Indians,
I: 60–61
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
II: 102–104,126,128,129,130–132,133, 134, 135, 145
Black-owned businesses, II: 192–193, 199, 201–202, 218–219
Blacks,
I: 9–10, 28, 35–36, 56, 58, 110, 112, 121, 183, 222, 422, 423–424, 425, 436, 441–442
II: 98–101, 134, 165, 194, 196, 218, 278, 343, 391–392, 397–398
discrimination, II: 28, 35–36, 107–108, 222
gender factors,
II: 52–55, 61–73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 98–147, 174, 179, 183, 278, 326, 397–398
health risk factors, II: 278, 289–291
segregation, impacts on, II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144
see also Spatial mismatch hypothesis
conference agenda,
I: 473–474
II: 435–436
crime, employment discrimination due to fear of,
I: 35–36
II: 63–65, 69–75, 99–100, 102, 104–112 (passim), 115, 127, 136–147 (passim)
gender factors, I: 14–15, 27–30, 224–227
see also “gender factors” under “Blacks” supra and “Hispanics” and “Whites” infra
government policies, I: 11
health, occupational exposures, II: 278, 289–292
health insurance provided by employer, II: 279–280, 392
highly skilled, I: 208–209, 210
Hispanics,
I: 14, 59–60, 105, 110–112, 117, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131, 213–214, 224–227, 441–442
II: 53, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 128–135 (passim), 143, 165, 183, 280, 343
gender factors,
II: 53–68, 71–73, 78, 81–87, 102, 124, 126, 129, 133, 135, 136, 141–143, 146–147
household structure, II: 136, 142, 143–144, 147
immigrant status and,
I: 204, 207, 208, 209–210, 221, 224–227, 235, 236
II: 54, 58, 83–89, 94, 102, 142–143
incarceration, impacts on employability,
I: 35–36
labor force participation,
I: 22, 27–30, 35–36, 62, 224–227
II: 100, 101, 133, 134, 137, 143–146
see also Military service
litigation, discrimination,
low-skilled,
I: 9–10, 31, 58, 110, 111, 112, 125, 221, 225, 235, 236
II: 76, 105, 109, 115, 125, 127, 131–132, 138, 145, 195, 391–392
marital status and marriage, II: 133, 136, 143–144
minority businesses, II: 192–193, 199, 201–202
mortality and, I: 91
racism and discrimination,
I: 6–7, 8, 9, 14–15, 28, 35–36, 107–108, 222, 271, 282, 320, 321, 322, 323–325, 333–334
II: 76–78, 106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137–141, 142, 144, 147, 204, 223, 391–392
regional migration and, I: 46, 58–59
research methodology, I: 136–138
segregation, general, I: 17, 422, 423–424, 425
segregation, spatial mismatch hypothesis,
I: 17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460
II: 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147
trade unions, I: 9
transportation to,
welfare and, II: 144, 153, 162–163, 165, 166, 342
Whites,
gender factors,
I: 27–30
II: 54, 55, 61, 63, 65–67, 68–69, 75–76, 80, 81, 82, 100–101, 103, 124–125, 130–147 (passim)
see also Agricultural sector;
Military service;
Wages and salaries
Environmental Protection Agency, I: 461
Environmental toxins, II: 289–291, 392
lead poisoning, II: 289–290, 311, 315–318
occupational exposures, II: 278, 289–292
toxins, urban areas, I: 435, 436, 443–444, 446–448, 450–452, 458, 461
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, II: 381, 382
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Equality of Educational Opportunity, I: 351
Europeans
health interventions, II: 294
immigrants, I: 103, 203–204, 205, 206, 211, 212, 214–215, 216–217, 222, 227, 258–259
suicide, II: 335
wealth inequality, II: 224, 399
Executive Order 10925, I: 320
Executive Order 11246
I: 322
Executive Order 11365,
I: 322
II: 204
Executive Order 11458, II: 204–205
F
Fair Housing Act, I: 398, 401, 413, 415, 427
Families and households,
Blacks,
I: 77
educational attainment, I: 351
employment and, II: 136, 142, 143–144, 147
Hispanics,
I: 65
II: 352
homicide and assaultive violence, familial factors, II: 325, 327–328
immigrant networks,
I: 59, 60, 213–214, 222, 224, 403
II: 107
refugees, reunification, I: 204, 207, 213
suicide, familial factors, II: 335
welfare,
I: 15
II: 152–153, 164, 166, 167, 172
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
see also Marriage and marital status;
Parents;
Single parents;
Socioeconomic status
Federal Acknowledgment, I: 144
Federal government
American Indians, I: 139, 143–145
see also Indian Health Service;
Reservations, American Indians
contracting, affirmative action,
Healthy People 2000, II: 351–369
Healthy People 2010, I: 92
housing subsidies, II: 156, 160–161, 163
President’s Initiative on Race,
racist actions of officials, I: 302
wealth accumulation, II: 238–239
see also Funding;
Legislation, specific;
Military service;
specific departments and agencies, Presidents of the U.S., and terms beginning “Executive…”
Ferguson, Ronald F.
II: 441
Fertility, I: 16, 40, 43, 45, 62–71, 93
age factors, I: 62–63, 65–67, 68, 69
American Indians, I: 64–71 (passim), 93, 137
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 93
Baby Boom,
II: 245
Blacks, I: 63–70 (passim), 77, 93
Hispanics, I: 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 93, 107
out-of-wedlock childbearing,
statistical techniques, I: 62–63
Whites, I: 63–70 (passim), 77, 93
see also Pregnancy
Fetal alcohol exposure, II: 275, 311, 320–322, 340
Filipinos, I: 5
educational attainment, I: 181, 209
elected officials, I: 183
employment issues, II: 103, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135
fertility, I: 66
immigrants, I: 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210, 216–217
mortality,
I: 90
II: 265
regional demographics, I: 51
Firearms, II: 246, 328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378
Florida
II: 402
Food stamps, II: 154–158 (passim), 160, 161, 163, 342
Ford, Gerald, I: 427
Foreign Assistance Act, II: 214
Foreign countries, see Immigrants and immigration;
International perspectives;
specific countries
Friends, see Peers and friends
Funding
affirmative action,
I: 320–321, 322, 325–326, 343–344, 426–427
II: 76–77
Asian/Pacific Islander election participation, I: 171, 172, 173, 192
census counts and, I: 43
drug abuse, treatment, II: 327
housing, antidiscrimination, I: 426–427, 428
housing subsidies,
I: 445–446
infant mortality, II: 364–365
minority-owned businesses, II: 193
school desegregation, I: 320–321
veterans health care, II: 422, 424
welfare, II: 342
G
Gallop Poll data
Blacks, criminal justice system, II: 1, 33
Gautreaux Demonstration Project
I: 427
II: 113
Gender factors
affirmative action for women,
I: 319, 321, 324, 325, 331, 334, 336, 337
II: 113–114
American Indians,
I: 180
II: 340
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 180
II: 102, 126, 128, 129, 130–132, 133, 134, 135, 141–143, 145
Blacks,
II: 1, 22, 33, 42, 52–58, 158–160, 174, 179, 183, 323–328, 331, 336, 337, 341, 361–364 (passim), 378, 382–383, 384–385, 387–388
Blacks, employment,
II: 52–55, 61–73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 98–147, 174, 278, 326, 397–398
breast cancer, II: 383
businesses owned by minority men,
I: 194–195
businesses owned by White women, II: 191–192, 193, 203
cardiovascular disease, II: 259
census undercounting, Blacks,
I: 42
II: 387–388
crimes and criminal justice system, II: 1, 22, 29–30, 323–326, 331, 378
employment, I: 14–15, 27–30, 224–227
see also “employment, gender factors” under Blacks;
Hispanics;
and Whites
health risk factors, II: 272
Hispanics,
I: 28, 29, 30, 39, 110, 130, 180, 224–227
II: 53–59, 71–73, 81, 83, 102, 158–160, 261, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378
Hispanics, employment,
II: 53–68, 71–73, 78, 81–87, 102, 124, 126, 129, 133, 135, 136, 141–143, 146–147
household structure,
I: 24
II: 352–353
immigrants, general, I: 206, 224–227
life expectancy,
I: 86–87
marriage, Black vs White women’s attitudes, I: 71, 74
military service by Black women, II: 174, 179, 183
mortality,
II: 259, 261, 363, 382–383, 384–385
race, concept of,
II: 174
wages,
I: 28–30
II: 52–59, 61–73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 82–88, 89, 94–95, 98–100, 104–110, 115, 124–127
wealth accumulation, II: 249
Whites,
II: 42, 54, 55, 159, 191–192, 323–327, 336, 337, 361, 363, 378, 382–382, 384–385
Whites, employment,
I: 27–30
II: 54, 55, 61, 63, 65–67, 68–69, 75–76, 80, 81, 82, 100–101, 103, 124–125, 130–147 (passim)
see also Fertility;
Pregnancy
General Social Survey
I: 277
Genetics
I: 3
American Indians, I: 158
Geographic factors, I: 15–19, 435–467
assimilation, spatial, I: 391–392, 403;
see also Segregation
conference agenda,
I: 474
II: 436
see also Immigrants and immigration;
International perspectives;
Migration, within U.S.;
Regional factors;
Rural areas;
Segregation;
Spatial mismatch hypothesis;
Suburban areas;
Urban areas
Georgia
I: 57
II: 28
Gottschalk, Peter T.
