Consensus
Smart manufacturing technologies - from advanced sensors to new computing capabilities - have the potential to greatly improve the productivity, energy efficiency, and sustainability of the U.S. manufacturing sector. Successfully implementing these technologies is essential for ensuring U.S. competitiveness and providing new job opportunities for the U.S. workforce.
Options for a National Plan for Smart Manufacturing explores promising technologies transforming the manufacturing sector and identifies the research and resources needed to accelerate smart manufacturing adoption industry wide. This report also identifies critical needs for education and workforce development for smart manufacturing and makes actionable recommendations to support and train the next-generation manufacturing workforce.
156 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71084-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71085-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27260
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Options for a National Plan for Smart Manufacturing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Despite the significant contributions of graduate students and postdoctoral scholars to scientific research, the environments in which they work and learn often offer inconsistent mentorship and professional development opportunities and only intermittently address their mental, financial, and social well-being.
To examine mentorship, well-being, and professional development and the challenge of translating existing mentorship theory into effective interventions, The Roundtable on Mentorship, Well-being, and Professional Development convened a workshop on November 1 and 2, 2023. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71615-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27513
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Mentorship, Well-Being, and Professional Development in STEMM: Addressing the "Knowing-Doing Gap": Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The pervasive effects of supply chain disruptions, underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and critical shortages of essential commodities, reverberate through all communities. Evidence exists, however, that these impacts are not evenly distributed and are disproportionately intense and persistent among vulnerable populations. Recovery from supply chain disruptions also takes longer in vulnerable and marginalized communities, and the disproportionate impacts of these disruptions have economic justice and equity implications.
On September 12, 2023, the Science and Technology for Resilience Program at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop to understand how vulnerable communities are at risk of being impacted by supply chain disruptions; challenges faced in mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery; sustainability strategies for overcoming these challenges; and examples of adaptive, resilient, and sustainable efforts undertaken by communities to lessen impacts and develop actionable policies, programs, and strategies. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71301-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27390
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Supply Chain Disruptions: Impacts on Vulnerable Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies Standing Committee on Reproductive Health, Equity, and Society hosted a virtual public webinar in October 2023 to explore state-level legal and political strategies to increase access to reproductive health care services, including abortion care, following the Dobbs v. Jackson Womens Health Organization ruling, which overturned the 1972 Roe v. Wade decision. Discussions included updates on state and federal legal challenges to abortion bans, the role of ballot initiatives in reproductive rights, additional strategic avenues such as legislative advocacy, how the legal landscape affects the science of reproductive health care, and more.
7 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71556-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27452
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. State-Level Legal and Political Strategies Following the Repeal of Roe v. Wade: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has devastated the country, resulting in mass casualties, destruction of facilities and infrastructure, and significant internal and external migration. The invasion also ravaged science and technology sectors, not only in terms of damaging physical facilities and institutions, but also by displacing scientists and creating challenging conditions that researchers who remain in Ukraine must face to continue their work. Because scientific and technological advances will drive many future national security and economic growth decisions, it is critical to strengthen and rebuild its capacity to establish and maintain a robust science and innovation system that supports basic and applied research, trains the next generation of scientists and engineers, and provides mechanisms for science and technology decision-making and advice to Ukrainian policymakers.
In support of this effort, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on June 5, 21, and 28, 2023, on how to establish flexible, impactful, and sustainable programs, both today and in the future, to support the Ukrainian research community. During the workshop, speakers shared best approaches to strengthening and developing human capital needed to manage a modern research and innovation system. Participants also discussed efforts to provide funding or develop scientific collaboration in support of researchers. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
17 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71362-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27417
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Preserving and Developing Ukraine's Human Capital in Research, Education, and Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
There are more than 400 public and private, two- and four-year minority institutions (MIs) across every U.S. state and territory, including many in areas near Department of Defense (DoD) facilities. Many already conduct cutting-edge research in areas of high priority to the U.S. government, while others could be positioned to do so with strategic investments. With their diverse populations, MIs support students and faculty that have a wealth of knowledge and talent to support diversifying STEM research, and ultimately strengthening national security. DoD supports and recognizes the potential contributions of many MI programs, but there are significant discrepancies in the amount, duration, and type of DoD funding, as well as the research infrastructure at MIs, when compared to non-MIs.
