Abu Dabai arms bazaar, 65-66
Abu Dabai bazaar for selling, 65
Chinese purchases of, 61
customers for purchases of, 64
decline in Russian sales of, 64-65, 83
excess Russian inventory of, 69
Indian purchases of, 64
North Korean purchases of, 72
Promexport, exporter of, 67
Rosvooruzhenye, exporter of, 67
purchases by cocaine dealers of, 65
Aerospace firms
exodus of Russian scientists from, 144
joint venture of Pratt-Whitney and Energomash, 43, 236
participation in International Space Station by, 73
redesign of aircraft for defenseconversion by, 78
rocket engine purchases by Lockheed Martin from, 43, 236
unemployment in, 73
AFK Sistema holding company (Moscow), 19
Agrobank, closure of, 7
Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk) aspirations of city founder for, 172
Decline of research activities in, 173
early emphasis on economic payoff from research conducted in, 170
education opportunities in, 173
information technology, priority of, 173
skepticism over payoff from investments in, 172
success in attracting specialists to, 170
Akrikhin (Russian pharmaceutical company)
Bristol-Myers Squibb, cooperation with, 3
business difficulties of, 1-3
USAID investments in, 2
Anthrax, Russian research capabilities concerning, 142
Armaments
Arzamas 16
(See Sarov)
Atomic Energy
international conferences on, 72
Iranian purchase of nuclear power plant, 71-72
leakage of technical information from Minatom complex, 144
military applications of, 72
Avtovaz, increased sales of, 23
Banking system
Central Bank diversions of funds within, 105
effects of 1998 financial collapse on, 104
expanded charters for western bank participation in, 256-257
financial monitoring of, 87
openness of Konversbank to western audits within, 104
profitable banks in, 105
role in capital flight of, 106
Russian mistrust of western bank participation in, 256
Soviet antecedents to fraud in, 256
Barter
avoiding tax through, 134
examples of, 12-15
growth of, 4
Basic research
decline of, 23
dual-use dimensions of, 73
intellectual property rights and, 73-74
Beloyarsk nuclear power station (Zarechny), 205-206
Berezovsky coal mine, tax payments in noncash form by, 13
Biopreparat
former biological weapons activities of, 189-190
research institutes of, 189
sales of pharmaceutical products by, 190
Brain drain
characteristics and impact of, 140-166
decline in research staffs due to, 153
destinations of scientists who leave weapons complex, 143
emigration from Physical-Technical Institute (Moscow), 157
employment opportunities for Russian scientists in Moslem countries, 142
foreign laboratory of Institute of Microbiology as alternative to, 158
foreign sabbaticals of Landau Institute of Physics as alternative to, 158
international flows of expertise from, 154-155
international grants as counter to, 158
military significance of engineering skills, 145
number of Russian specialists of proliferation concern, 144-145
proliferation aspects of official trips abroad, 147-148
proliferation of weapons knowledge, xv
recruitment of former weaponeers by Sunshine Industrial Company, 147
recruitment of retired scientists rogue state interest in hands-on weapons experience, 146
temporary employment abroad, 149, 156
western program as counter to, 142
Bristol-Myers Squibb, cooperation with Akrikhin company, 3
Bush, George, as adviser on economic reform, 8
Capital flight
approaches to reduction of, 107
customs control of travelers and, 98
European havens for, 106
impact on availability of investment capital caused by, 107
money laundering dimension of, 106
Careers in science and technology decline in working conditions for, 158, 166
education as critical springboard for, 164
loss of prestige of, 158
reasons for failure in, 159
reasons for success in, 158
western programs for encouragement of, 166
Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) as customer for inert gases from Zarechny, 207
Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute (Zhukovsky)
competition from western researchers for international customers of, 180
termination of military contracts of, 180
wind tunnels of, 180
Central Bank, diversion of funds by, 105
Chernogolovka (science city in Moscow region)investigations of anti-missile systems, 182
research on industrial explosions, 182
research on rocket fuels, 182
China