Government role, see Crime and criminal justice;
Federal government;
Litigation;
Public health interventions;
Taxation
Guns, see Firearms
H
Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons
Hart-Cellar Act, see Immigration and Nationality Act
Hawaii
Asians and Pacific Islanders in,
I: 51, 60, 171, 173, 176, 183, 185, 186, 191
II: 399
Hawaiian Natives
cancer incidence, II: 386
classification of,
II: 371
education and socioeconomic status, II: 271
infant mortality, I: 90, 265, 266
mortality, general, II: 263
repatriation, I: 161
Hawkins, Darnell F.
Hazardous materials, see Environmental toxins
Health-care professionals
minority, II: 285–287, 295–296
Health insurance
I: 91
accidents and injuries,
I: 33–34
II: 282–283, 290, 328, 359, 361–362, 363, 366
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 281–282, 283
discrimination,
I: 10–11
II: 392–394
drug treatment, II: 333
employer provided, II: 279–280, 392
managed care, II: 285
Medicaid, II: 154, 155–156, 160, 161, 163, 281
Medicare, II: 280–284 (passim), 392, 413, 424
research methodology, II: 283
veterans, II: 411
Whites, II: 280–283, 392–393, 413
see also Managed care
Health issues
I: 6, 17–18, 22, 33–34, 38, 90–91
II: 253–429
access to care,
II: 278–287, 295, 382, 392, 413, 419, 421
see also Health insurance;
Medicaid;
Medicare
accidents and injuries,
I: 33–34
II: 282–283, 290, 328, 359, 361–362, 363, 366
see also Teenage pregnancy
adolescents,
I: 18
II: 322–339, 340–342, 359–364, 365–366, 367
see also Teenage pregnancy
adults,
I: 17–18
II: 371–410
American Indians,
II: 254, 256, 258, 259, 262–263, 276, 285, 383–384, 398, 422
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 256, 263, 272–276, 281–282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 373–374, 380, 384–385, 386, 398
assimilation, effects of, II: 287–288, 292, 398, 399
Blacks,
II: 254, 258, 259–260, 265–266, 270, 272–278 (passim), 284, 286, 287–291, 295, 314, 358, 360, 381–383, 385–386, 392–396, 397, 412, 414–421
children,
I: 18
II: 311–322, 339–340, 342–344, 351–359, 366
see also Birth weight;
Infant mortality;
Infants;
Pregnancy
classification of racial groups,
I: 5
conference agenda,
I: 475–476
II: 437–438
costs, not covered by insurance, II: 284, 333
Hispanics, II: 256–257, 258–259, 261–262, 266, 270–276 (passim), 280–281, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289–290, 292, 295, 314, 382, 384, 392–393, 398, 420, 422
immigrants, II: 277, 280, 282, 340, 399
poverty,
I: 10
II: 268–271, 277, 291, 292, 294–295, 311, 341
public health interventions, II: 279, 294, 295, 315, 318, 320, 322, 327–328, 333–334, 338–339, 364–369
quality of care, II: 284–285, 295, 392, 393, 412
racism and discrimination,
II: 77, 78, 367–369, 382, 391–396, 398, 400–401, 420–421
research methodology,
I: 17–18
II: 255–258, 267–270, 283, 293–294, 322, 341–342, 366–369, 382, 383–389, 397–399, 412
transportation to services, II: 278
urban areas, II: 262–263, 276, 277, 284, 293
toxins, I: 435, 436, 443–444, 446–448, 450–452, 458, 461
veterans,
I: 18
Whites, II: 259–260, 270, 271, 272–277, 287–290, 314, 381, 388, 392–395, 412, 414–421
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Birth weight;
Disabled persons;
Diseases and disorders;
Environmental toxins;
Fertility;
Genetics;
Hospitalization;
Infant mortality;
Infants;
Life expectancy;
Mortality;
Pregnancy;
Risk factors, health-related;
Smoking;
S
Health Resources Service Administration, II: 364
Healthy People 2000, II: 351–369, 396–397
Healthy People 2010, I: 92
Healthy Start, II: 365
Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease
adolescents,
I: 375
II: 323, 328–331, 332, 361, 362, 363
see also “teenage pregnancy” infra
affirmative action, I: 14, 123, 124, 274, 328, 335
age factors,
I: 47–48, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 81, 85, 86–87, 114, 116, 119, 350, 352–356
agricultural workers, I: 59–60, 213–214
alcohol and drug abuse, II: 328–331, 332, 382
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
assimilation,
I: 125–126
attitudes of or toward teachers, I: 13, 379, 380
attitudes of students, I: 380–384
attitudes toward immigrants, I: 223
birth weight, II: 319
businesses owned by, II: 194, 200, 203
census data,
I: 41–42, 57, 106, 107, 119–120, 121–122, 338
II: 85
children,
II: 102, 228–229, 289–290, 340, 353, 355, 400
children of immigrants, I: 228–229
Civil Rights Movement, I: 118
classification of,
I: 4, 41–42, 57, 107, 119–120, 121–122, 267
II: 255, 256, 371, 384, 387, 398
conference agenda,
I: 474–475
II: 436–437
crime and criminal justice system,
I: 18
cultural factors,
I: 16, 23, 65, 104–105, 119, 125–128, 222, 372
see also “assimilation” supra
demographics, general, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 59, 61, 93, 106–110
digital divide, I: 25
disabilities, II: 267
discrimination,
I:, 121, 123–124, 125, 221, 228, 264, 274, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 420
II: 107, 142, 367, 369, 390, 392, 396, 401, 420
economic factors, general, I: 110–114, 124–125
education, I: 14, 123, 124, 365, 366, 369, 371
educational attainment,
I: 26–27, 39, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118–119, 143, 180, 208, 379, 385–387
II: 56–59, 63, 64–65, 70–73, 78, 89, 94, 95, 102–103, 142, 143, 147, 165, 167, 227, 292, 319
see also “test scores” infra
education, bilingual, I: 119, 123, 124
elderly, II: 266
electoral issues, I: 117–119, 121, 123, 186
employment,
I: 14, 59–60, 105, 110–112, 117, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131, 213–214, 224–227, 441–442
II: 53, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 128–135 (passim), 143, 165, 183, 280, 343
employment, gender factors,
II: 53–68, 71–73, 78, 81–87, 102, 124, 126, 129, 133, 135, 136, 141–143, 146–147
families and households,
I: 65
II: 352
fertility, I: 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 93, 107
gender factors,
I: 28, 29, 30, 39, 110, 130, 180, 224–227
II: 53–59, 71–73, 81, 83, 102, 158–160, 261, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378
see also “employment, gender factors” supra
health care, II: 281, 285, 392–393, 420, 422
health-care professionals, II: 286, 295
health insurance, II: 280–281, 283
health risk factors, II: 272–276 (passim), 287, 289–290, 314, 315, 316, 317, 339
health status, general, II: 256–257, 258–259, 261–262, 266, 270–271, 292, 382, 384, 398
homicide and assaultive violence,
II: 323, 340, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378, 379
housing conditions, I: 36–37
housing discrimination, I: 125
see also “segregation, residential” infra
immigrants,
I: 23, 26–27, 38–39, 49, 51, 57, 84, 91, 93, 105, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 122, 127, 128, 186, 208, 210, 212, 213, 214–220, 223–228 (passim), 403, 406, 425
II: 44, 54, 58, 83–89, 94, 102, 142–143, 226, 237, 277, 280
illegal,
naturalization, I: 118, 119, 127
immunizations, II: 360
income,
II: 54–55, 128, 129, 164, 230, 231
infant mortality,
infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II: 320–321
infants, iron deficiency, II: 314, 315, 339
infants, lead poisoning, II: 316, 317
intermarriage,
II: 293
language factors,
I: 42, 118, 119, 122, 130, 208, 221, 224, 349, 350, 354, 360
see “education, bilingual” supra
life expectancy,
II: 261
marriage,
I: 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 93, 121, 122
mathematics achievement, I: 349–350, 358, 360, 365, 366, 367
Medicaid, II: 280–281
Medicare, II: 280
mental illness, II: 382
migration within U.S., I: 110, 122
military service, I: 183
mixed race status, I: 107, 121–122
mortality,
I: 32, 33, 34, 80, 81, 82–83, 85, 86–87, 90, 91
II: 256, 258, 261–262, 265, 266, 271, 291, 361, 362, 363, 372–380, 384, 387
naturalization, I: 118, 119, 127
political factors,
I: 16, 38, 106, 117–119, 121, 122–130, 131, 186, 253
II: 78
population growth,
I: 16, 22–23, 38, 43, 44, 103, 106–107, 109, 122, 250, 437, 438
II: 352
poverty,
prenatal care, II: 279
projections, I: 16, 23, 38, 43, 44, 61, 103, 106–107, 109
reading achievement, I: 349, 350, 354, 358, 360, 369, 370
regional demographics, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57, 59, 61, 93, 105, 107, 214–217, 218–220
rural areas, I: 59–60, 213–214
segregation, residential, I: 37–38, 104, 107, 110, 125, 401, 403–407, 411, 414–415, 420, 425
smoking, I: 33
socioeconomic status, general,
I: 104, 110–117, 118–119, 122, 123, 233
II: 52, 53, 54–55, 270–271, 291, 384
state-level factors, I: 51, 107, 109, 129, 175, 203, 251
teachers attitudes toward, I: 13
teenage pregnancy,
test scores,
urban areas,
I: 52–54, 55, 57, 59–60, 62, 93, 104, 107, 110, 125, 129, 214–217, 218–220, 228–229, 233, 250, 253, 372, 441–442, 456
see also “segregation, residential” supra
veterans, II: 422
wages,
II: 53, 54, 60–69, 70, 73, 78, 81–89, 94–95, 101–104, 126, 129, 141–143, 164
wealth, II: 92–94, 95–96, 226–227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 237, 249
welfare,
see specific groups
Hispanics and Blacks in the Cities: Policies for the 1990s, I: 129
HIV, see AIDS
Holzer, Harry J.
