Graduate Medical Education That Meets the Nation's Health Needs

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Today's physician education system produces trained doctors with strong scientific underpinnings in biological and physical sciences as well as supervised practical experience in delivering care. Significant financial public support underlies the graduate-level training of the nation's physicians. Two federal programs—Medicare and Medicaid—distribute billions each year to support teaching hospitals and other training sites that provide graduate medical education.

Graduate Medical Education That Meets the Nation's Health Needs is an independent review of the goals, governance, and financing of the graduate medical education system. This report focuses on the extent to which the current system supports or creates barriers to producing a physician workforce ready to provide high-quality, patient-centered, and affordable health care and identifies opportunities to maximize the leverage of federal funding toward these goals. Graduate Medical Education examines the residency pipeline, geographic distribution of generalist and specialist clinicians, types of training sites, and roles of teaching and academic health centers.

The recommendations of Graduate Medical Education will contribute to the production of a better prepared physician workforce, innovative graduate medical education programs, transparency and accountability in programs, and stronger planning and oversight of the use of public funds to support training. Teaching hospitals, funders, policy makers, institutions, and health care organizations will use this report as a resource to assess and improve the graduate medical education system in the United States.

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Publication information

232 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-30355-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-30356-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/18754

Suggested citation

Institute of Medicine. 2014. Graduate Medical Education That Meets the Nation's Health Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Donald M. Berwick

Donald M. Berwick, MD, MPP, FRCP, is the former President and CEO, of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), an organization that Dr. Berwick co-founded and led for over 20 years. He is one of the nation's leading authorities on health care quality and improvement. In July, 2010, President Obama appointed Dr. Berwick to the position of Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), a position he held until December, 2011. A pediatrician by background, Dr. Berwick has served as Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Health Care Policy at the Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard School of Public Health, and as a member of the staffs of Boston's Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Brigham and Women's Hospital. He has also served as vice chair of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the first "Independent Member" of the Board of Trustees of the American Hospital Association, and chair of the National Advisory Council of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. An elected member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Dr. Berwick served two terms on the IOM’s governing Council and was a member of the IOM’s Global Health Board. He served on President Clinton's Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Healthcare Industry.

He is a recipient of numerous awards, including the 1999 Joint Commission’s Ernest Amory Codman Award, the 2002 American Hospital Association’s Award of Honor, the 2006 John M. Eisenberg Patient Safety and Quality Award for Individual Achievement from the National Quality Forum and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, the 2007 William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research, and the 2007 Heinz Award for Public Policy from the Heinz Family Foundation. In 2005, he was appointed “Honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire” by the Queen of England, the highest honor awarded by the UK to non-British subjects, in recognition of his work with the British National Health Service. Dr. Berwick is the author or co-author of over 160 scientific articles and four books. Dr. Berwick recently became a Lecturer in the Department of Health Care Policy at the Harvard Medical School.

Gail R. Wilensky

Gail Wilensky is an economist and a senior fellow at Project HOPE, an international health foundation. Her focus has been on strategies to reform health care, with particular emphasis in recent years on Medicare, comparative effectiveness research and military health care. Dr. Wilensky serves as a trustee of the Combined Benefits Fund of the United Mine Workers of America and the National Opinion Research Center, is on the Board of Regents of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Geisinger Health System Foundation and the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Medical School. She recently served as president of the Defense Health Board, a Federal advisory board to the Secretary of Defense, was a commissioner on the World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health and co-chaired the Dept. of Defense Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care.

She was the Administrator of the Health Care Financing Administration (now called CMS) from 1990-92 and Deputy Assistant for Policy Development to President George H W Bush in 1992.

She chaired the Physician Payment Review Commission from 1995-1997 and MedPAC from 1997-2001. She is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine and has served two terms on its governing council. She is a former chair of the board of directors of Academy Health, a former trustee of the American Heart Association and a current or former director of numerous other non-profit organizations (e.g., National Alliance for Hispanic Health, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia). She is also a director of United Health Group and Quest Diagnostics. Dr. Wilensky testifies frequently before Congressional committees, serves as an advisor to members of Congress and other elected officials, and speaks nationally and internationally. She received a bachelor’s degree in psychology and a Ph.D. in economics at the University of Michigan and has received several honorary degrees.

