Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 (2000)
Chapter: Front Matter
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. NAGW-2239. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
DONALDE. GARDNER(Chair), Consultant,
Raleigh, North Carolina
JOSEPHV. BRADY,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
RICHARDJ. BULL,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
GARYP. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
CHARLESE. FEIGLEY,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
MARYE. GAULDEN,
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
WILLIAME. HALPERIN,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
E. MARSHALLJOHNSON,
Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
RALPHL. KODELL,
National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
ROBERTSNYDER,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey
BERNARDM. WAGNER,
Bernard M. Wagner Associates, Millburn, New Jersey
G. DONALDWHEDON, Consultant,
Clearwater Beach, Florida
GAROLDS. YOST,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Staff
LEER. PAULSON, Project Director
SUSANN.J. PANG, Program Officer
RUTHE. CROSSGROVE, Editor
LUCYV. FUSCO, Project Assistant
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Committee on Toxicology
BAILUSWALKER, JR.(Chair),
Howard University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
MELVINE. ANDERSEN,
Colorado State University, Denver, Colorado
GERMAINEM. BUCK,
State University of New York at Buffalo
GARYP. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
JACKH. DEAN,
Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malverne, Pennsylvania
ROBERTE. FORSTERII,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PAULM.D. FOSTER,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
DAVIDW. GAYLOR,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
JUDITHA. GRAHAM,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
SIDNEYGREEN,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAME. HALPERIN,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
CHARLESH. HOBBS,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
FLORENCEK. KINOSHITA,
Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware
MICHAELJ. KOSNETT,
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
MORTONLIPPMANN,
New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
THOMASE. MCKONE,
University of California, Berkeley, California
ERNESTE. MCCONNELL,
ToxPath, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina
DAVIDH. MOORE,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland
GÜNTEROBERDÖRSTER,
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
JOHNL. O'DONOGHUE,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York
GEORGEM. RUSCH,
AlliedSignal, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey
MARYE. VORE,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
ANNETTAP. WATSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
GORDONORIANS (Chair),
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
DONALDMATTISON (Vice Chair),
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
DAVIDALLEN,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas
INGRIDC. BURKE,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
WILLIAML. CHAMEIDES,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
JOHNDOULL,
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
CHRISTOPHERB. FIELD,
Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, California
JOHNGERHART,
University of California, Berkeley, California
J. PAULGILMAN,
Celera Genomics, Rockville, Maryland
BRUCED. HAMMOCK,
University of California, Davis, California
MARKHARWELL,
University of Miami, Miami, Florida
ROGENEHENDERSON,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
CAROLHENRY,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
BARBARAHULKA,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
JAMESF. KITCHELL,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DANIELKREWSKI,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
JAMESA. MACMAHON,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
MARIOJ. MOLINA,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
CHARLESO'MELIA,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
WILLEMF. PASSCHIER,
Health Council of the Netherlands
KIRKSMITH,
University of California, Berkeley, California
MARGARETSTRAND,
Oppenheimer Wolff Donnelly & Bayh, LLP, Washington, D.C.
TERRYF. YOSIE,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
Senior BEST Staff
JAMESJ. REISA, Director
DAVIDJ. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Senior Program Director for Applied Ecology
CAROLA. MACZKA, Senior Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
RAYMONDA. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
KULBIRBAKSHI, Program Director for Toxicology
LEER. PAULSON, Program Director for Resource Management
ROBERTAWEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis
Commission on Life Sciences
MICHAELT. CLEGG (Chair),
University of California, Riverside, California
PAULBERG (Vice Chair),
Stanford University, Stanford, California
FREDERICKR. ANDERSON,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
JOANNABURGER,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
JAMESE. CLEAVER,
University of California, San Francisco, California
DAVIDEISENBERG,
University of California, Los Angeles, California
JOHNEMMERSON,
Fishers, Indiana
NEALFIRST,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DAVIDJ. GALAS,
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Science, Claremont, California
DAVIDV. GOEDDEL,
Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California
ARTUROGOMEZ-POMPA,
University of California, Riverside, California
COREYS. GOODMAN,
University of California, Berkeley, California
JONW. GORDON,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
DAVIDG. HOEL,
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
BARBARAS. HULKA,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
CYNTHIAKENYON,
University of California, San Francisco, California
BRUCER. LEVIN,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
DAVIDLIVINGSTON,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
DONALDR. MATTISON,
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
ELLIOTM. MEYEROWITZ,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
ROBERTT. PAINE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
RONALDR. SEDEROFF,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
ROBERTR. SOKAL,
State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
CHARLESF. STEVENS,
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
SHIRLEYM. TILGHMAN,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
RAYMONDL. WHITE,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: II. Evaluating Research Progress and Updating the Portfolio (1999)
Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (1999)
Risk-Based Waste Classification in California (1999)
Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (1998)
Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (1998)
The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 reports, 1989-1995)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 reports, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press
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Preface
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult.
As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to
protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the NRC, for their participation in the review of this report: Rogene Henderson, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute; Loren Koller, Oregon State University; and George Rusch, AlliedSignal, Inc.
The individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions. It must be emphasized, however, that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
The subcommittee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following personnel from NASA and its contractors: John James, Martin Coleman, Jay Perry, Kenneth Mitchell (all from NASA), King Lit Wong (U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office), Hector Garcia, Chiu Wing Lam, and Ragupathy Ramanathan (all from Wyle Laboratories). Lucy Fusco was the senior project assistant. Ruth Crossgrove edited the report. The subcommittee particularly acknowledges Lee Paulson, project director for the subcommittee, and Susan Pang, program officer, for bringing the report to completion.
Donald E. Gardner, Chair
Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
Bailus Walker, Chair
Committee on Toxicology