Homelessness, II: 343
Homicide
II: 2, 25–26, 27, 33, 43, 259, 378–379
adolescent perpetrators, II: 311, 322, 323–328, 340–341
see also Capital punishment
Hospitalization, II: 393
Blacks vs Whites, II: 284–285, 393–394, 413, 415–421
payment policies, I: 10
Veterans Health Administration,
I: 18
Households, see Families and households
Housing
II: 279
affirmative action, I: 320, 427
American Indians and Asians/Pacific Islanders, I: 36–37
Blacks, condition of housing,
discrimination/neighborhood segregation,
I: 6–7, 8, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 235, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283–284, 294–295, 391–434, 445
II: 44, 110, 113, 116–117, 240–243, 391–392
real estate sales, racial profiling,
I: 391–392, 398, 401, 409–410, 411, 413, 415–421, 427, 428
funding, I: 426–427, 428, 445–446
government assistance,
I: 445–446
homelessness, II: 343
ownership as wealth, II: 226, 238–239, 240–243
segregation, impacts on condition of, I: 391
transportation to work and, I: 459–460
Housing and Community Development Act, I: 427
Housing Discrimination Study. I: 417–419, 420–421
Human Services Secretarial Task Force, II: 365
Hypertension
birth weight and, II: 320, 400
Blacks, II: 278, 288, 294, 396, 400
immigrants, II: 399
I
Illegal immigration, I: 200–201, 203, 204
Hispanics,
Immigrants and immigration, I: 2–3, 13, 16–17, 23, 40, 43, 200–242
age factors, I: 47, 49, 206, 208–209, 229–232
Asian Indians, foreign-born, I: 51, 60, 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210
Asians and Pacific Islanders, foreign-born,
I: 23, 38–39, 48, 55–56, 57, 91, 93, 173, 175–176, 177, 184–189, 192, 205, 209, 210, 213–220, 223, 227–228, 407–409, 425
attitudes of immigrants, I: 236–237
attitudes toward immigrants, I: 221–222, 223, 253
Blacks, attitudes toward immigrants, I: 221–222, 253
Blacks, foreign-born,
Canadian, I: 216–217
children and children of,
II: 102–103
conference agenda,
I: 472
II: 434
contemporary (1960–1990), overall patterns, I: 16–17, 200–242
economic incorporation/mobility, I: 85– 88, 224–228
see also “globalization and” infra
educational attainment, I: 208–210, 234, 236
education of, general I: 208–210, 234, 235, 236
emigration of immigrants into U.S.,
II: 85–86
emigration of U.S. nationals, I: 13
employment and immigration status,
I: 204, 207, 208, 209–210, 221, 224–227, 235, 236
II: 54, 58, 83–89, 94, 102, 142–143
European, foreign-born, I: 103, 203–204, 205, 206, 211, 212, 214–215, 216–217, 222, 227, 258–259
farm workers, I: 59–60, 200–201, 213–214
gender factors, I: 206, 224–227
globalization and, I: 207–210, 212, 214, 224
health factors, II: 277, 280, 282, 340, 399
Hispanics, attitudes toward immigrants, I: 223
Hispanics, foreign-born,
I: 23, 26–27, 38–39, 49, 51, 57, 84, 91, 93, 105, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 122, 127, 128, 186, 208, 210, 212, 213, 214–220, 223–228 (passim), 403, 406, 425
II: 44, 54, 58, 83–89, 94, 102, 142–143, 226, 237, 277, 280
illegal,
I: 107, 200–201, 203, 204, 214, 223
income, general, I: 206, 208–209
legislation, I: 49, 173, 175, 200–205, 207, 213, 214, 246, 255
networks, peers and family,
I: 59, 60, 213–214, 222, 224, 403
II: 107
population growth, overall contribution I: 205
poverty, general, I: 208–209, 220–221, 234
race, concept of, I: 235–236, 246–247
racism and discrimination, I: 218
regional demographics, I: 49, 51, 57, 61, 175–176, 203, 205, 206, 230–233
segregation, residential, I: 220–221, 391–392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425
socioeconomic status, I: 206, 208–209, 224–228, 232–238
students, international, I: 204, 210, 213
suburban areas, I: 234–235, 238
urban areas, I: 17, 52, 57–58, 59, 61–62, 205–206, 214–222, 228–235, 246, 391–392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425
see also “European…” supra
see also Assimilation;
Illegal immigration;
Language factors;
Naturalization;
Refugees and asylees;
specific immigrant groups
Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Cellar Act), I: 207, 213
Immigration and Naturalization Service, I: 40, 204
Immigration Reform and Control Act, I: 200–201, 202, 203, 205
Immunizations
I: 92
Incarceration, see Sentencing and incarceration
Income
affirmative action, attitudes toward and, I: 335
American Indians,
II: 164
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
Blacks,
I: 15, 30–31, 32, 38, 58, 111, 113, 114, 411, 421–422, 425
II: 2, 54, 55, 128, 165, 220, 225, 229 –234
classification of racial groups, I: 5
conference agenda,
I: 473
II: 435
defined, II: 222
Hispanics,
II: 54–55, 128, 129, 164, 230, 231
housing, low-income, I: 459, 460
immigrants, general, I: 206, 208–209
mortality and, I: 91
national, I: 10
segregation and, I: 411, 421–424
single parents, I: 31
suburban vs urban, I: 437–440
wealth and, II: 222, 225, 229–235
welfare, risk factors, II: 164, 166
Whites,
see also Poverty;
Wages and salaries;
Wealth;
Welfare
Indian Act of Canada, I: 140
Indian Education Act, I: 152
Indian Health Service
I: 91
Indian Removal Act, I: 60
Indian Reorganization Act, I: 143–144
Indians, see American Indians and Alaskan Natives
Indochinese Refuge Resettlement Program Act, I: 175
Infant mortality
I: 32–33, 80, 84–85, 88–90, 92, 146
II: 264, 265, 343, 354, 356–357, 362, 364–366, 399
Infants, II: 311, 312–322, 343
birth weight, II: 264, 279, 311, 318–320, 339–340, 399, 400
fetal alcohol exposure, II: 275, 311, 320–322, 340
iron deficiency, II: 311, 312, 314–315, 339
lead poisoning, II: 289–290, 311, 315–318
Injuries, see Accidents and injuries
Insurance, see Health insurance
Intermarriage, I: 3, 85, 94, 247–248, 249–250, 259
American Indians,
II: 293
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
II: 293
Blacks,
II: 293
Hispanics,
II: 293
infant mortality statistics, I: 85
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, I: 459
Internal Revenue Service, II: 200–201
International perspectives
conference agenda,
I: 474
II: 436
mortality and life expectancy, II: 372
racism, South Africa, Brazil, and U.S. compared, I: 302–316
rural areas in developing countries, I: 208
students, international, I: 204, 210, 213
see also Immigrants and immigration;
Refugees and asylees;
specific countries
Internet
Hispanics, employment, I: 130
Interracial marriage, see Intermarriage
Interstate Highway Act, I: 445
Inter-University Program for Latino Research, I: 128–130
Iron deficiency, II: 311, 312, 314–315, 339
J
Japanese, I: 5
educational attainment, I: 181
electoral issues, I: 190
employment issues, II: 103, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135
fertility, I: 66
health care, II: 282
health status, II: 263, 265, 266, 399
immigrants,
II: 399
marriage, I: 76
mortality,
regional demographics, I: 51
Jenkins, Renee R.