armament production agreement with Russia, 62
armaments purchases from Russia by, 61, 64
biology contracts with Russian institute, 54
impact of military alliances with Russia, 62
purchases of Russian nuclear accelerators by, 175
Chubais, Anatoly, misrepresentation to IMF, 4
Closed cities
activities of Ministry of Defense in, 191-192
nuclear cities designated as, 191
special privileges for, 191
Commercialization of Russian technologies
business alliances of U.S. firms interested in, 226
projects of Russian organizations with potential for, 165
U.S. government support of feasibility studies of, 226
Construction industry
asphalt quality improvement in small segment of, 43
office building innovations in, 44
Corruption
apathy of public toward, 264
bribes paid by small firms as a result of, 17, 50
costs to businesses from, 265
diversion of funds of IMF as result of, 110-111
economic impact of, 8
forms of, 264-265
high-visibility prosecutions as warning against, 265
researchers resistance to, 253
technology-intensive firms as victims of, 266
transparency of financial transactions as a counter to, 110
whistleblowers to help counter, 110
Customs procedures
capital flight control by, 98
clearance of goods through, 133
economic importance of duties collected through, 133
Cyprus, as tax haven, 87
Dappi (village in Far Eastern region), decline of, 22
Debt burden of Russia
magnitude of, 7
relief from, 26
Defense conversion
aircraft redesign through, 78
alternative strategies for, 78-79
definition of, 76
examples of technologies appropriate for, 74-75
failures in, 76
funds of Russian government for, 76
inappropriate military facilities for, 76, 83
lack of business skills for, 76, 83
maximizing immediate income as strategy for, 78
myths about, 82-83
need for new approaches to, 83
western involvement in, 83-84
western skepticism over, 77
Defense Enterprise Fund, investments of, 237
Department of Commerce (U.S.)
business internships for Russian specialists offered by, 237-238
health-industry partnerships supported by, 238
Department of Defense (U.S.)
acquisition of Russian technologies by, 225, 233
contracting procedure upgrading in Russian firms due to, 233
Nunn-Lugar program of, 225
Department of Energy (U.S.)
capabilities of program managers of, 227
Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention program of, 223-224
Intellectual Property Rights policy of, 123
Nuclear Cities Initiative program of, 230
Use of Russian equipment in cooperative programs of, 230
Dual-use technologies
achievements by nuclear cities in development of, 187
ambiguities in end use associated with sales of, 264
business success based on, 82
developing country interest in, 70
export control regime for, 63
international sales competitions of, 70
repositories in Russia of, 70
research programs for development of, 73
Russian Technologies, exporting firm of, 67, 273
sales by Russia of, 63
Dzerzhinsky (science city in Moscow region), 178-179
Economic crime
criminal code that deals with, 109
contract killings related to, 108
cocaine-for-arms aspect of, 65
economic reform and, 109
enforcement capabilities to combat, 109
history of, 108
privatization as it relates to, 102, 107
Economic decline in Russia
crash of 1998 and impact on, 1-2, 33-35
shock therapy as failed strategy and contributor to, 8
social instability due to, 25
Economic environment
corruption and business aspects of, 135
enforcement of regulations as necessity for, 135
general conditions, xiv-xv
western prescriptions for, 4-5
Economic model for Russia
aspirations for improvement of, xii-xiv
costs of transition to, 255
innovation incentives as component of, 268
Made-in-Russia label as symbol of poor quality, xviii, 33, 41, 253
standard of living improvement needed for viability of, 255
technology as multiplier of benefits from, xvii
unique requirements for, 29
Electrotechnical Institute incubator (Moscow), 50
Energomash
Iraq overtures for missile components, 68
Pratt-Whitney joint venture with, 43
Entrepreneur-Physicists at Moscow State University, ix
Eurasia Foundation, advisory services for entrepreneurs by, 240
European Union, grants to Russians scientists by, 34
Export control requirements
enterprise reluctance to comply fully with, 80-81
illegal export seizures, 81
information flow and, 150
international regimes for, 63, 80