Brian Alexander

Brian Alexander, MD, MPH, is a radiation oncologist specializing in research and clinical care for patients with tumors of the central nervous system and is the Director of the Neuro-radiation Oncology Program at the Brigham and Women's/ Dana-Farber Cancer Center. He also served as the Fellowship Director for the Department of Radiation Oncology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. His research interests include the characterization of the radiation responsiveness of glioma stem cells, preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics, and innovative designs for early phase clinical trials.

Dr. Alexander previously served as a White House Fellow and Special Assistant to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs from 2008-2009. Under Secretary Peake, he helped prepare the VA for the transition of administrations and worked to develop a public reporting system for quality performance indicators that would become VA ASPIRE. During the transition and the early part of the Obama administration, Dr. Alexander served as a health policy advisor to Secretary Shinseki. In that role, he led the Department’s effort to organize the International Roundtable on Clinical Quality and Patient Safety and coordinated all aspects of Secretary Shinskei’s preparation for the Obama Administration’s Health Care Summit. In addition to his role as health policy advisor, Dr. Alexander organized the standup of the VA’s Coordinating Council on National Health Reform and directed the activities of its multi-team Health Reform Working Group.

Dr. Alexander is originally from Southfield, Michigan and is a graduate of Kalamazoo College, the University of Michigan Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health.

David A. Asch

David Asch is Executive Director of the Penn Medicine Center for Innovation. He is Professor of Medicine, Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and Professor of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and he is Professor of Health Care Management and Professor of Operations and Information Management at the Wharton School.

Dr. Asch’s research aims to understand and improve how physicians and patients make medical choices in clinical, financial, and ethically charged settings, including the adoption of new pharmaceuticals or medical technologies, the purchase of health or life insurance, and personal health behaviors. His research combines elements of economic analysis with moral and psychological theory and marketing. He is the author of more than 200 published papers, chapters, and reports.

He teaches health policy at the Wharton School and he practices internal medicine at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where he created and from 2001 to 2012 directed the Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion—the Department of Veterans Affairs’ national center to support vulnerable populations and reduce racial disparities. He also created and directs the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars Program at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1998 to 2012 he was Executive Director of the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, one of the oldest and best-regarded centers in the nation devoted to understanding and improving the organization, delivery, management, and financing of health care. During Dr. Asch’s tenure, LDI increased its research funding from approximately $9 million a year to over $126 million a year.

Dr. Asch received his bachelor’s degree from Harvard University, his MD from Weill-Cornell Medical College, and his MBA in Health Care Management and Decision Sciences from the Wharton School. He was a resident in Internal Medicine and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.

David Asprey

David Asprey currently serves as Assistant Dean in the Office of Student Affairs and Curriculum in the Carver College of Medicine. In addition, he is Professor and Chair of the Department of Physician Assistant Studies and Services. He holds secondary appointments in the department of Pediatrics and in the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitative Sciences. His academic background includes a Bachelor’s degree in Biology from Bethel College in St. Paul, Minnesota and a Bachelor’s degree from the University of Iowa Physician Assistant Program. He received a Master’s Degree in Instructional Design and Technology and a PhD in Higher Education from the University of Iowa, College of Education. His clinical practice as a PA has consisted of 4 years in emergency medicine and 21 years in pediatric cardiology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.

Dr. Asprey has authored numerous abstracts, articles and chapters in addition to co-editing 3 textbooks. He has served on board of the Physician Assistant Education Association including a term as President and was appointed to the Federal Advisory Committee on Training in Primary Care Medicine and Dentistry (ACTPCMD) where he also served as the Vice Chair. He is the recipient of several awards including Iowa Physician Assistant Society’s PA of the Year Award, Carver College of Medicine’s Collegiate Teaching Award, the Ben Pardini Interdisciplinary Teaching Award and the Physician Assistant Education Association’s Master Faculty Award.