Jews
affirmative action, I: 328, 335
political participation, I: 183, 191, 328
racism and discrimination
Jim Crow laws
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402
II: 281
see also Apartheid
Job Training Partnership Act, II: 112
Johnson, Lyndon
I: 321–322
II: 204
Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, I: 335, 336
Jurisprudence, see Crime and criminal justice;
Litigation
Jury selection
I: 319
K
Kennedy, John, I: 320
Kennedy, Randall
II: 1–21, 22, 24, 25, 32–48, 441–442
Kentucky, II: 8–9
Kerner Commission, see National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
Kington, Raynard S.
Koreans
Blacks, conflicts with, I: 222
educational attainment, I: 180, 181, 209
fertility, I: 66
health care, II: 282
immigrants, I: 51, 60, 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210, 216–217
mortality,
II: 263
political participation, I: 183
regional demographics, I: 51, 60
L
Language factors
I: 267
II: 144
American Indians, I: 142, 149, 154
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 178
Blacks, II: 386
English-language courses, I: 365–366
Hispanics,
I: 42, 118, 119, 122, 130, 208, 221, 224, 349, 350, 354, 360
immigrants, general,
reading ability,
I: 149, 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 368, 369, 372
Latino National Political Survey, I: 119
Latinos, see Hispanics
Lead poisoning, II: 289–290, 311, 315–318, 339, 392
American Indians,
tribal sovereignty, I: 143–144, 145, 146–147, 165–166
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 172, 173
race and ethnicity defined, I: 4, 245
see also Affirmative action;
Crime and criminal justice;
Illegal immigration;
Jury selection;
Legislation, general;
Legislation, specific;
Litigation;
Naturalization
Legislation, general
American Indians, I: 16, 143–144, 145, 149–150, 159–162
antidiscrimination,
I: 123, 343, 402, 413, 426, 437
II: 107, 113–114, 138, 139, 141, 198
see also Affirmative action
antidrug laws, II: 4, 12, 14–17, 26, 29, 39, 46, 47, 327
antimisegenation, I: 249–250
disabled persons, antidiscrimination, II: 78
immigration, I: 49, 173, 175, 200–205, 207, 213, 214, 246, 255
Individual Asset Accounts, II: 247–248
Jim Crow,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402
II: 281
Medicare/Medicaid, II: 281
racial profiling by police, II: 6
sentencing, criminal justice,
South Africa, apartheid and U.S. policies, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
welfare eligibility, II: 154–155, 342–343
Legislation, specific
Age Discrimination Act, II: 77–78
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, II: 15, 26
Antiquities Act, I: 160
Chinese Exclusion Act, I: 173
Civil Rights Acts,
I: 114, 320–321, 322, 323, 324, 333
II: 76, 77, 78, 139, 204, 206, 281
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act, II: 17
Economic Opportunity Act, II: 204
Fair Housing Act, I: 398, 401, 413, 415, 427
Foreign Assistance Act, II: 214
G.I.Bill, I: 10
Housing and Community Development Act, I: 427
Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-CelarAct), I: 207, 213
Immigration Reform and Control Act, I: 200–201, 202, 203, 205
Indian Act of Canada, I: 140
Indian Education Act, I: 152
Indian Removal Act, I: 60
Indian Reorganization Act, I: 143–144
Indochinese Refuge Resettlement Program Act, I: 175
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, I: 459
Interstate Highway Act, I: 445
Job Training Partnership Act, II: 112
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), I: 320
National Museum of the American Indian Act, I: 154(n.10), 160, 161
National Voter Registration Act, I: 192
Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act, I: 154(n.10), 160–161
Omnibus Small Business Act, II: 205
Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act, II: 155, 161
Public Works Employment Act, II: 205, 207, 214
Racial Justice Act, II: 13–14
Refugee Act, I: 175
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, II: 214
Surface Transportation Assistance Act, II: 214
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, I: 459
Unmarked Human Burial Sites and Skeletal Remains Protection Act (Nebraska), I: 160
Voting Rights Act, I: 118
Welfare Reform Act, II: 342
Life expectancy
II: 256, 257, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266, 292
cancer patients, II: 382–383, 384–385
gender factors,
I: 86–87
see also Mortality
Litigation, I: 128
American Indians, I: 143–144, 145
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 173, 255
capital punishment, II: 12–14, 25–26, 33
criminal, see “capital punishment” supra, “racial profiling”, and sentencing…” infra
color-blindness, I: 311, 326–327
education, affirmative action, I: 327–329, 333–334
education, desegregation,
I: 321
II: 104
employment discrimination,
minority business set-asides,
I: 326–327
naturalization, I: 255
racial profiling, II: 4–5, 36, 40
residential desegregation, I: 395
school desegregation, I: 320–321
sentencing and incarceration,
II: 2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 327
urban public transportation, I: 460
see also Jury selection
Liver disease, II: 375–376, 380
Local factors
II: 352
affirmative action,
businesses owned by minorities, II: 191–193, 202, 205–207, 208–213, 214
conference agenda,
I: 474
II: 436
economic development assistance, II: 113
linguistic isolation, I: 235
racist actions of officials, I: 302
research, community-based studies, II: 367
segregated neighborhoods, see “housing discrimination…” under Segregation
see also Housing;
Peers and friends;
Suburban areas;
Urban areas
Locke, Gary, I: 171
Lozoff, Betsy
Lung cancer
I: 91
M
Malcolm X, I: 287–288
Managed care, II: 285
Mannon, Susan E., I: 40–102
Marijuana, I: 16, 39, 328, 329, 333
Marriage and marital status, I: 10, 40, 62, 71–76
age at marriage, I: 62, 71, 75, 93
American Indians,
I: 16, 73, 75–76, 77, 79, 93, 142, 149
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 16, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 177, 178, 259
Blacks,
I: 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 93, 272, 422
employment and, II: 133, 136, 143–144
health status and, II: 397–398
Hispanics,
I: 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 93, 121, 122
out-of-wedlock childbearing,
out-of-wedlock cohabitation, I: 71
welfare recipients, II: 162, 163, 164, 166
Whites,
I: 72, 74–78 (passim), 93, 259
see also Intermarriage;
Single parents
Martin, Molly, I: 40–102
Marx, Anthony W.
II: 442
Maryland, I: 57
Massey, Douglas S.
II: 442
Mathematics education and achievement
I: 25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367
McLoyd, Vonnie C.
Medicaid, II: 154, 155–156, 160, 161, 163, 281
Medical care, see Health-care professionals;
Health insurance;
Health issues;
Hospitalization
Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, II: 283
Medicare, II: 280, 284, 413, 424
American Indians, II: 282
Blacks, II: 281, 284, 392, 413
Meier, Ann M., I: 40–102
Men, see Gender factors
Mental illness, II: 343, 381–382, 399
adolescents, II: 311, 322–339, 340–342
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 178
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Suicide;
Violence
Methodology, see Research methodology
Metropolitan areas, see Urban areas
Mexicans
II: 401
dual citizenship, I: 127
educational attainment/achievement,
I: 114, 116, 119, 208, 385–387
employment,
I: 14, 111, 112, 121, 208, 225, 226
II: 130–131, 132, 133, 135, 143
wages, II: 53, 67, 68, 63, 85, 86, 87, 88, 101, 102, 142
health care, II: 286
health insurance, II: 280
health risk factors, II: 274, 314, 315, 316, 317, 339
health status, II: 256–257, 258, 261, 265, 267, 271, 277
immigrants,
I: 104–105, 110, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213–214, 215, 225, 226, 228
income,
mortality,
population growth, I: 107, 108
regional demographics, I: 51, 57, 203
urban areas, I: 54, 59–60, 110, 215, 233
see also Hispanics
Michigan
American Indians, I: 140
Midwestern U.S.
demographics,
II: 104
residential segregation, I: 400
Migration, international, see Immigrants and immigration
Migration, within U.S., I: 40, 43, 56–62
American Indians, relocation, I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 141, 150, 151–152
Blacks,
economic factors, I: 46, 58, 59, 60
residential segregation and, I: 391–392, 393–394
see also Regional factors
affirmative action,
I: 15
II: 186
American Indians, I: 60
Blacks,
I: 15
II: 174–189, 393–394, 412, 414–421
G.I.Bill, I: 10
testing, I: 141
see also Veterans
Minority-owned businesses
affirmative action,
II: 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–217, 219
local economic development zones, II: 113
set-asides,
suburban areas, II: 192–193
see also Black-owned businesses
Mississippi, II: 28
Mitchell, Faith
II: 443
Mixed marriages, see Intermarriage
Mixed racial status
American Indians, I: 138
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 177
classification issues, I: 4, 7, 41, 42, 85, 247–250
infant mortality, I: 85
reproduction, I: 3, 85, 247–250
see also Intermarriage
urban areas, I: 61
Moffitt, Robert A.