Iran nuclear sales as dispute over, 81
laws of Russia concerning, 81
Soviet influence on Russia's approach to, 80
trading partners' anxiety over nonconformance of Russia with, 268
U.S.-Russian cooperation in implementing, 79-80
U.S. sanctions on Russian institutes for noncompliance with, 82
Far East region
economic opportunities in, 20-23
isolation of population of, 22
Federal Securities Commission (Russian), role of, 87, 103
Financial transactions
banking system avoidance in conducting, 89-90
cash transfers, 95
dollar-ruble conversion requirements of, 90
government garnishments of, 89-90
International Science Foundation (Soros) system for, 96
International Science and Technology Center system for, 95
offshore schemes for, 87-89
overhead payments in, 96
paper trail of, 95
payments to scientists, 96
time delays in, 98
Financing of innovation
foreign company investments for, 93
foreign government funds for, 93
Fund for Development of Small Firms in the Scientific and Technical Sphere and, 91
Fund for Technology Development (Russian) related to, 92
Funds of Ministry of Economics related to, 92
regional funds for, 92
Russian government funds for, 91-94
St. Petersburg Technology Fund for, 93
Foreign investments, xii
Fryazino (Science city in Moscow region), 184-185
Fyodorov, Boris, 6
Gates, Bill, visit to Moscow of, 164
Gazprom
barter transactions of, 14
Caspian Sea interest of, 35
environmental monitoring priority of, 35
gas-ruble payments scheme of, 15
innovation support by, 142
Globalization of technology, 249
Goldman, Sachs, and Co., role during financial crisis of, 8-9
Gore, Al, role in binational commission, 227, 236, 239
Gorky Automobile Plant, noncash tax payments of, 13
Gromov Flight Research Institute(Zhukovsky) test facilities, 180
Gubkin Oil and Gas Academy,linkages with industry, 162
Health of Russian Youth
decline in, 266
impact on military recruitment of, 266
USAID programs directed to, 267
Human Resources
active researchers, decline in, 39, 153, 155
aging of workforce, 151-152
salaries of scientists, 165
Import substitution
bureaucratic resistance to changing policies related to, 263
technological opportunities related to, 263
India, purchase of Russian armaments, 64
Inflation in Russia, control of, 5
Information revolution
computer hackers and, 269
opportunities for Russia from, 268, 269,
software capabilities of Russia related to, 269
Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention program
activities of, 223-224
commercialized technology of, 286-287
“exit strategy” of, 227
relevance of U.S. experience to, 227
Russian interest in, 228
U.S. Industry Coalition in support of, 229
Innovation
dimensions of, xiv
economic impact of xi-xii
environment for, 10
factors inhibiting, 41
Gazprom programs for, 42
government support for, 253
impact on businesses of, ix
long-term commitment for, 253
macroeconomic framework for, 9
microeconomic framework for, 9
profiting from, xiii
Russian capabilities for, xi
Russian enterprise interest in, 41
Institute of Atomic Energy
(see Kurchatov Institute)
Institute of Aviation (Moscow), U.S. sanctions for Iranian contacts , 163
Institute of Catalysis (Boreskov)
contracts with western firms of, 174
recruitment of university graduates by, 174-175
retention of aging scientists by, 175
spinoff firms from, 174
Institute of Chemical Technology (Mendeleyev), U.S. sanctions for Iranian contacts, 163
Institute of Hydrodynamics (Novosibirsk), water jet technology of, 172-173
Institute of Immunological Engineering (Lyubchany), land rental income of, 52-53
Institute of Light Weight Alloys (Moscow), development of titanium golf clubs by, 74-75
Institute of Machine Building (Kaliningrad)
meteorite destruction system developed by, 181
oil fire extinguishing device invented by, 181
synthetic diamond manufacturing at, 181-182
toxic waste incinerator of, 181-182
Institute of Microbiology, foreign laboratory of, 158
Institute of Nuclear Physics (Budker)
accelerator sales to China by, 175
basic research budgetary shortfalls of, 176
emigrant network for contract facilitation for, 175
radiation of timber products using equipment built at, 175-176
Institute of Physical Chemistry (Karpov), 199
Institute of Physics (Landau), foreign laboratory of, 158
Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (Obninsk), 203