Alfred O. Berg

Dr. Berg received his professional education at Washington University, St. Louis (MD), the University of Missouri, Columbia, and the University of Washington, Seattle (MPH); and completed residencies in family medicine and in general preventive medicine and public health. He has been at the University of Washington since 1977, including service as Chair of the Department of Family Medicine and Director of the Affiliated Family Medicine Residency Network, a consortium of 18 programs in 5 northwest states.

Dr. Berg was elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences in 1996. He has received major awards from the American Academy of Family Physicians, the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Foundation, and the North American Primary Care Research Group. Dr. Berg has served on many national expert panels using evidence-based methods to guide practice and policy, including chairmanship of the United States Preventive Services Task Force, co-chair of the otitis media panel convened by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, chair of the CDC STD Treatment Guidelines panel, member of the AMA/CDC panel producing Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services, founding chair of the CDC panel on Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention, and chair of the NIH State-of-the-Science Conference on Family History and Improving Health. He currently serves on the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute Methodology Committee. For the IOM he has been a member of the Immunization Safety Review Committee, the Committee on Preventive Services for Women, and the Committee on the Childhood Immunization Schedule; and chaired the Committee on the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and the Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Clinical Effectiveness Research.

Peter Buerhaus

Dr. Peter Buerhaus is a nurse and a healthcare economist, serving as the Valere Potter Distinguished Professor of Nursing at Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, and Director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Health Workforce Studies, the Institute for Medicine and Public Health, at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. From 2000 to 2006, Dr. Buerhaus was the Senior Associate Dean for Research at Vanderbilt University School of Nursing. Before that, he was assistant professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health (1992-2000) where he developed the Harvard Nursing Research Institute and its post-doctoral program. Earlier he served as assistant to the CEO of The University of Michigan Medical Center’s seven teaching hospitals (1983-1986) and assistant to the Vice Provost for Medical Affairs, the chief executive of the medical center (1987-1990).

Dr. Buerhaus maintains an active research program involving studies on the economics of the nursing workforce, nurse and physician workforce forecasting, developing and testing measures of hospital quality of care, determining public and provider opinions on issues involving the delivery of health care, and assessing the adequacy of the primary care workforce. Dr. Buerhaus is co-author of the 2008 book The Future of the Nursing Workforce in the United States: Data, Trends, and Implications.

In 2003, Dr. Buerhaus was elected into the National Academies Institute of Medicine and since1994 has been a member of the American Academy of Nursing. He served on the Advisory Council of the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research (2001-2006), National Quality Forum Steering Committee on Nursing Quality Performance Measures (2004-2005), as a Board of Director of Sigma Theta Tau International (2001-2005), and as a member of The Joint Commission’s Nursing Advisory Committee (2003-2010). He serves as an expert advisor for the Bipartisan Policy Center’s health care workforce initiative. On September 30, 2010, Dr. Buerhaus was appointed to Chair the National Health Care Workforce Commission.

Dr. Buerhaus earned his baccalaureate degree in nursing from Mankato State University (1976), a master’s degree in nursing health services administration from The University of Michigan (1981), a doctoral degree from at Wayne State University (1990), and completed a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation post doctoral faculty fellowship in health care finance at The Johns Hopkins University from 1991-1992.

Amitabh Chandra

Amitabh Chandra is a health and labor economist, a Professor of Public Policy, and Director of Health Policy Research at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. He serves on the Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) panel of health advisors. In 2011 he served as Massachusetts' Special Commissioner on Provider Price Reform. He is a Research Fellow at the IZA Institute in Bonn, Germany, and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

His research focuses on productivity and cost-growth in healthcare and racial disparities in healthcare. His research has been supported by the National Institute of Aging, the National Institute of Child Health and Development, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and has been published in the American Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, the New England Journal of Medicine, and Health Affairs. He is an editor of the Review of Economics and Statistics, Economics Letters, and the American Economic Journal, and is a former editor of the Journal of Human Resources. Professor Chandra has testified to the United States Senate and the United States Commission on Civil Rights. His research has been featured in the New York Times, the Washington Post, CNN, Newsweek, and on National Public Radio. Professor Chandra has been a consultant to the RAND Corporation, Microsoft Research, the Institute of Medicine and the Blue Cross Blue Shield Foundation of Massachusetts.