Monitoring the Future Survey, II: 328, 332
Mortality
I: 16, 17–18, 33–34, 40, 43, 80–92
II: 255, 257, 258–266, 276–277, 371–380, 384–385, 387
adolescents, II: 323–327, 359, 361–362, 363–364
causes of death, II: 363, 371–388, 397
gender factors,
II: 259, 261, 363, 382–383, 384–385
research methodology,
see also Homicide;
Infant mortality;
Life expectancy;
Suicide;
“mortality” and “infant mortality” under specific racial/ethnic groups
Moskos, Charles C.
I: 15
II: 174–189
Motor Voter Act, see National Voter Registration Act
Move to Opportunity Program, I: 427, 451
Multiracial status, see Mixed racial status
Myrdal, Gunnar
I: 104
II: 254
N
Nakanishi, Don T., I: 16, 170–199
National Academy of Public Administration, I: 453
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)
I: 322
II: 48
National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium, I: 171
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), I: 25–26, 348–372, 380, 383–384
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, I: 320, 460
National Black Politics Survey, I: 286
National Center for Health Statistics, I: 85
National Comorbidity Survey, II: 382
National Crime Victimization Survey, II: 27, 29
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II: 312, 315, 317
National Health Interview Survey II: 256, 267, 273, 282, 283, 290
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, II: 334
National Institute on Drug Abuse. II: 334
National Jobs for All Coalition, I: 130
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), I: 320
National Longitudinal Mortality Survey, II: 256, 261
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, II: 342
National Longitudinal Survey, II: 138
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, II: 106, 141
National Long Term Care Surveys, II: 267
National Museum of the American Indian Act, I: 154(n.10), 160, 161
National Survey of Drug Abuse, II: 332
National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, II: 420
National Voter Registration Act, I: 192
A Nation at Risk, I: 364
Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act, I: 154(n.10), 160–161
Native Americans, see American Indians and Alaska Natives;
Hawaiian Natives
Naturalization
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 173, 186, 187–189, 255
Nebraska, II: 28
Neighborhoods, see Local factors
Nevada, II: 43
New Jersey
II: 28
New Mexico
American Indians, I: 140
Hispanics, I: 109
New York State
American Indians, I: 140
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 183
immigrants, I: 206
minority population growth, II: 402
Nickens, Herbert W.
I: 17
Nixon, Richard
II: 204–205
North American Free Trade Association, I: 127
North Carolina
American Indians, I: 140
Blacks, I: 57
Northeastern U.S.
demographics, I: 23, 49, 50, 57, 60, 205
residential segregation, I: 399, 400
Nutrition and diet
II: 273, 274, 278, 294, 340, 343
birth weight and maternal, II: 320
eating disorders, II: 328
Food stamps, II: 154–158 (passim), 160, 161, 163, 342
iron deficiency, II: 311, 312, 314–315, 339
Women, Infants, and Children program, II: 315
O
Oddone, Eugene Z.
I: 18
II: 411–429
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, I: 321, 322
Office of Management and Budget
census data,
I: 120
mixed-racial status, I: 248
race defined,
I: 254–255
II: 371
Oklahoma
Oliver, Melvin L.
Omi, Michael A.
II: 444
Omnibus Small Business Act, II: 205
P
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), II: 89, 234, 244, 245
Parents, II: 355
attitudes toward education, I: 379–380
drug abuse prevention, II: 334
educational attainment,
II: 319
violence by adolescents, parental factors, II: 327–328
see also Single parents
Pastor, Manuel, Jr.
II: 444
Peers and friends
I: 36
II: 247
Black youth,
I: 375–378
II: 331
drug use, II: 331
Hispanic youth, I: 375
immigrant assimilation, I: 237
immigrant networks,
I: 59, 60, 213–214, 222, 224, 403
II: 107
poverty and network disintegration, I: 442–443, 455–456
Pell Grants, II: 112
Pennsylvania, II: 365
Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act, II: 155, 161
Petersen, Laura A., II: 411–429
Philippines, see Filipinos
Pneumonia, II: 376–377, 380, 393
Police, relations with Blacks,
racial discrimination by,
I: 35
racial discrimination in hiring of, I: 323, 325
racial profiling by, II: 3–7, 23, 24–25, 29, 33, 35–40
Political issues, I: 2, 11, 13
American Indians, I: 16, 138, 143–145, 147, 153, 155–166
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 38, 170–199
Blacks,
I: 38, 121, 129, 186, 279–280, 302–316
see also Civil Rights Movement
conference agenda,
I: 475
II: 437
criminal justice system, II: 17, 33, 34, 40–41, 45
education, I: 364
Hispanics,
I: 38, 16, 106, 117–119, 121, 122–130, 131, 186, 253
II: 78
race, concept of, I: 245–254 (passim)
racial scapegoating, I: 302–316
racial stereotyping and racism, I: 279–280, 307–308
racism and intra-White politics, I: 307–308, 309, 313
refugees, I: 212
regional, I: 454
suburban areas, I: 17, 449–450
urban areas, I: 17, 435, 449–450, 451–452
wealth, II: 222
racism and intra-White politics, I: 307–308, 309, 313
see also Affirmative action;
Civil Rights Movement;
Electoral issues;
Legal issues;
Naturalization;
Public opinion;
Racism and discrimination
Population size and growth
II: 402
American Indians,
I: 16, 22–23, 61, 135–138, 140
II: 254
Asians/Pacific Islanders
I: 16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 174–175, 182, 250
II: 352
Baby Boom,
II: 245
Blacks,
I: 16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 250, 437, 438, 445
Hispanics,
I: 16, 22–23, 38, 43, 44, 106–107, 122, 250, 437, 438
II: 352
immigration, overall contribution, 205 I: 205
prison population, Black, White, and other, II: 41–44, 46
suburban areas, I: 437, 438, 445
Whites,
II: 42–43
see also Fertility;
Projections
Poverty
II: 354
access to health care,
I: 10
II: 278
affirmative action, I: 328–329, 338–339, 340
American Indians,
I: 146
II: 292
Blacks,
II: 55, 67, 116, 218, 225, 274, 292, 324–327, 343, 357, 400
childhood, II: 354, 356, 357–359, 400
diet and, II: 274
government policies, I: 11
health status and, general,
I: 10
II: 268–271, 277, 291, 292, 294–295, 311, 341
Hispanics,
homicide and assaultive violence, II: 324–327
immigrants, general, I: 208–209, 220–221, 234
infants, iron deficiency, I: 314
infants, lead poisoning, II: 316
inheritance of wealth, II: 245
military personnel, background of, II: 182, 184–185, 187
minority business employment of poor, II: 192
racism and, I: 282
segregation and, I: 421–424, 425–426
suburban vs urban, I: 437, 439, 459–460
teenage pregnancy, I: 423
Whites, II: 45–46, 54, 55–56, 67, 68–69, 359
see also Medicaid;
Welfare
Pregnancy
birth weight II: 264, 279, 311, 318–320, 339–340
diet, II: 274
fetal alcohol exposure, II: 275, 311, 320–322, 340
out-of-wedlock childbearing,
prenatal care, II: 279
teenage,
I: 62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423
II: 147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399
see also Birth weight;
Infant mortality;
Infants
Prejudice, see Racism and discrimination
President’s Council of Economic Advisers, I: 1
President’s Initiative on Race
Prisons, see Sentencing and incarceration
Projections
I: 43–44
II: 401
Asians/Pacific Islanders, I: 16, 43, 44, 61
employment, gender factors, I: 14–15
Hispanics, I: 23, 43, 44, 61, 103, 106–107, 109
mortality, I: 91–92
regional demographics, I: 61–62
Psychological factors, II: 397
adolescents, psychosocial problems, II: 311, 322–339, 340–342
Blacks, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 278, 335, 381–382
Blacks, effects of police profiling, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36
children, II: 311–318
race and ethnicity defined, I: 2, 243–260 (passim)
stress due to racism, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278, 395–396, 398, 400
wealth, II: 248
Whites, health status, II: 381
