Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership (2025)

Chapter: Appendix B: Case Example Interviews

Previous Chapter: Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

APPENDIX B
Case Example Interviews

Interviews

Table B-1 lists the interviewees and interview dates for each case example.

Table B-1. Case example interviews.

Agency

Topic

Interviewee

Title

Interview Date

San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA)

Operational Solutions

Jessica Garcia

Acting Service Planning Manager

April 16, 2024

Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada

COVID-19 Ridership Recovery

Jacob Simmons

Transit Planning Supervisor

April 25, 2024

CapMetro

Partnerships

Roberto Gonzalez

Director - Service Planning

April 15, 2024

City of Dekalb

Resources

Mike Neuenkirchen

Transit Manager

April 10, 2024

Valley Metro

Safety

Aaron Xaevier

Service Planning & GIS Manager

April 26, 2024

Interview Questions

San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA)

Overview and Context

Can you provide an overview of the nighttime transit services offered by SFMTA?

How has your agencyʼs nighttime transit services and needs for service generally evolved over time?

Planning

What are the primary goals or objectives of SFMTAʼs nighttime transit services? How do they align with broader regional transit goals?

Does your agency plan nighttime service to serve particular populations? If so, how do their trip types and travel patterns differ at night?

What factors or considerations influence your agencyʼs decision to expand nighttime transit service initiatives?

You stated in the survey that you have partnerships with other municipal organizations to help plan and fund service. What role do those partnerships play in operating nighttime service?

(continued on next page)

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

Operations

What are the primary operational challenges SFMTA faces in providing nighttime transit, and how have these challenges been addressed?

Can you discuss the advantages and challenges of using buses to replace rail service at night?

Impact

How does SFMTA measure the performance and success of its nighttime transit services? What metrics or indicators are used for evaluation?

Looking ahead, what plans does your agency have for the future of nighttime transit services, and how do you anticipate addressing any evolving needs or challenges?

Lessons Learned

What are the key lessons SFMTA has learned from operating nighttime transit services? How have these insights influenced current or future strategies?

What advice do you have for other agencies that may be interested in implementing or expanding nighttime transit?

Final Questions

Is there any additional information or perspectives related to the implementation of nighttime transit services that you believe may be relevant or important for us to understand but that we did not specifically ask about?

Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada

Overview and Context

Can you provide an overview of the nighttime transit services offered by RTC SNV?

How has your agencyʼs nighttime transit services and needs for service generally evolved over time?

How do your nighttime services cater to the needs of essential service and shift workers, as well as the overall nighttime transit ridership?

Planning

What factors or considerations influence your agencyʼs decision to expand nighttime transit service initiatives?

Can you elaborate on any specific initiatives or programs RTC has implemented to increase ridership among essential service and shift workers during nighttime hours? How are these initiatives tailored to meet the unique needs and schedules of these riders?

Impact of COVID-19

How did the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 affect the nighttime economy of your service area? How did these effects change the way nighttime service was administered?

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, what populations did your nighttime service serve? Have they changed or remained the same since 2020?

Have the trip types and travel patterns of nighttime riders changed?

What have been the main challenges in recovering nighttime ridership, if any?

Have there been any new challenges or opportunities in providing nighttime service that have arose since 2020?

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

Future Plans

Looking ahead, what plans does your agency have for the future of nighttime transit services, and how do you anticipate addressing any evolving needs or challenges?

Lessons Learned

What are the key lessons RTC SNV has learned from operating nighttime transit services? How have these insights influenced current or future strategies?

What advice do you have for other agencies that may be interested in implementing or expanding nighttime transit?

Final Questions

Is there any additional information or perspectives related to the implementation of nighttime transit services that you believe may be relevant or important for us to understand but that we did not specifically ask about?

CapMetro

Overview and Context

Can you provide a general overview of the transit services your agency offers?

How has your agencyʼs late-night services and needs for service evolved over time?

Planning & Travel Demand

What factors or considerations influence your agencyʼs decision to implement or expand nighttime transit service initiatives?

What plans does your agency have for conducting market research or focus groups to better understand the needs and preferences of nighttime transit riders?

What type of trips/travel patterns do they make? If you serve multiple, distinct populations, how do their trip types and travel patterns differ at night?

Partnerships

Can you describe the role university partnerships play in planning nighttime service?

What successes have there been in forming and maintaining partnerships with universities? What challenges have there been?

Do you foresee future partnership opportunities with other organizations for nighttime transit services? Are there obstacles that prevent CapMetro from forming those partnerships? Are there any areas where you would like to expand or strengthen partnerships?

Impact

Looking ahead, what plans does your agency have for the future of nighttime transit services, and how do you anticipate addressing any evolving needs or challenges?