Institute of Power Engineering (Moscow)
recruitment of university graduates by, 164
Zarechny branch of, 207
Institute of Radioelectronics and Radioengineering (Fryazino)
German affiliate of, 185
medical diagnostic equipment of, 185
spinoff firms from, 185
Intellectual property rights
author's certificates as claims of, 120
background technology claims of, x
basic research and, 73-74
commission to resolve conflicting claims of, 121
conformity to WTO standards for, 118
Department of Energy policy on, 123
distribution among partners in international projects of, 113-114, 115, 123, 126
enforcement problems of claims of, 117-118
government-funded projects and, 118-123
hybrid of new and old technologies with respect to, 121
institutes' priorities for, 122
international recognition of Russian patents and claims of, 115-116
International Science and Technology Center's model for, 114, 124
interpretations of Russian law concerning, 114
patent filings for, x
patent infringements and, xv
piracy of computer software relative to, 116
piracy of video cassettes relative to, 116
privatization and complication of, 121
reverse engineering in violation of, 113
strategic technologies protected as, 120
western-funded projects and practices concerning, 116, 125
western use of Russia discoveries not protected as, 118
International cooperation
downsizing Russian military complex through, 242
dual-use technologies and, 73
expectations of results from, 244-245
investment opportunities for U.S. companies with regard to, 242
lessons learned from, 244
measures of success of, 229
need for strategy for, 243
network of organizational linkages for, 245
Russian initiatives for, 244
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs interest in, 288-289
science and technology programs and, xiii
U.S. involvement in Russia in, xiii, 242
U.S. nonproliferation programs based on, xvi
International Monetary Fund
criticisms of policies of, 6
greater accountability by, 110-111
policies of, 3-4
role in 1998 crash of, 5-6
U.S. government support of, 6
International Science and Technology Center
intellectual property rights model of, 114, 124
Snezhinsk involvement in activities of, 213
International Space Station
aerospace firms involvement in, 73, 151-152, 225-226, 234-235
financial problems of Russia in support of, 234-235
Russia's future role in, 235
Investment capital
importance for innovation of, xvii
joint-venture difficulties and, 134
oil company reluctance to support research with, 10-11
Iran
biological weapons and interest of, 140-141
International Atomic Energy Agency inspections in, 71
nuclear power station purchase by, 71
training of nuclear specialists in Russia from, 71
U.S. suspicions about activities of, 141
Iraq
Energomash contract with, 68
Mars Rotor Company contract with, 68
missile component purchases by, 67-69
Research and Testing Institute of Chemical and Construction Equipment contract with, 68
Japan
model of government-industry cooperation of, 27
post-war recovery experience of, 27
skepticism of Russian economic reform of, 26
trade with Russian Far East by, 22
Johnson and Johnson (U.S. company)
tax problems in Russia of, 132
Kalinin, Yuri, director of Biopreparat, 189-191
Kaliningrad (science city in Moscow region), 181
Kamchatka
economic decline in, 22
fisheries in, 21
Karachai Lake (in Urals), nuclear accident, 213
Karpov report on tax collection, 13
Kazan incubator successes, 56, 91
Khabarovsk, exports from, 21
Koltsovo (science city in Novosibirsk region), 189
Konversbank, open to western audits, 104
Krisha
(see “roof”)
Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
barter transactions of, 14
concept of State Scientific Centers developed by, 46
counter-proliferation capabilities of, 46
Lavrentyev, Mikhail, founder of Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk), 172
Lebedev, Yuri, proposed revisions of patent laws, 158
Lockheed-Martin Company, purchase of rocket engines, 43
Lubertskoe Production Association (Dzerhzhinsky)
forest fire suppression technologies of, 179
gas technology research by, 179
workforce reduction at, 179
Luzhkov, Yuri, accomplishments as mayor of Moscow, 18-20
Marketing
importance of, x
lack of skills of Russian entrepreneurs in, 229
opportunities following crash of 1998 to test skills in, 55