see also Attitudes;
Cultural factors;
Mental illness;
Racism and discrimination;
Suicide;
Violence
Public health interventions, II: 279, 294, 295, 315, 318, 320, 322, 327–328, 333–334, 338–339, 364–369
Public opinion, I: 310–311
affirmative action, I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–344
criminal justice system, discrimination against Blacks, II: 1, 5–6, 14–15, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34–35, 48
desegregation, I: 269–271, 273, 284, 411–415, 419
immigration patterns, I: 201
racial profiling, II: 6
refugees, I: 212
welfare, II: 152–153
see also Attitudes;
Racism and discrimination
Public Use Micro Samples, II: 137, 138(n.9), 140
Public Works Employment Act. II: 205, 207, 214
Puerto Ricans
II: 227
educational attainment, I: 114–115, 116, 119, 143
employment,
II: 53, 101, 104, 105, 108, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 143
health care, II: 286
health insurance, II: 280–281
health status, II: 256, 259, 261, 262, 267, 357
income,
I: 113
mortality
II: 265
political participation, I: 119, 127–128
regional demographics. I: 51, 57
segregation, I: 110, 406, 420, 425
Q
Quotas, see Affirmative action
R
Racial Justice Act, II: 13–14
Racial profiling
police, II: 3–7, 23, 24–25, 29, 33, 35–40
real estate sales, I: 391–392, 398, 401, 409–410, 411, 413, 415–421, 427, 428
Racism and discrimination
I: 2–3, 6–7, 13, 17, 19, 104, 264–295 (passim), 302–316
II: 77
age discrimination, II: 77–78
American Indians,
II: 391
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 172, 173–174, 192, 228, 260, 277, 280, 281, 285, 286
Black-owned businesses, II: 195, 239
Blacks,
I: 104, 221, 222, 264–267, 269–295, 302–316, 333, 348
II: 106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137–141, 142, 144, 147, 184–186, 188, 195, 239, 246–247, 367, 369, 389, 390, 391–396, 400–401, 420–421
Brazil, I: 304–307
causes of, country comparisons, I: 304–307
conference agenda,
I: 475
II: 437
criminal justice system,
I: 280–283
see also Capital punishment;
Homicide;
Jury selection;
Police;
Sentencing and incarceration
defined, I: 302
disabled persons,
I: 2
educational,
I: 8–9, 17, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320–321, 364, 445
educational, discussion by mixed racial students, I: 256–257
employment,
I: 6–7, 8, 9, 14–15, 28, 35–36, 107–108, 222, 271, 282, 320, 321, 322, 323–325, 333–334
II: 76–78, 106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137–141, 142, 144, 147, 204, 223, 391–392
suburban areas, II: 107, 114, 391–392
gender discrimination, II: 77, 107, 113, 125, 396
genetic explanations for, II: 255, 288
government classification systems and, I: 255
health insurance coverage,
I: 10–11
II: 392–394
health status and care,
II: 77, 78, 367–369, 382, 391–396, 398, 400–401, 420–421
health status and psychological stress due to racism, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278, 395–396, 398, 400
Hispanics,
I: 121, 123–124, 125, 221, 228, 264, 274, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 420
II: 107, 142, 367, 369, 390, 392, 396, 401, 420
housing discrimination/neighborhood segregation,
I: 6–7, 8, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283– 284, 294–295, 320, 391–434, 445
international perspectives, I: 13, 302–317
methodological issues, II: 388–389
military service, II: 184–186, 188, 393–394, 420–421
police, I: 280–281
psychological effects of, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278
race, concept of, I: 244
reduction of, I: 1, 7, 123, 294–296, 343
see also Affirmative action;
Civil Rights Movement
scapegoating, I: 302–317
South Africa, apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
stereotyping,
see also Racial profiling
urban areas, immigrants, I: 218
Veterans Health Administration, II: 393–394, 420–421
voting, I: 9
Whites, Brazil/South Africa compared to U.S., I: 13, 302–316
reverse discrimination, I: 324, 326, 327–329
U.S.,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 264–267, 269–295, 322, 324, 326, 327–329, 337, 413, 418–421, 425
II: 106–107, 186, 246–247, 389, 390, 391, 400, 420–421
see also “affirmative action” and “crime…” under Whites
see also Affirmative action;
Racial profiling;
Segregation
Reading ability
American Indians, I: 149
cross-group test score comparisons,
I: 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 366, 368, 369, 372
Reagan, Ronald
Refugee Act, I: 175
Refugees and asylees, I: 17, 51, 52, 175, 188, 203–204, 207, 211–213
Regional factors
American Indians, I: 22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 136(n.2), 141
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 178, 215–220
Blacks, health status, II: 260
Blacks in urban areas,
I: 52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403
II: 104
demographics, general, I: 23–24, 46, 49–51, 56–62, 93
economic factors in internal migration, I: 46, 58, 59, 60
Hispanics, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57, 59, 61, 93, 105, 107, 214–217, 218–220
immigrants, general, I: 49, 51, 57, 61, 175–176, 203, 205–206, 230–233
political issues, I: 454
residential segregation, I: 391–392, 393–394, 399, 400, 402–403
urban areas, Blacks,
I: 52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403
II: 104
urban planning, I: 435–436, 453–455, 458–461
urban/suburban, spatial mismatch hypothesis,
see also Migration within U.S.;
State-level factors;
specific U.S. regions and states
Religion, I: 267
American Indians, I: 147–148, 154, 155–165
Brazil, South Africa, and U.S., racism, I: 305–306, 312
Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority Health, II: 397
Research methodology, I: 2–12
acculturation, II: 287
adolescent mental health, II: 322, 341–342
American Indian remains, use in research, I: 154, 155–161
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 177–179
II: 367
cultural/linguistic factors, I: 178
employment, neoclassical economic theory, I: 136–138
health insurance coverage, II: 283
health status and health care,
I: 17–18
II: 255–258, 267–270, 283, 293–294, 322, 341–342, 366–369, 382, 383–389, 397–399, 412
Hispanics, II: 367
minority-owned businesses, II: 200–203
mortality,
occupational dissimilarity index, II: 127(n.4)
race and ethnicity defined, I: 2–4, 243–260
see also Classification issues
racial attitudes,
I: 265–269
II: 388–389
urban/suburban dynamics, I: 453–461
veterans health care, II: 412
wage data from CPS, II: 84, 85
wealth, II: 227–228
welfare, effects of, II: 171–172, 342–344
see also Aggregation and disaggregation techniques;
Classification issues;
Statistical techniques
Reservations, American Indians,
I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151
Riots
I: 272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445
II: 1
Risk factors, health-related, II: 271–278, 289–291, 294, 385, 422
American Indians/Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 272–276 (passim)
assimilation and, II: 287–288, 292, 398, 399
Blacks,
I: 33
II: 272–278 (passim), 287–291, 395–396, 397
employment, health risk factors, II: 278, 289–291
gender, II: 272
Hispanics, II: 272–276 (passim), 287, 289–290, 314, 315, 316, 317, 339
interventions, II: 295
smoking,
I: 33
II: 272, 289, 328–331 (passim), 333, 397, 399
socioeconomic status, II: 268–271, 269–271, 277, 291, 292
stress due to racism, II: 5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278
Whites, II: 272–277, 287–290, 314
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Environmental toxins
Risk factors, welfare-related, II: 152, 153, 162–172
Rockefeller Foundation, I: 422
American Indian, including reservation inhabitants,
I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151
see also Indian Health Service
developing countries, I: 208
see also Agricultural sector
Russell Sage Foundation, I: 422
Rutgers University, I: 436
S
Salaries, see also Wages and salaries
Sandefur, Gary D.
