References

American Public Transportation Association. (2019, March 7). Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authorityʼs TD Late Shift Program. Retrieved from https://www.apta.com/pilot-of-the-month-pinellas-suncoast-transit-authoritys-td-late-shift-program/.

American Public Transportation Association and Transit App. (n.d.). APTA Ridership Trends. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from Transit App: https://transitapp.com/apta.

Boyle, D. (2019). TCRP Synthesis 139: Transit Service Evaluation Standards. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. https://doi.org/10.17226/25446.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019, September 24). Job Flexibilities and Work Schedules Technical Note. Retrieved from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/flex2.tn.htm.

Chapuis, B. J., Murray, S., and Price, B. M. (2023, July 28). The Persistent Urban Shortfall in Leisure and Hospitality Employment. Retrieved from Federal Reserve: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/the-persistent-urban-shortfall-in-leisure-and-hospitality-employment-20230728.html.

City of Oklahoma City. (2015, April 7). City of Oklahoma City. Retrieved December 2023, from Promising Ridership on EMBARKʼs First Months of Night Service: https://www.okc.gov/Home/Components/News/News/278/140?arch=1&npage=51.

Dentel-Post, C., Cooper, D., Huang, Y., Crosley, S., Tolleson, M., and Carraher, M. (2017). Getting People Around After the Trains Stop Running. Transportation Research Record (2649), 97–105. Retrieved December 28, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3141/2649-11.

Dingel, J. I., and Neiman, B. (2020). How Many Jobs Can Be Done at Home? Journal of Public Economics (189). Retrieved December 14, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235

Factor, R. J., and Miller, M. A. (2006). Improving Mobility Through Enhanced Transit Services: Review of the Literature for Transit Taxis. Berkeley, CA: California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways.

Freemark, Y., Shankar, P., González-Hermoso, J., Alias, C., Morales-Burnett, J., and Persaud, H. (2021). On the Horizon: Planning for Post-Pandemic Travel. American Public Transportation Association. Retrieved December 28, 2023.

Hadden Loh, T., Rowlands, D., Tomer, A., Kane, J., and Vey, J. (2022). Mapping Americaʼs Activity Centers: The Building Blocks of Prosperous, Equitable, and Sustainable Regions. Brookings Institution. Retrieved January 2, 2024.

International Downtown Association. (2018). Nighttime Economy: Executive Summary. Retrieved January 2, 2024, https://downtown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IDA_ExecutiveSummary_NighttimeEconomy_2018.pdf.

Kaufman, S. M., Polack, C. F., and Campbell, G. A. (2018). The Pink Tax on Transportation: Womenʼs Challenges in Mobility. New York City: NYU Wagner Rudin Center for Transportation. Retrieved January 2, 2024.

Ko, L. (2019, August). An Equity Analysis for MBTAʼs Automated Fare Collection (AFC) 2.0. Masterʼs Thesis, Tufts University, Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning. Retrieved December 19, 2023.

Los Angeles Metro. (2019). Understanding How Women Travel. Los Angeles Metro.

Margetic, B. (2022). Night Riders: Accessibility, Land Use, and Late-Night Transit. Masterʼs Thesis, University of Washington, Urban Design and Planning. Retrieved December 4, 2023.

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. (2015). An Interim Review of the MBTA Late-Night Service Pilot Program. Retrieved December 5, 2023.

Metropolitan Council. (2017, June 12). Transit Service to Airport Connects Workers to Opportunity. Retrieved January 5, 2024, Metropolitan Council: https://metrocouncil.org/News-Events/Transportation/Newsletters/Transit-service-to-airport-connects-workers-to-opp.aspx.

National Transit Database. (2023, October). Monthly Module Adjusted Data Release. Washington DC: Federal Transit Administration.

National Transit Database. (2024). NTD March 2024 Complete Monthly Ridership. Washington DC: Federal Transit Administration. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/ntd-data. Accessed April 23, 2024.

New Orleans Regional Transit Authority. (2018, September 25). 24-Hour Streetcar Service to Begin for Late-Night Workers. Retrieved from New Orleans Regional Transit Authority: https://www.norta.com/news-list/24-hour-streetcar-service-to-begin-for-late-night-workers

Pan, H. (2023, March 6). An Obscure Rule About Bus Stops Can Make Riding at Night Safer. Retrieved January 2, 2024, from Next City: https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/an-obscure-rule-about-bus-stops-can-make-riding-at-night-safer.