He is the recipient of an Outstanding Teacher Award, the first-prize recipient of the Upjohn Institute's Dissertation Award, the Kenneth Arrow Award for best paper in health economics, and the Eugene Garfield Award for the impact of medical research. In 2012, he was awarded American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) medal. The ASHE Medal is awarded biennially to the economist age 40 or under who has made the most significant contributions to the field of health economics.

Denice Cora-Bramble

Denice Cora-Bramble, MD, MBA is the Acting Executive Vice President of Ambulatory Services and the Senior Vice President of the Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health at Children’s National Medical Center. The Goldberg Center is one of the seven Centers of Excellence at Children’s Hospital and includes the Divisions of General Pediatrics, Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Pediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Dermatology, the Child and Adolescent Protection Center, the Mobile Health Program, seven health centers and multiple related programs. The Goldberg Center is the largest provider of pediatric primary care in the District of Columbia, delivering health care services through approximately 80,000 patient visits per year. Dr. Cora-Bramble also leads Children’s National Medical Center’s Obesity Institute.

After finishing a Bachelor of Science degree at George Washington University Dr. Cora-Bramble completed her medical and pediatric residency training at Howard University and a Master in Business Administration with a concentration in Medical Services Management from Johns Hopkins University. Her professional development also included a three year W.K. Kellogg Foundation Leadership fellowship. Dr. Cora-Bramble began her career in community pediatrics as a school physician in the public schools of the District of Columbia. She subsequently held several leadership positions at the George Washington University Medical Center and the US Department of Health and Human Services.

As Acting EVP of Ambulatory Services, she leads the operations of seven pediatric specialty ambulatory regional outpatient centers in the District of Columbia, Northern Virginia and Maryland as well as all hospital-based ambulatory clinics. In her role as Senior Vice President, Dr. Cora-Bramble leads the clinical, research, and education activities of a multi-site staff of approximately 280, including more than 38 medical and dental faculty members.

Dr. Cora-Bramble is a Professor of Pediatrics at George Washington University School of Medicine and a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics. She is the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Alumnus Award from Johns Hopkins University and the 2009 Health Care Delivery Award from the Academic Pediatric Association. In 2007 she received the highest national honor in community pediatric education, the Academic Pediatric Association and American Academy of Pediatrics’ National Pediatric Community Teaching Award. Her work in community pediatrics was featured in the Advocate for Children section of the national pediatric journal, Contemporary Pediatrics.

Michael J. Dowling

Michael J. Dowling is President and Chief Executive Officer of the North Shore-LIJ Health System. It is the largest integrated health care system in New York State with total revenue of almost $ 7 billion. It consists of 16 hospitals, 17 long-term care facilities, three trauma centers, five home health agencies and dozens of outpatient and ambulatory facilities. It is the nation’s third largest, non-profit secular system with a total workforce of over 44,000 employees. In 2011, the Hofstra-LIJ School of Medicine was opened to its first class of medical students.

Prior to becoming President and CEO in 2002, Mr. Dowling was the health system’s Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Before joining North Shore-LIJ in 1995, he was a senior vice president at Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield.

Mr. Dowling served in New York State government for 12 years, including seven years as State Director of Health, Education and Human Services and Deputy Secretary to the Governor. He was also Commissioner of the New York State Department of Social Services. In 2011, he co-chaired the governor’s Medicaid Redesign Team. Before his public service career, Mr. Dowling was a professor of Social Policy and Assistant Dean at the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Services and Director of the Fordham Campus in Westchester County.