II: 444–445
Scapegoating, I: 302–316
Scholastic Aptitude Test
I: 385–387
Segregation, I: 9, 11, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 245, 251
American Indians, educational, I: 149–152
American Indians, relocation, I: 56, 58, 60, 61, 141, 150, 151–152
see also Reservations, American Indians
Asian Americans, residential,
I: 14, 37–38, 39, 44, 401, 407–409, 411, 414–415, 425
II: 44
attitudes toward, I: 411–412
Blacks,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 269–272, 273, 278, 279
II: 108–109
educational,
I: 269–271
employment impacts, II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144
health care, II: 281
Jim Crow laws,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402
II: 281
residential,
I: 6, 37–38, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 283–284, 294–295, 392–403, 405–406, 409–428, 436
II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 227, 240, 241, 243, 331–332, 391–392, 400–401
Brazil, I: 13, 304–307, 310–316
census data, segregation indices, I: 110, 419–420
children, impacts on, I: 423
see also “educational” infra
conference agenda,
I: 474
II: 436
economic factors, general, I: 391–392, 409–410, 411, 415–424, 427, 428
educational,
I: 149–152, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320–321, 364, 445
employment impacts for Blacks, II: 108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144
see also Spatial mismatch hypothesis
Hispanics, residential, I: 37–38, 104, 107, 110, 125, 401, 403–407, 411, 414–415, 420, 425
housing discrimination/neighborhood segregation,
I: 6–7, 8, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 235, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283–284, 294–295, 391–434, 445
II: 44, 110, 113, 116–117, 240–243, 391–392
immigrants, residential, I: 220–221, 391–392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425
litigation,
II: 104
minority-owned businesses, I: 190
mortality, II: 392
poverty and, I: 421–424, 425–426
socioeconomic status and, general,
I: 391–392, 409–410, 411, 421–424, 425
II: 400
South Africa, apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
spatial mismatch hypothesis,
I: 17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460
II: 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147
Whites,
I: 37–38, 39, 220–221, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 283–284, 392–406, 409–419, 425
II: 392
Sentencing and incarceration
II: 2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 327
see Capital punishment
Shapiro, Thomas M.
Single parents
income, I: 31
welfare, II: 162, 163, 164, 166, 170
Slavery
Small Business Administration, II: 204
Small businesses
I: 15
II: 190, 191, 196–197, 198–199, 201, 205, 239
health insurance coverage, II: 280
Smelser, Neil J.
Smith, James P.
Smithsonian Institution, I: 156–157, 159, 160, 161, 162
Smoking
I: 33
II: 272, 289, 328–331 (passim), 333, 397, 399
see also Marijuana
Socioeconomic status
II: 54–59
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
II: 385
birth weight, II: 318
health status and care, general, II: 268–271, 277, 291, 292, 294–295, 311, 383, 388, 389, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 411–412, 413, 416–417
Hispanics, I: 16, 23, 38, 43, 44, 61, 103, 106–107, 109
homicide rates, II: 324
immigrants, general, I: 206, 208–209, 224–228, 232–238
infant mortality, I: 85
iron deficiencies, II: 314
mortality,
I: 85
II: 254
race, concept of, I: 256
racism, general, I: 302
residential segregation and,
I: 391–392, 409–410, 411, 421–424, 425
II: 400
single-person households, I: 25, 31
veterans, I: 411–412
see also Educational attainment/achievement;
Employment;
Housing;
Income;
Poverty;
Wealth
South Africa, apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
South Carolina, II: 28
Southern U.S.
criminal justice system, II: 28
demographics, various groups,
I: 23–24, 50, 51, 56–57, 59, 60, 61, 206, 396
health indices, II: 260
residential segregation, I: 399, 400, 402– 403
Spatial mismatch hypothesis
I: 17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460
II: 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147
Special Agricultural Workers, I: 200–201
State Child Health Insurance Program, II: 365
State-level factors
II: 352
affirmative action,
I: 319, 325–326, 329–330, 331, 333
II: 206
American Indians,
I: 139, 140, 145, 150, 159–160, 251
II: 384
Asian/Pacific Islander, elections, I: 171–172, 173, 183
Black/White residential segregation, I: 393–398 (passim)
criminal justice system, II: 7–9, 15, 28
employment discrimination laws, II: 139
Hispanics, I: 51, 107, 109, 129, 175, 203, 251
jury selection, II: 7–9
mortality data, II: 254
race, defined, I: 254
tax policies, I: 446
teacher certification, I: 348, 364
urban renewal, I: 446
wealth accumulation, II: 238
see also Regional factors;
specific states
The State of the Nation’s Cities, I: 436
Statistical techniques, I: 94
employment participation, neoclassical economic theory, I: 136–138
fertility, I: 62–63
Hispanics, I: 121–122
infant mortality, I: 85
race and ethnicity defined, I: 4
welfare participation and risk factors, II: 171–172
see also Aggregation and disaggregation techniques;
Classification issues
Stroke, see Cerebrovascular disorders
Suburban areas, I: 17
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 190, 191, 456
Blacks,
employment discrimination, II: 107, 114, 391–392
environmental concerns, I: 451–452
income, I: 437–440
minority-owned businesses, II: 192–193
population growth, I: 437, 438, 445
spatial mismatch hypothesis,
I: 17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460
II: 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147
Suicide
adolescents, II: 311, 322, 335–339, 341
Supplemental Security Income, II: 154–158 (passim)
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, II: 214
Surface Transportation Assistance Act, II: 214
Survey of Income and Education, II: 142
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), II: 138, 226, 229, 230–231
Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, II: 200–203, 207
Survey of Urban Inequality, I: 442, 455
Swain, Carol M.
II: 445
T
Taxation
II: 115, 154, 200–201, 227, 238–239, 371
Teachers
accountability of, I: 364
attitudes of students toward, I: 381, 382–384
certification testing, I: 348, 364
pupil-to-teacher ratios/class size, I: 351
Technological factors
see also Computers and computer science
Teenage pregnancy
I: 62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423
II: 147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399
Teenagers, see Adolescents
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, II: 153, 154, 161, 342
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Tennessee, II: 28
Tennessee Star Experiment, I: 351
Tests and testing
II: 313
affirmative action and, I: 327–329, 333, 334, 335, 337–342
American Indians, I: 348
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 348
Blacks,
I: 13, 323, 334, 335, 337–342, 348–367, 369, 370, 372, 383–384, 385–387
cultural factors, I: 12
health status and, II: 311
Hispanics,
I: 13, 348–356, 358, 360, 365, 366, 367, 370, 383–387
lead poisoning and test scores, II: 316
mathematics, I: 25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), I: 25–26, 348–372, 380, 383–384
reading, I: 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 368, 369
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), I: 385–387
teacher certification, I: 348, 364
Whites,
see also National Assessment of Educational Progress;
Scholastic Aptitude Test
Texas
American Indians, I: 140
Asians and Pacific Islanders, I: 183
immigrants, I: 206
minority population growth, II: 402
Thomas, W.I., I: 3
Thornton, Russell
II: 445–446
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Toxic materials, see Environmental toxins
Trade unions, I: 9
Transportation
to health care services, II: 278
to work,
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, I: 459
U
Undocumented immigration, see Illegal immigration
Unions, labor, see Trade unions
Unmarked Human Burial Sites and Skeletal Remains Protection Act (Nebraska), I: 160
Urban areas, I: 51–56, 58–62, 93, 435–436
American Indians,
I: 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 141–142, 150, 151–152
II: 262–263
Asians and Pacific Islanders,
I: 53, 54, 55–56, 57–58, 93, 183–184, 187, 214, 216–217, 219, 220, 228–229, 233, 250, 441, 456
II: 44–45
Blacks,
I: 52–59 (passim), 129, 218, 219, 220, 221–222, 233, 253, 376–378, 399, 400, 402–403, 456
II: 1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 104, 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 165, 191–193, 198–199, 208–213, 284, 326–327, 343, 391–392
Blacks, regional demographics,
I: 52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403
II: 104
businesses owned by minorities, II: 191–193, 202, 205–207, 208–213, 214–217
crime and criminal justice system,
I: 18
II: 1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 44–45, 331–332, 333
