The National Academies’ Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders hosted a workshop on September 10, 2024, they brought together diverse perspectives to examine the promising but understudied applications of GLP-1R agonists in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Experts reviewed the current knowledge and research gaps about how GLP-1R agonists work and evidence of their clinical efficacy for neurodegenerative diseases, substance use disorders, and pain. Attendees from academia, industry, government, and nonprofits also explored regulatory challenges/opportunities in repurposing these drugs for brain conditions.