Financial constraints are encouraging a rethinking of how the United States can fund research in science, engineering, and technology. Federal research agencies have utilized or are proposing new funding mechanisms that are less like traditional research and development grants and more akin to direct investments in technologies that are critical to a particular agency. State governments are also exploring novel ways to advance research from the bench into the marketplace, including crowdfunding and creative public-private partnerships. This meeting considered new financing models and mechanisms designed to leverage resources and more efficiently convert the nation’s research assets into economic assets.