developing countries, I: 208
drug abuse, II: 4, 331–332, 333
employment, segregation and,
II: 391
see “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra
government policies, I: 11
health factors, II: 262–263, 276, 277, 284, 293
see also “toxins” infra
Hispanics,
I: 52–54, 55, 57, 59–60, 62, 93, 104, 107, 110, 125, 129, 214–217, 218–220, 228–229, 233, 250, 253, 372, 441–442, 456
immigrants, general, I: 17, 52, 57–58, 59, 61–62, 205–206, 214–222, 228–235, 246, 391–392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425
income, suburban vs urban, I: 437–440
lead poisoning, II: 316
regional factors,
I: 52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403
II: 104
planning, I: 435–436, 453–455, 458–461
see “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra
research methodology, urban/suburban dynamics, I: 453–461
residential segregation,
I: 6–7, 8, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 235, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283–284, 294–295, 391–434, 445
II: 44, 110, 113, 116–117, 240–243, 391–392
see also “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra
riots,
I: 272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445
II: 1
spatial mismatch hypothesis,
I: 17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460
II: 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147
toxins, I: 435, 436, 443–444, 446–448, 450–452, 458, 461
transportation, I: 456, 459–461
welfare, II: 162–163, 165, 167
Whites,
I: 53, 61–62, 218, 219, 220, 250, 251, 456
II: 165
see also “neighborhood segregation” under Whites
see also Suburban areas
Utah, II: 28
V
Vaccinations, see Immunizations
Veterans
American Indians, II: 422
G.I.Bill, I: 10
health status and care,
I: 18
housing, II: 241
Veterans Administration, see Department of Veterans Affairs
Veterans Health Administration
I: 18
Vietnamese, I: 94
classification of, I: 41, 177–178
fertility, I: 66
health status, II: 267
immigrants, I: 56, 175, 176, 205, 209, 212, 216–217
political participation, I: 183
regional demographics, I: 56, 57
single parents, I: 77
Violence, II: 343, 366, 367, 390
adolescents, II: 311, 322, 323–328
child abuse, II: 343
Civil Rights Movement and, I: 320
employment discrimination due to fear of, II: 107–108
firearms, II: 246, 328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378
race riots,
I: 272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445
II: 1
racism and intra-White warfare, I: 307–308, 309, 313
White hate crimes against Blacks, I: 412, 427
White racial stereotypes,
see also Accidents and injuries;
Crime and criminal justice;
Homicide
Voluntary Affirmative Marketing Agreement, I: 427
Voting, see Electoral issues
Voting Rights Act, I: 118
W
Wages and salaries
I: 6, 10, 14, 25, 28–30, 236, 348, 442, 444
II: 52–54, 59–69, 78–89, 94–95, 98–100, 136–137, 143, 223
Asians/Pacific Islanders,
I: 14
II: 102–104, 126, 129, 141–143
Blacks,
II: 52–53, 60–69, 70, 76, 78–79, 81, 94, 95, 98–100, 104–110, 115, 138–141, 143, 164, 326
Hispanics,
II: 53, 54, 60–69, 70, 73, 78, 81–89, 94–95, 101–104, 126, 129, 141–143, 164
military personnel, II: 184
Whites,
II: 54, 60–73, 80, 81, 82, 95, 99–100, 101–102, 103, 124–125, 129, 138–143, 164, 223
Washington State
American Indians, I: 140
Wealth
age factors, II: 234–237
classification of racial groups, I: 5
conference agenda,
I: 473
II: 435
defined, II: 222
home ownership, II: 226, 238–239, 240–243
income vs, II: 222, 225, 229–235
intergenerational transfer, II: 243–245, 246, 249
research methodology, II: 227–228
see also Income;
Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Weber, Max
I: 3–4
II: 224
Weinberger, Morris
I: 484
Welfare
American Indians,
II: 156–157, 164–165, 166, 171
Asians and Pacific Islanders, II: 156–157, 164–165, 166, 390
Blacks,
children, II: 163–166, 342–344
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), II: 153–158, 160, 161–162, 163, 168, 169
Supplemental Security Income, II: 156
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), II: 153, 154, 161, 342
Women, Infants, and Children program, II: 315
conference agenda,
I: 473
II: 435
disabled persons, II: 154, 156
educational attainment of recipients, II: 74, 313
eligibility requirements, II: 154–155, 342–343
employment and, II: 144, 153, 162–163, 165, 166, 342
family and household factors,
I: 15
II: 152–153, 164, 166, 167, 172
Food stamps. II: 154–158 (passim), 160, 161, 163, 342
funding, II: 342
gender factors, II: 158–160, 163
Hispanics,
marital status of recipients, II: 162, 163, 164, 166
Medicaid, II: 154, 155–156, 160, 161
noncash benefits, II: 154–158, 160–161, 163, 281, 342
research methodology, II: 171–172, 342–344
risk factors, II: 152, 153, 162–172
single parents, II: 162, 163, 164, 166, 170
Supplemental Security Income, II: 154–158 (passim)
urban areas, II: 162–163, 165, 167
Whites, II: 156–166 (passim), 390
see also Medicaid
Welfare Reform Act, II: 342
Western U.S.
demographics, various groups, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59, 61, 206
Hispanics, I: 23–24, 50, 51, 57, 59, 61, 105, 107
see also Midwestern U.S.
Whites
adolescents, II: 323–331, 335–337, 363
affirmative action, attitudes toward,
I: 271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331–337
affirmative action, other,
II: 75
age factors,
alcohol and drug abuse, II: 39–40, 46–47, 328–332, 381, 382
Alzheimer’s disease, II: 288–289
attitudes of students, I: 380–384
birth weight, II: 319
Brazil, racial discrimination, I: 304–307, 310–316
classification of,
II: 387
crime and criminal justice system, Black/White issues,
II: 1–15, 16–18, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 33–34, 35, 38–47 (passim), 323–332
cultural factors,
digital divide, I: 25
disabilities, II: 267
drug use and trafficking, II: 39–40, 46–47, 328–332
education, affirmative action, I: 327–329, 337–342
educational attainment,
I: 25–26, 27, 116, 180, 369, 371, 379
II: 56–59, 63, 69–73, 127, 136–143 (passim), 145, 165, 319
see also “test scores” infra
education, other, II: 246
electoral factors, I: 186, 187, 220
employment,
employment, gender factors,
I: 27–30
II: 54, 55, 61, 63, 65–67, 68–69, 75–76, 80, 81, 82, 100–101, 103, 124–125, 130- 147 (passim)
ethnics,
I: 18
fertility, I: 63–70 (passim), 77, 93
gender factors,
II: 42, 54, 55, 159, 191–192, 323–327, 336, 337, 361, 363, 378, 382–382, 384–385
health care, II: 392–395, 412, 414–421
health insurance, II: 280–283, 392–393, 413
health risk factors, II: 272–277, 287–290, 314
health status, general, II: 259–260, 270, 271, 288, 381, 388
homicide,
II: 323–326, 361, 363, 378, 379
hospitalization, Blacks vs Whites, II: 284–285, 393–394, 413, 415–421
household structure,
I: 25
II: 164
housing conditions, I: 36–37
hypertension, II: 288
see also Europeans
income,
infant mortality,
infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II: 320–321
infants, iron deficiency, II: 314, 315
infants, lead poisoning, II: 316
life expectancy,
II: 259
marriage,
I: 72, 74–78 (passim), 93, 259
mathematics achievement, I: 25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367
Medicare, II: 281, 392, 413, 416
mental illness, II: 381–382
military personnel, II: 183, 184, 186
mortality,
I: 81, 82–83, 85, 86–89, 90, 91–92, 417–418
II: 254, 256, 258, 259, 264, 266, 277, 290, 291, 361, 363, 371–380, 382–383, 384–385, 387, 394, 397
neighborhood segregation,
I: 37–38, 39, 220–221, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 283–284, 392–406, 409–419, 425
II: 392
political factors, I: 186, 187, 220
population growth and size,
II: 42–43
poverty, II: 45–46, 54, 55–56, 67, 68–69, 359
prenatal care, II: 279
racism and discrimination,
Brazil/South Africa compared to U.S., I: 13, 302–316
reverse discrimination, I: 324, 326, 327–329
U.S.,
I: 6, 9, 13, 244–245, 264–267, 269–295, 322, 324, 326, 327–329, 337, 413, 418–421, 425
II: 106–107, 186, 246–247, 389, 390, 391, 400, 420–421
see also “affirmative action” and “crime…” supra
reading achievement, I: 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 366, 368, 369, 370
regional demographics, I: 39, 49, 61
smoking, I: 33
socioeconomic status, general,
I: 220–221
South Africa, apartheid, I: 13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310
suburban areas,
I: 220–221, 251, 438, 445, 456
II: 246
see also “neighborhood segregation” supra
suicide, II: 335–337, 379–380, 381
teachers attitudes toward, I: 13
teenage pregnancy,
II: 361
test scores,
urban areas,
I: 53, 61–62, 218, 219, 220, 250, 251, 456
II: 165
see also “neighborhood segregation” supra
veterans, health care,
I: 18
wages,
II: 54, 60–73, 80, 81, 82, 95, 99–100, 101–102, 103, 124–125, 129, 138–143, 164, 223
wealth, II: 89–94, 95–96, 225–234, 236–247
welfare, II: 156–166 (passim), 390
Williams, David R.
Wilson, William Julius
II: 434
Women, see Gender factors
Women, Infants, and Children program, II: 315
World Wide Web, see Internet
Y
Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance System, II: 362
Z
Zhou, Min
II: 446
