The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine will conduct a two-day public workshop on the role played by midlife factors in linking early life disadvantage to later life cognitive health and dementia risk. The workshop will identify key research gaps and priorities regarding the social pathways and related factors that connect early life exposures with later life cognitive outcomes, and identify key data needs in existing and new aging studies. After the workshop, a Proceedings of the Workshop summarizing the presentations and discussions at the workshop will be prepared in accordance with institutional guidelines.