Mr. Dowling has been honored with many awards. They include: The American Irish Historical Society's Gold Medal, B'nai B'rith International Healthcare Award, The Distinguished Public Service Award from the State University of New York’s Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, an Outstanding Public Official Award from the Mental Health Association of New York State, an Outstanding Public Service Award from the Mental Health Association of Nassau County, the Alfred E. Smith Award from the American Society for Public Administration and the National Human Relations Award from the American Jewish Committee and the Ellis Island Medal of Honor.

Mr. Dowling is a member of the Board of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Chairman of the North American Board of the Smurfit School of Business at University College, Dublin, Past Chairman of the Greater New York Hospital Association, and is past Chairman of the Healthcare Association of New York State and the National Center for Healthcare Leadership (NCHL). He is also Past Chairman of the League of Voluntary Hospitals of New York. Mr. Dowling grew up in Limerick, Ireland. He earned his undergraduate degrees from University College Cork (UCC) and his Masters Degree from Fordham University. He also has an Honorary Doctorate from Hofstra University.

Kathleen A. Dracup

Kathleen A. Dracup is a Professor and former Dean of the University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing. Dr. Dracup earned a Doctorate in Nursing Science from the University of California, San Francisco, a Master of Nursing degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Bachelor of Science degree from St. Xavier's University, Chicago, Illinois.

A member of the Institute of Medicine, she is a leader in the field of cardiovascular nursing; she has been an influential mentor for cardiovascular nursing researchers for the past three decades. She is recognized internationally for her investigation in the care of patients with heart disease and the effects of this disease on spouses and other family members. She has tested a variety of interventions designed to reduce the emotional distress experienced by cardiac patients and their family members and to reduce morbidity and mortality from sudden cardiac death. Dr. Dracup has published her research in more than 300 articles and chapters, and has authored the textbook, Intensive Coronary Care. She served as the editor of Heart & Lung for over a decade and the American Journal of Critical Care for almost two decades.

Anthony E. Keck

Anthony (Tony) Keck is the Director of Health and Human Services for South Carolina Governor Nikki R. Haley. He has over twenty-four years of experience in health care management, consulting, policy and academics in the United States and Latin America. Prior to his appointment in South Carolina, Mr. Keck served three years in the administration of Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal as health and social services policy advisor to the governor, and chief of staff and deputy secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals. In the private sector, Mr. Keck managed and consulted for organizations such as Johnson & Johnson where he was Director of Operations for Latin American Consulting and Services, as Director of Management Engineering at Ochsner Clinic New Orleans, and as Administrator of St. Thomas Health Services, a community clinic.

He holds both a Bachelor of Industrial & Operations Engineering and Master of Public Health from the University of Michigan and is completing his doctoral thesis in health systems management at the Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine focusing on physician workforce issues. He serves on the Board of the National Association of Medicaid Directors and has an appointment at the Tulane University School of Medicine Department of Family and Community Medicine.

Octavio N. Martinez

Octavio N. Martinez, Jr. is the first Hispanic to lead the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. The foundation’s grants and programs support mental health services, research, policy analysis and public education projects in Texas. As chief executive officer, he oversees the vision, mission, goals, strategic planning and day-to-day operations of the foundation. He is a clinical professor with an appointment at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) in the School of Social Work. His academic interests include minority health, health disparities, and workforce issues. Prior to joining the foundation, Dr. Martinez was a clinical psychiatrist at the Albemarle Mental Health Center and an affiliate associate professor at the Brody School of Medicine in North Carolina. Before that he was an assistant professor and psychiatrist at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and a Faculty Associate with the Center for Medical Humanities and Ethics. He served as Director of Psychiatric Consultation/Liaison Services for two major teaching hospitals, Co-Director of Behavioral Sciences for the UTHSCSA medical school, and developed two community psychiatric clinics for underserved areas. Prior to entering medical school, Dr. Martinez worked in commercial real estate, banking, and finance.

He is a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a member of the Texas Society for Psychiatric Physicians, the American College of Mental Health Administration, the National Hispanic Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association. From 2002 to 2006, he served as a Special Emphasis Panel Member for the National Institutes of Health, National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities. He is a recipient of the Adolph Meyer, M.D. Research Award in recognition of contributions in minority health and efforts to improve the mental health of all citizens regardless of socioeconomic status.