To explore opportunities for the DoD and historically underresourced minority institutions to adapt in support of increasing the engagement of MIs in the defense research ecosystem, the National Academies convened a nine-member committee of STEM professionals across sectors and disciplines to develop a series of three town hall workshops. This proceedings-in-brief serves to highlight points made by presenters in the series.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71438-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27437
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Building Defense Research Capacity at U.S. Minority Institutions: Proceedings of a Workshop Series—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Innovation is a major contributor to national security, productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth. Recent legislation and policies, most notably the CHIPS + Science Act of 2022, provide significant support to transform the science and research enterprise, with a focus on strengthening commercialization ecosystems and providing opportunities for historically underserved students and communities to be engaged in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
On June 13-14, 2023, the Government-University-Research Roundtable of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop to consider the axioms of innovation - the underpinning norms, conditions, and culture of innovation environments in the United States and globally. Participants discussed new trends in the theory and practice of innovation, as well as innovation-fostering partnerships and collaboration across sectors and disciplines. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71428-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27434
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Interpreting the Axioms of Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The concept of a just transition is increasingly recognized as a key element of sustainable development and the transformation of low-carbon economies and societies. Challenges to achieve a just transition include limited data availability and stakeholder engagement, issues of inequality, lack of regulations, and limited financial resources. To explore how to address these challenges, the Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability, the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, and the Board on Science Education at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine jointly convened a public workshop on July 24, 2023. Participants discussed scientific-related priorities to a just transition and ways to translate research from the lab to the field and practice, as well as ways to inform policy making. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71398-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27428
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Challenges and Opportunities Toward a Just Transition and Sustainable Development: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Evaluation, an important component of all research, is critical to integrate into interventions addressing sexual harassment, because the targets of such harassment can suffer serious consequences, including physical and emotional harm, lost educational opportunities, and negative effects on their career. Not only are the consequences potentially severe, but the problem is pervasive across all levels of academia. Studies show that 20–50 percent of undergraduate and graduate students experience sexual harassment from faculty or staff, as well as nearly 50 percent of women faculty and staff in academia. Moreover, despite efforts in recent decades to prevent and respond effectively to sexual harassment, it remains a significant issue with no clear decline in incidence rates. This paper offers insight into selecting the appropriate methods for evaluating interventions based on evidence, case studies, and the perspectives and experiences of the authors. The goal of the paper is to provide interested parties in higher education with an introduction to methods and approaches to evaluating interventions designed to prevent and respond to sexual harassment in their institutions.
This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Evaluation Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to explore the challenges and research areas related to the evaluation of a wide range of efforts to address sexual harassment, which they present in this document. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.
45 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71108-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27267
Lam, M., A. Falcon, and N. Merhill. 2023. Approaches to the Evaluation of Sexual Harassment Prevention and Response Efforts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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One troubling aspect of sexual harassment by faculty is the ability of these individuals to quietly move on to new academic positions at other institutions of higher education (IHEs) without the disclosure of their behavior. This practice is known as passing the harasser, and is exacerbated by a general lack of transparency about findings of sexual harassment in higher education. The ramifications of passing the harasser include not only failing to hold harassers accountable for their actions but also reinforcing an institutional climate in which sexual harassment is perceived as tolerated. The aim of this paper is to provide academic institutions with an examination of the landscape of practices and the considerations for implementing procedures to prevent passing the harasser, as well as examples of how some colleges and universities are addressing specific challenges, so that administrative leadership has the information they need to create policies tailored to their institution's needs.
This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Response Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to explore the challenges and potential resolutions related to policies and practices intended to prevent passing the harasser (e.g., lack of transparency in the adjudication process) as discussed in the 2018 National Academies report Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.
61 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71100-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27265
Serio, T., A. Blamey, L. Rugless, V. R. Sides, M. Sortman, H. Vatti, and Q. Williams. 2023. Exploring Policies to Prevent "Passing the Harasser" in Higher Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Retaliation in any form can result in a range of negative consequences for those who experience it either directly or indirectly. Individuals can experience limitations in the opportunities to contribute and advance in their career, and they may feel as if their only response to the adversity is to leave the field. When an institution allows such retaliation to take place, the target's sense of trust and dependency in the institution to maintain their safety and act on their behalf is negatively impacted. Retaliation can also have consequences for the broader community and the institution. For example, observers of retaliation can be affected by the low morale in the department or unit stemming from retaliation. The paper illustrates how legal protections can fall short when various types of retaliatory actions occur in academia and explores how institutions can creatively address retaliation with broader policies—policies that expand on and hone institutions' current anti-retaliation practices, engender effective communication of their response to various forms of retaliation.
This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Remediation Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to explore the full implications of retaliation in higher education and develop a paper that provides relevant information as discussed in the 2018 National Academies report Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.
34 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71279-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27362
Lam, M., A. Falcon, and N. Merhill. 2023. Preventing and Addressing Retaliation Resulting from Sexual Harassment in Academia. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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To address the persistent problem of sexual harassment within higher education, research suggests that environments need to convey that sexual harassment is not a norm and actively discourage it when it does occur. One approach that researchers have identified as helping to create such environments is bystander intervention programs, which prepare and equip individuals to interrupt and intervene when harassing behavior occurs. This paper explores bystander intervention training approaches that are designed for the complex work environments within higher education, and considers how to apply the principles of bystander intervention to the experiences and environments of faculty, staff, and graduate students., Institutions within the Action Collaborative were asked a standard set of questions to learn about their experiences with commitment and buy-in from leadership, details on how the trainings were developed and what audience it was targeted to, and how the training programs were evaluated. The paper summarizes responses from seven of these institutions and ends with a call for additional research and action.
This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Prevention Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to understand how institutions are addressing the gap in bystander intervention training for faculty, staff, and graduate students. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.
