As rates of stress, anxiety, and depression increase, the need for understanding resilience, or the ability to withstand crisis, may equip individuals to navigate stress across the lifetime. To examine how neurobiological insights on stress can build resilience, the National Academies’ Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders and Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders hosted a workshop on March 24-25, 2025 that examined stress and resilience's neurobiological mechanisms, the role of neurodevelopment and lifelong neuroplasticity, effective approaches for optimizing resilience, and opportunities to inform public health programs and education on how to promote resilience.