Mars Rotor Company, contract with Iraq, 68
Marshall Plan
financial sources for variant of, 260
jump starting technology-oriented enterprises through variant of, 259
McKinsey Global Institute (Moscow), industrial analysis, 25
Metal Park Company, production of titanium golf clubs, 164
Ministry of Defense
closed city activities of, 191-192
science city interests of, 177
Ministry of Economics, funds for improved products, 92
Ministry of Finance
delays in salary payments due to, 33
neglect of research and development budgets by, 11
Ministry of Science and Technology
analytical capabilities of, 274
innovation support by, 91
Internet support by, 239
research support by, 11
schools of science concept of, 153
State Scientific Centers program of, 47-48
technology policy proposed by, 258-159
Moscow
financial success of city administration of, 18-20
foreign debt of, 20
privatization policy of, 19
rental of city property of, 19
research support by, 20
residency policy of, 19
Moscow Institute of Technology (Bauman), linkages with industry, 162
Moscow State Institute of Electronic
Technology (Zelenograd), linkages with industry, 163
Moscow State University, physicist-entrepreneurs, ix
NASA
cooperative programs for International Space Station of, 152, 225-226
young Russian scientists in need of support by, 152
National Academy of Engineering, view on innovation, ix
Natural resources
aluminum industry tax exemption as example for, 129
value added to, xii-xiii
Nesterenko, Lyudmila, computer software entrepreneur, 54
Nestle company, import substitution, 24
Nonproliferation programs
alternative income streams provided by, 148
channel for information through, 15
European community involvement in, 150
Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention as, 223-224
Nunn-Lugar program and, 225
Nuclear cities
access to, 196
aging of populations of, 219-220
characteristics of, 186
downsizing weapons complex in 196
dual-use technology achievements of, 187
examples of, 197-219
international cooperation interests of west in, 220
proliferation vulnerability of, 187
security conditions in, 187, 196
studies of social and economic conditions in, 188, 195-220
technological pedigrees of, 196
unique problems in, 197
western programs to prevent turmoil in, 187
Nuclear Cities Initiative, program of Department of Energy activities of, 231
development of, 230-232
objectives and priorities of, 230-232
measures of success of, 230-232
support of social infrastructure through, 230
North Korea, acquisition of Russian missile technology, 72
Nunn-Lugar program chemical weapons destruction through, 233
Obninsk (science city in Kaluga region)
business advantages of, 205
business plan of, 200
developments in, 197-205
Experimental Science City designation of, 202
Fast Critical Facility in, 203-204
history of, 198
innovation center in, 5
Institute of Physical Chemistry (Karpov) in, 199
Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in, 203
local control of federal facilities in, 201
mafia influx into, 202
nuclear material stocks in, 203-204
open city aspects of, 204
private business in, 195
prosperity of some scientific leaders of, 205
reactor research in, 198
Research and Production Enterprise Tekhnologia in, 204
small firms in, 201
state research organizations in, 200
tax payments in goods and services to, 202
underemployment of scientists in, 204
university-level institutions in, 202
Obolensk (science city in Moscow region), 189
Oil industry
Sakhalin production-sharing agreements of, 26
Sakhalin prosperity due to, 21
support of research by, 42-43
Overseas Private Investment Corporation, financial services of, 238
Patents
(see Intellectual Property Rights)
Pharmaceutical industry, outlook for Russian companies, 3
Physical-Technical Institute (Moscow), emigration from, 157
Physical-Technical University (Snezhinsk) 219
Political trends
crime and democracy, 254-255
democracy Russian-style, 254-255
lingering Soviet mentality, 254
Pratt-Whitney, joint venture with Energomash, 43
Primakov, Yevgeny, 1
Privatization of enterprises
economic crimes related to, 102
enforcement of regulation weaknesses during, 102-103
minority shareholder rights during and after, 103
schemes for, 102
theft in natural resources industry during, 103
voucher system relative to, 102
Promexport state company, armament exports by, 67