Dr. Martinez is licensed to practice in Texas and North Carolina and is a diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. He has a M.P.H. from the Harvard School of Public Health, and obtained his degree in medicine from Baylor College of Medicine, and master’s and bachelor’s degrees in business administration with a concentration in finance from UT Austin. He also has completed The Commonwealth Fund/Harvard University Fellowship in Minority Health Policy at Harvard Medical School.

Fitzhugh Mullan

Fitzhugh Mullan is the Murdock Head Professor of Medicine and Health Policy at the George Washington University School of Public Health and a Professor of Pediatrics at the George Washington University School of Medicine. His research and policy work focus on US and international health workforce issues. He is the Principal Investigator of the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Coordinating Center, a PEPFAR/NIH/HRSA funded 12 country African medical education project. He previously served as Principal Investigator of the Gates funded Sub-Saharan African Medical School Study (SAMSS). His US work includes the Kellogg Foundation funded Beyond Flexner Study and the Medical Education Futures Study. He is an appointed commissioner of the National Health Care Workforce Commission.

Dr. Mullan graduated from Harvard University with a degree in history and from the University of Chicago Medical School. He trained in pediatrics and was commissioned in the United States Public Health Service where he worked in New Mexico as one of the first members of the National Health Service Corps. During 23 years in the Public Health Service, he served in many capacities including director of the National Health Service Corps, director of the Bureau of Health Professions, Secretary of Health and Environment for the State of New Mexico, and as an Assistant Surgeon General. He was a member of both the President’s Task Force on Health Care Reform and the Council on Graduate Medical Education. In 1996, he retired from the Public Health Service.

Dr. Mullan has written widely for both professional and general audiences on medical and health policy topics. His books include White Coat Clenched Fist: The Political Education of an American Physician, Vital Signs: A Young Doctor's Struggle with Cancer, Plagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service, and Big Doctoring in America: Profiles in Primary Care. Dr. Mullan is the Founding President of the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship. He is the recipient of the American Cancer Society's 1988 Courage award, the Society for Surgical Oncology's 1989 James Ewing medal, as well as the Surgeon General's Medallion, and the United States Public Health Service's Distinguished Service Medal. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.

Roger Plummer

Roger Plummer completed a distinguished 30-year career with the Bell System, beginning at Illinois Bell and followed by promotions to increasingly important leadership positions before retiring in 1994 as President of the Custom Business Unit of Ameritech, a corporation created at the divestiture of the AT&T.

For 18 years since retiring from Ameritech, Mr. Plummer has led his own consulting firm specializing in marketing, strategic planning and organization development in telecommunications and has been committed to supporting not-for-profit organizations. For example, he has been consultant to, and executive vice president of, the International Engineering Consortium, a nonprofit organization dedicated to catalyzing technology and business progress worldwide in a range of high-technology industries and academia.

Though not a healthcare professional, Mr. Plummer has been involved in healthcare in various ways professionally and as a volunteer. In addition to serving on a Chicago-based hospital board of trustees while at Ameritech, the business unit that he managed developed an early version of a software-based regional healthcare information network. He served on the University of Illinois Board of Trustees for six years where, among his responsibilities, he was the liaison between his fellow trustees and the University of Illinois Hospital and College of Medicine. Previously, Mr. Plummer served as a public member on the Board of Directors of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, participating on many committees including strategic planning, monitoring, finance, audit, governance and compensation – the last four of which he at one time chaired. He was actively involved in board deliberations on important matters such as duty hours, patient safety and a new model for GME accreditation. He is founding chairman of the Advisory Board of Rush Hospital Neurobehavioral Center that serves the medical, psychological and educational needs of children with neurobehavioral issues with a special emphasis on social-emotional learning impairments.

Mr. Plummer currently serves on University of Illinois Foundation Board of Directors, the Board of Trustees of DePaul University and the Board of Trustees of Window to the World Communications (including Chicago’s public television station).