Lessons Learned

What advice do you have for other agencies that may be interested in implementing or expanding nighttime transit?

Final Questions

Is there any additional information or perspectives related to the implementation of nighttime transit services that you believe may be relevant or important for us to understand but that we did not specifically ask about?

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

City of Dekalb

Overview and Context

Can you provide a general overview of the transit services your agency offers?

What factors or considerations led your agency to implement or expand nighttime transit services?

Planning and Implementation

Can you walk us through the process your agency undertook to assess the need for nighttime transit in your community? Was your agency aiming to serve a particular public?

What were the primary challenges or obstacles your agency faced in implementing nighttime transit, and how did you address them?

Resources

You indicated on the survey that your agency prioritizes resources for nighttime service over daytime service. How did your agency prioritize resources, both financial and operational, to support the implementation of nighttime transit?

How has nighttime transit affected your agencyʼs resource needs, including staffing, equipment, and infrastructure maintenance? Have there been any notable changes or challenges in resource allocation as a result of providing nighttime transit?

Can you explain the primary sources of funding your agency has utilized to support the implementation and operation of nighttime transit? Are they different from daytime transit?

Impact

Has your agency encountered any unexpected benefits or challenges since implementing nighttime transit?

Looking ahead, what plans does your agency have for the future of nighttime transit services, and how do you anticipate addressing any evolving needs or challenges?

Lessons Learned

What would you or your agency do differently if you were implementing this nighttime transit again?

What advice do you have for other agencies that may be interested in implementing nighttime transit?

Final Questions

Is there any additional information or perspectives related to the implementation of nighttime transit services that you believe may be relevant or important for us to understand but that we did not specifically ask about?

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

Valley Metro

Overview and Context

Can you provide an overview of the nighttime transit services offered by Valley Metro?

How have your agencyʼs nighttime transit services and needs for service generally evolved?

Planning

What factors or considerations influence your agencyʼs decision to expand nighttime transit service initiatives?

How does Valley Metro incorporate safety considerations into the planning and design of nighttime transit services?

What strategies does Valley Metro employ to assess and address safety concerns identified through community feedback, crime data analysis, or other sources during the planning phase of nighttime transit services?

Safety

What safety concerns have riders raised around taking transit during nighttime hours? Are there safety concerns from operators that work during nighttime hours? Are there any other safety concerns on the agency side?

What initiatives does your agency have to address nighttime safety concerns? Are there any partnerships or collaborations with local businesses, community organizations, or local law enforcement agencies that Valley Metro has engaged in to improve safety for nighttime transit users and operators?

Impact

What safety-related metrics does your agency track?

What measurable impacts or outcomes has Valley Metro observed as a result of its efforts to promote safety during nighttime transit operations, both in terms of ridersʼ perception and objective safety metrics?

Looking ahead, what plans does your agency have for the future of nighttime transit services, and how do you anticipate addressing any evolving needs or challenges?

Lessons Learned

What are the key lessons Valley Metro has learned from operating nighttime transit services? How have these insights influenced current or future strategies?

What advice do you have for other agencies that may be interested in implementing or expanding nighttime transit?

Final Questions

Is there any additional information or perspectives related to the implementation of nighttime transit services that you believe may be relevant or important for us to understand but that we did not specifically ask about?

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications:

A4A

Airlines for America

AAAE

American Association of Airport Executives

AASHO

American Association of State Highway Officials

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ACI–NA

Airports Council International–North America

ACRP

Airport Cooperative Research Program

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act

APTA

American Public Transportation Association

ASCE

American Society of Civil Engineers

ASME

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

ATA

American Trucking Associations

CTAA

Community Transportation Association of America

CTBSSP

Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program

DHS

Department of Homeland Security

DOE

Department of Energy

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

FAA

Federal Aviation Administration

FAST

Fixing Americaʼs Surface Transportation Act (2015)

FHWA

Federal Highway Administration

FMCSA

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

FRA

Federal Railroad Administration

FTA

Federal Transit Administration

GHSA

Governors Highway Safety Association

HMCRP

Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ISTEA

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991

ITE

Institute of Transportation Engineers

MAP-21

Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASAO

National Association of State Aviation Officials

NCFRP

National Cooperative Freight Research Program

NCHRP

National Cooperative Highway Research Program

NHTSA

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

NTSB

National Transportation Safety Board

PHMSA

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

RITA

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers

SAFETEA-LU

Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005)

TCRP

Transit Cooperative Research Program

TEA-21

Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998)

TRB

Transportation Research Board

TSA

Transportation Security Administration

U.S. DOT

United States Department of Transportation

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.

Transportation Research Board
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 65
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 66
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 67
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 68
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 69
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 70
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 71
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Case Example Interviews." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29221.
Page 72
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