Propiska (residency permit for Moscow), 19
Prostitution, in Far East, 22
Pushchino (science city in Moscow region)
biomedical research in, 184
housing conditions in, 184
living conditions in, 184
potato research in, 183
university-institute linkages in, 184
Radon (Moscow city radiological cleanup firm), 20
Relcom (Russian company), Internet provider, 52
Research and development infrastructure
administrative overhead increases in, 154
aging facilities of, 40
characterization of, 278
equipment obsolescence in, 40
funding decline in, xv, 36, 88
importance of, xiii
scope of, 36
Research and Production Enterprise Tekhnologia, Obninsk, 204
Research and Testing Institute of Chemical and Construction Equipment, contract with Iraq of, 68
“Roof”
costs of, 99-101
definition of, 90
services provided by, 99-101
western company interests in, 101
Rosasfalt (Russian company), roadbuilding technology of, 44
Rosshelf (Russian company), exploration of undersea oil and gas resources by, 52
Rosvooruzhenye (Russian company), export of armaments by, 67
Russian Anti-piracy Organization, protection of video cassettes by, 116
Russian Innovation Agency, promotion of small innovative firms, by, 273-274
Russian Technologies (Russian state company), sales of dual-use technologies by, 62, 67, 273
Russian technology
contribution to economic growth of, 252, 256
engineering contributions to, 251
environmental side effects of, 250
examples of achievements of, 250
legal infrastructure to facilitate development of, 257
military potential of, 251
opportunities for, 250
prestige linked to, 252
U.S. related to, 251
Sachs, Jeffrey, 8
Saint Petersburg State Mining Institute, linkages with industry, 163
Saint Petersburg Technology Fund, 93
Sakhalin
oil production sharing agreements and, 26
Salaries
delayed payments for scientists of, 11, 33
foreign contracts as supplement to, 89
on-time payments in 1998 of, 88
Samara Region
higher education in, 24
innovative firms in, 24
relative prosperity of, 24
resources of, 23-25
Sanctions, imposed on Russian
institutions by U.S. government for inappropriate transfers of technology to Middle East states, 163
Sarov (science city in Nizhnygorod region), incubation of software firm in, 54
Science cities
basic research in, 169
budget shortfalls of, 176-7
criteria for designation of, 191
defense interests in, 171, 177
economic decline in, 171
educational opportunities in, 192
enclaves in Moscow region for, 176
intellectual boredom in, 185
land rental activities in, 177
list of, 283-285
organized crime interests in, 177
regional significance of, 192
reluctance to abandon facilities in, 192
revival of, 192-193
special status of, 192
tax benefits for, 178
technological capabilities of, xvi
transparency of biological research in, 190-191
western interests in, 192-193
Small business
advisory services to support, 49
crime avoidance by, 50
entrepreneurship and, 16
financial support for, 49
innovative firms as, 4, 15-17, 35-66
locations—including technoparks and incubators—for, 48-49
low technology in, 15-17
market opportunities for, 17
problems faced by, 17
Samara innovative firms in, 24
Snezhinsk training center for 217
success stories of, 49-50
tax holidays for, 128
unregistered firms operating as, 16
Zarechny failures of, 208
Snezhinsk (science city in Chelyabinsk region)
business incubator in, 217
commercialization failures in, 215
developments in, 211-219
environmental survey of radiation levels in, 214
export control analytical center in, 215
history of, 212
Institute of Technical Physics, 219
intelligence activity suspicions of security forces in, 213
ISTC projects in, 213
peaceful uses of nuclear explosions program developed in, 212
population growth in, 218
safety on the streets of, 218
salary delays in, 213
small business development fund in, 217
tax exemptions for, 216
tax haven for Russian firms in, 216
training program for small business in, 217
test site (proposed) for detecting nuclear tests to be located in, 214
Soros, George, International Science Foundation of, 96
Soviet Union
decline of favored positions of defense scientists of, 37-38
engineering skills in industrialization of, 274
old-line managers of, 57
technology legacy of, xvii, 37-38
State Research Centers
(see State Scientific Centers)
State Scientific Centers