Deborah E. Powell

Deborah E. Powell, M.D. is Dean Emeritus of the medical school, and professor in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. She joined Minnesota in 2002 and led the University of Minnesota Medical School until 2009. She was also Assistant Vice President for Clinical Sciences, Associate Vice-President for New Models of Education and McKnight Presidential leadership Chairman at University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

Prior to coming to Minnesota, she served as an Executive Dean and Vice Chancellor for Clinical Affairs at the University of Kansas School of Medicine for five years. Previously, she served as Chairman of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and as Vice Chairman and Director of Diagnostic Pathology at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. She is a medical educator and has more than 30 years experience in academic medicine.

Additionally, she has been the President of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology and the President of the American Board of Pathology. She served as the Chairman of the Council of Deans of the Association of American Medical Colleges and as Chair of the Association of American Medical Colleges in 2009-2010. She has served as a Director of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Fairview Health System, the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Association of American Medical Colleges and Hazelden. She is a Member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Powell is a board-certified Surgical Pathologist. She received her Medical Degree from Tufts University School of Medicine.

Barbara Ross-Lee

As Vice-President for Health Sciences and Medical Affairs, Dr. Barbara Ross-Lee is responsible for the NYIT New York College of Osteopathic Medicine; NYIT School of Health Professions; NYIT Academic Health Clinics; The Center for Global Health; The Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology; The Center for the Future of the Health Care Work Force and The National Institute for Health Policy.

Dr. Ross-Lee is the first African-American female to serve as dean of a United States medical school and the first osteopathic physician to participate in the Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellowship program. She has extensive background in health policy issues, and has served as an advisor on primary care, medical and health professional education, minority health, women’s health, and rural health care issues on the federal and state levels.

Dr. Ross-Lee is the past president of the board of directors of the Association of Academic Health Centers and the past chair of the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Board of Governors. She served as chair of the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) Council on Pre-doctoral Education, which was responsible for osteopathic college accreditation, and as member of the AOA Bureau of Professional Education, which was responsible for the accreditation of osteopathic graduate medical education (GME) and continuing medical education (CME). She is the past chair of the AOA’s Minority Health Initiative and past member of the NIH Advisory Committee on Research on Women’s Health and the NIH Advisory Committee on Rural Health.

Glenn D. Steele, Jr.

Glenn D. Steele Jr., M.D., Ph.D., is President and CEO of Geisinger Health System, serving more than 2.6 million residents in Pennsylvania through multiple medical center campuses, a 1000-member group practice, a non-profit health insurance company, and 65 community group practice sites. Dr. Steele joined Geisinger Health System as President and Chief Executive Officer on March 1, 2001. He arrived at Geisinger from the University of Chicago, where he served as Richard T. Crane Professor in the Department of Surgery, Vice President for Medical Affairs, and Dean of the Division of Biological Sciences Division and the Pritzker School of Medicine. Prior to that, he was the William V. McDermott Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School, President and Chief Executive Officer of Deaconess Professional Practice Group and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at New England Deaconess Hospital.

He serves on the editorial board of numerous prominent medical journals. His investigations have focused on the cell biology of gastrointestinal cancer and pre-cancer and most recently on innovations in healthcare delivery and financing. A prolific writer, he is the author or co-author of more than 481 scientific and professional articles.

Dr. Steele received his bachelor’s degree in history and literature from Harvard University and his medical degree from New York University School of Medicine. He completed his internship and residency in surgery at the University of Colorado, where he was also a fellow of the American Cancer Society. He earned his Ph.D. in microbiology at Lund University in Sweden. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, serves as a member on the Roundtable on Value and Science-driven Healthcare, previously served on the Committee on Reviewing Evidence to Identify Highly Effective Clinical Services (HECS), the New England Surgical Society, a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, the American Surgical Association, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and past president of the Society of Surgical Oncology. He was a member of the National Advisory Committee for Rural Health, the Pennsylvania Cancer Control Consortium and is a member of the Healthcare Executives Network, the Commonwealth Fund’s Commission on a High Performance Health System, and served as a member of the National Committee for Quality Assurance’s (NCQA) Committee on Performance Measurement and as Chairman of the American Board of Surgery.