39 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71104-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27266
Kuhn, J-U., N. Arain, N., J. Bell, B. Davis, H. Kaiser, D. Madden, G. Prepetit, and K. Williamsen. 2023. Strategies for Developing, Implementing, and Sustaining Sexual Harassment Bystander Intervention Programs for Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The Committee on Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism was established and managed by the National Academies of Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering in response to a congressional mandate to independently explore U.S. government methods for assessing nuclear war and nuclear terrorism risks and how those assessments are used to develop strategy and policy. This publication is the public, abbreviated version of the classified report.
48 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71308-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27393
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism: Phase II (Abbreviated Report of the CUI Version). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Scientists in China and in the United States have worked collaboratively, both formally and informally, for years to address their shared sustainability challenges. To further this engagement, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences convened a workshop on June 20-21, 2023 focused on identifying priority areas for scientific collaboration to promote sustainability and planetary health in China and the United States. Participants gathered at the National Academies Beckman Center in Irvine, California, as well as virtually to discuss a subset of the field, including ecosystems and planetary health; air pollution and planetary health; urbanization and circular systems towards planetary health; planetary health, health emergencies, and climate change; and key priorities and international cooperation for planetary health. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
14 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71235-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27334
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. China-U.S. Scientific Engagement: Key Issues and Possible Solutions for Sustainability and Planetary Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Before the COVID-19 pandemic, research demonstrated a significant impact of family caregiving responsibilities on the careers of professionals who work in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) - especially women. The COVID-19 pandemic increased public recognition of the challenges experienced by caregivers in STEMM fields and created a sense of urgency among many stakeholders. As part of the information-gathering stage of a forthcoming consensus study to address the barriers faced by caregivers, of all genders, in STEMM fields, the Committee on Policies and Practices for Supporting Family Caregivers Working in Science, Engineering, and Medicine organized two national symposia on February 27 and March 27, 2023. Scholars and leaders from a range of sectors convened to identify evidence-based interventions that can support the recruitment, retention, and advancement of caregivers in science, engineering, and medical fields. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the symposia.
110 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70747-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-70748-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27181
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Barriers, Challenges, and Supports for Family Caregivers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of Two Symposia. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
State laws restricting abortion often contain some degree of exception to save the life of the pregnant person, but varying legal interpretations of those exceptions may create a confusing legal landscape for clinicians and lead to delays providing lifesaving treatment. The National Academies Standing Committee on Reproductive Health, Equity, and Society held a public workshop in an After Roe series to explore the current challenges of, and potential solutions to, delays in the provision of lifesaving care for people experiencing pregnancy complications or serious illness or injury while pregnant. Speakers considered the myriad of legal, policy, and provider challenges and the effect of these challenges on the delivery of care and clinician well-being. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the discussions held during the workshop.
7 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71032-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27242
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Challenges in the Provision of Lifesaving Care for Pregnant Patients Following the Overturn of Roe v. Wade: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The assessment of risk is complex and often controversial. It is derived from the existence of a hazard, and it is characterized by the uncertainty of possible undesirable events and their outcomes. Few outcomes are as undesirable as nuclear war and nuclear terrorism. Over the decades, much has been written about particular situations, policies, and weapons that might affect the risks of nuclear war and nuclear terrorism. The nature of the concerns and the risk analysis methods used to evaluate them have evolved considerably over time.
At the request of the Department of Defense, Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism discusses risks, explores the risk assessment literature, highlights the strengths and weaknesses of risk assessment approaches, and discusses some publicly available assumptions that underpin U.S. security strategies, all in the context of nuclear war and nuclear terrorism.
170 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-68998-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68999-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26609
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Foreign-funded language and culture institutes exist on U.S. campuses beyond Confucius Institutes (CIs)—Chinese government-funded centers established by the Chinese Communist Party to extend the reach of Chinese language and culture and to enhance worldwide opinion of China through offering classes in Mandarin Chinese and highlighting positive aspects of Chinese culture. Regardless of the sponsoring nation, foreign-funded language and culture institutes may pose risks for U.S. host institutions regarding academic freedom, freedom of expression, governance, and national security. This is particularly true if the values of the sponsoring nation do not align with the democratic values held in the United States and if the sponsoring nation is suspected of engaging in activities adversely affecting human rights, academic freedom, freedom of expression, association, dissent, and U.S. national security.
This report explores the role of other foreign-funded institutes at U.S. institutions of higher education, describing characteristics and features of such institutes; determining characteristics and features of foreign-funded institutes at U.S. institutions of higher education that could be flags for institutions to engage in further deliberation and vetting prior to entering into a partnership; identifying implementable practices for U.S. institutions of higher education to ensure appropriate operations; and continuing exploration of what role the sensitivity of the research conducted on campus should play in determining which foreign-funded partnerships are appropriate. Foreign-Funded Language and Culture Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education recommends actions that U.S. colleges and universities can take to minimize risks associated with hosting foreign-funded language and culture institutions, such as a CI, on or near campus and protect academic freedom and national security.
106 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70388-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-70389-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27065
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Foreign-Funded Language and Culture Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Practices to Assess and Mitigate Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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