concept of, 45-46
debt growth in, 47
debt swapping by, 47
decline in resources for, 36-37
establishment of, 45-48
financial support by Ministry of Science and Technology for, 47-48
Kurchatov Institute as initiator of concept of, 46
list of, 279-282
programs of, xv
special privileges of, 48
technological potential of, 48
Subsidies for research and development, importance of, 57
Sun Shine Industrial Company (Hong Kong) as recruiter of weapon scientists , 147
Tax evasion
barter as mechanism for, 134
bribery as method of, 130
collection of unpaid taxes due to, 129
Cyprus as haven for, 87
Johnson and Johnson as target for, 132
research institute approaches to, 87-88
scope of, 130
Tax policy
changes proposed in, 94
complaints over, xv
definition of research institute for tax purposes, 127
different types of taxes, 127
enforcement laxities on taxation of imports, 17
tax benefits for businesses in Snezhinsk, 216
tax code ambiguities, 116
tax exemptions for aluminum industry, 128
tax exemptions for science cities, 178
tax exemptions for technical assistance, 97, 117, 132
tax havens for nuclear cities, 128
tax holiday for emerging businesses, 128
taxes on foreign residents in Russia, 131
tax on sales below costs, 136
tax rate reduction, 128
Technical universities
alumni assistance in finding contracts for, 160
avoidance of military draft by enrollment in, 160
career switching of graduates of, 161
deterioration of capabilities of, 160
enrollment increase in graduate engineering courses of, 161
income stream searches by, 159
linkages to military organizations of, 159
training of cadres for industry by, 160
two-track tuition system of, 160
Technology
(see also dual-use technologies and intellectual property rights)
import of, xi
ownership of, xi
Technology hunters in Russia, ix
Technology policy financial shortfalls for, 259
Ministry of Science and Technology proposal for, 258
protecting financial resources allocated for, 261-262
targetting selected technologies as component of, 262-263
technology fund (proposed) related to, 260-261
western support for Russian efforts to develop a, 259
Tetra (Russian firm, ix-xii
Titanium golf clubs constructed from, 74-75
shovels constructed from, 24
value added through processing of ingots from, 61, 75
Topol M missile, 69
Trade and Development Agency, feasibility studies of technology investments, 238
United Technology Corporation (a corporation including Pratt-Whitney, Carrier, Hamilton Standard, and Otis Elevator) cooperative research projects of, 241
joint ventures of, 241
product sales of, 241
technology sharing by, 241
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), support of activities of small businesses, 240
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, criticism of government programs by, 239
U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation, 240, 290-291
U.S. Industry Coalition
commercialized technologies of, 286-287
support of Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention program by, 229
U.S.-Russia Investment Fund, 237
Vector (Koltsovo) contracts with foreign countries of, 54
openness of facilities of, 53
production of pharmaceutical products by, 53-54
Velikhov, Yevgeny
Relcom Internet company established by, 52
Rosshelf oil exploration company led by, 52
State Scientific Center concept developed by, 46
Venture capital, international sources of, 94
Verkhne Saldinsky Manufacturing Products Organization, titanium ingot production, 75
Virtual economy of Russia, 13-14
Vyshinsky, Viktor, engineer-entrepreneur, 56
World Trade Organization, Russian accession to, 118
Yarigin, Gennady, scientist-entrepreneur, 33-35
Zarechny (science city in Sverdlovsk region)
access to, 209
autonomy of, 195
Beloyarsk nuclear power station in, 205-206
developments in, 205-211
exchanges of high school students from, 210
gold discovery in, 28
inert gas production in, 207
Institute of Power Engineering affiliate in, 207
law and order in, 210
noncash payments for budget of city of, 13
nuclear power capability expansion in, 206
production (proposed) of rare earth metals, 209
region-wide development plans developed in, 208-209
social services in, 210
small firm failures in, 208
youth disinterest in science in, 211
technopolis concept of, 208
Zhukovsky (science city in Moscow region), 179