Pritchard, G., Vines, J., and Olivier, P. (2015). Your Moneyʼs No Good Here: The Elimination of Cash Payment on London Buses. CHI Crossings. Seoul, Republic of Korea. Retrieved December 19, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702137.

Responsible Hospitality Institute. (2021). Macon Sociable City Plan. Macon, Georgia. Retrieved November 17, 2023.

Ride New Orleans. (2023). 2022 New Orleans Hotel Worker Transit. New Orleans.

Rowlands, D., and Hadden Loh, T. (2023, August 8). Ensuring the Intertwined Post-Pandemic Recoveries of Downtowns and Transit Systems. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from Brookings Institution: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ensuring-the-intertwined-post-pandemic-recoveries-of-downtowns-and-transit-systems/.

Saginaw Transit Authority Regional Services. (n.d.). Jobs Routes. Retrieved from STARS: https://saginaw-stars.com/services/jobs/.

Salt Lake City. (n.d.). Salt Lake City Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2024, from Salt Lake City: https://www.slc.gov/transportation/transit/.

San Francisco Entertainment Commission, San Francisco County Transportation Authority, and San Francisco Office of Economic and Workforce Development. (2015). The Other 9-to-5: Improving Late-Night and Early-Morning Transportation. San Francisco. Retrieved December 29, 2023.

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. (2019). SEPTA Service Standards and Process. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved December 28, 2023.

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. (2021, May 3). Introducing SEPTA Owl Link. Retrieved from I SEPTA Philly: https://iseptaphilly.com/blog/owllink.

Spivak, J. (2020, February). Cities That Love the Nightlife. Retrieved from American Planning Association: https://www.planning.org/planning/2020/feb/cities-that-love-the-nightlife/.

Surico, J. (2021, February 26). Does New York Really Need an All-Night Subway? Retrieved December 26, 2023, from Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-25/inside-the-debate-over-nyc-s-24-7-subway-service.

The North Highland Company, Econsult Solutions, Inc., and Urbane Development. (2019). NYCʼs Nightlife Economy: Impact, Assets, and Opportunities. The Mayorʼs Office of Media and Entertainment.

TransitCenter. (2022). Bus Operators in Crisis. New York, NY: TransitCenter.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022, November). Projections Overview and Highlights, 2021–31. Retrieved from Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/projections-overview-and-highlights-2021-31.htm.

Valley Metro. (2023). Valley Metro 2023 Origin and Destination Survey. Phoenix, AZ. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://vulcan-production.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/pages/downloads/about/agency/surveys-studies/origin-destination-surveys/2023-od-report_11-7-23_sb.pdf.

Visit Dallas. (2023). Economic and Fiscal Contributions of the Nightlife Economy in Dallas, TX. Retrieved from https://dallascityhall.com/departments/conventioneventservices/nighttime-economy/Documents/Dallas%20Nightlife%20%28Final%29%2004-11-2024%20-%20compressed.pdf.

Wang, J., and Ball, S. (2020, March 9). ‘Itʼs Not Enough’: How a VIA-Dependent San Antonian Commutes. Retrieved from San Antonio Report: https://sanantonioreport.org/its-not-enough-how-a-via-dependent-san-antonian-commutes/.

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. (2023, December 5). Metro Announces Launch of 24/7 Bus Service Across DC. Retrieved from WMATA: https://www.wmata.com/about/news/Metro-announces-launch-of-24-7-Bus-Service-Across-DC.cfm.

Winberg, M. (2021, March 19). ‘Fear for Your Life’: What It Feels Like to Drive a SEPTA Shuttle Overnight. Retrieved 2 January, 2024, from WHYY: https://whyy.org/articles/fear-for-your-life-what-it-feels-like-to-drive-a-septa-shuttle-overnight/.

Zalewski, A., Byala, L., Weiland, J., Germano, R., Viggiano, C., and Stein, N. (2019). Supporting Late-Shift Workers: Their Transportation Needs and the Economy. American Public Transportation Association. Retrieved December 1, 2023.

Zhang, Y., Farber, S., and Young, M. (2021). Eliminating Barriers to Nighttime Activity Participation: The Case of On-Demand Transit in Belleville, Canada. Transportation, 1385–1408. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-021-10215-2.