Gail L. Warden

Gail Warden serves as President Emeritus of Detroit-based Henry Ford Health System and served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 1988 – 2003. He is Professor of Health Management and Policy at the University of Michigan, School of Public Health. He is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He served on its Board of Health Care Services, Committee on Quality Health Care in America; chaired the Committee on the Future of Emergency Medicine in the United States, the Committee on Planning a Continuing Health Care Professional Education Institute, and the Committee on Patient Safety and Health Information Technology. He served two terms on its Governing Council. He is Chairman Emeritus of the National Quality Forum, Chairman Emeritus of the National Committee for Quality Assurance, a past Chairman of the American Hospital Association and the Chair Emeritus of National Center for Healthcare Leadership. He is an Emeritus member of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Board of Trustees and serves on the RAND Health Board of Advisors.

Mr. Warden holds the position of Vice Chairman and Trustee for the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science’s Board of Directors, and he chairs the Detroit Wayne County Health Authority and the Detroit Zoological Society. He is also a Director for the National Research Corporation’s Board of Directors in Lincoln, Nebraska and the Picker Institute. He served as a Director of Comerica, Inc. from 1990 – 2006.

A graduate of Dartmouth College, Mr. Warden holds a master’s degree in Hospital Administration from the University of Michigan. Mr. Warden received an Honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from Central Michigan University and an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Healthcare from Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.

Debra Weinstein

Dr. Debra Weinstein is Vice President for Graduate Medical Education at the Partners Healthcare System. In this role she is responsible for overseeing more than 200 graduate medical education (GME) programs with approximately 2000 residents and fellows. Dr. Weinstein is a graduate of Wellesley College, where she majored in Music. After receiving her M.D. from Harvard Medical School, she completed clinical training in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology at Massachusetts General Hospital, was selected as Chief Resident, and later served as Associate Chief and Program Director in Internal Medicine. She is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, maintains a limited practice in gastroenterology, and is involved in teaching and research related to graduate medical education.

Dr. Weinstein is a Director of the MGH Institute for Health Professions, an independent graduate school affiliated with the MGH. Previously she also served on the Board of the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and chaired the Massachusetts Medical Society's Committee on Publications as well as the Association of American Medical Colleges' Group on Resident Affairs. Dr. Weinstein has led or served on several national task forces related to graduate medical education, including chairing the May 2011 Macy Foundation conference focused on reforming GME. Dr. Weinstein was a 2006-7 American Council on Education Fellow and she is a recipient of the ACGME’s "Parker Palmer Courage to Lead Award."

Barbara O. Wynn

Barbara O. Wynn, Senior Health Policy Analyst at RAND, has been intimately involved with Medicare payment policies and graduate medical education financing for more than 30 years. Ms. Wynn joined RAND in 1999 after 24 years with the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA- the predecessor agency to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). Since coming to RAND, she has been Principal Investigator for several HHS-funded projects related to graduate medical education, including a research report that formed the basis for the Council on Graduate Medical Education’s Fifteenth Report, reports addressing implementation issues related to the Childrens’ Hospital GME Fund, and studies examining alternative ways of financing GME and variation in the Medicare support for direct GME cost. For MedPAC, she worked on MedPAC-funded studies examining how well internal medicine residency programs are providing physicians-in-training with the skills and proficiencies that are new or have increased importance for patient care and is completing a study analyzing the costs and benefits to teaching hospitals of operating residency training programs.

While at HCFA, Ms. Wynn was directly involved with Medicare payment policies related to graduate medical education, beginning with the initial establishment of direct GME per resident amounts in 1986 though the regulations implementing the GME provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. During her last 5 years at HCFA, Ms. Wynn represented HCFA on COGME and chaired the Financing Workgroup of the HHS Secretary’s Task Force on the Future of Academic Health Centers.

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