This study was a joint activity of the Ocean Studies Board, Polar Research Board, and Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. The three boards, whose volunteer members are listed below, worked together to plan the study and provide substantive and administrative oversight throughout the study process.

KENNETH BRINK (Chair), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

ARTHUR BAGGEROER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts

JAMES COLEMAN, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

CORTIS K. COOPER, Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, San Ramon, California

LARRY CROWDER, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina

G. BRENT DALRYMPLE, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

EARL H. DOYLE, Shell Oil (ret.), Sugarland, Texas

ROBERT DUCE, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas

D. JAY GRIMES, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi

RAY HILBORN, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

MIRIAM KASTNER, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

CINDY LEE, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York

ROGER LUKAS, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii

BONNIE MCCAY, Rutgers University, Cook College, New Brunswick, New Jersey

RAM MOHAN, Blasland, Bouck & Lee, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland

SCOTT NIXON, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island

NANCY RABALAIS, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana

WALTER SCHMIDT, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida

JON G. SUTINEN, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island

NANCY TARGETT, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware

PAUL TOBIN, Xtria, Chantilly, Virginia

MORGAN GOPNIK, Director

SUSAN ROBERTS, Senior Program Officer

DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer

JOANNE C. BINTZ, Program Officer

JENNIFER MERRILL, Program Officer

TERRY SCHAEFER, Program Officer

JOHN DANDELSKI, Research Associate

ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer

SHIREL SMITH, Office Manager

JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant

NANCY CAPUTO, Senior Project Assistant

DENISE GREENE, Senior Project Assistant

DARLA KOENIG, Senior Project Assistant

JULIE PULLEY, Project Assistant

DONAL T. MANAHAN, Chair, University of Southern California, Los Angeles

RICHARD B. ALLEY, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

ROBIN BELL, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York

AKHIL DATTA-GUPTA, Texas A&M University, College Station

HENRY P. HUNTINGTON, Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, Alaska

AMANDA LYNCH, University of Colorado, Boulder

ROBIE MACDONALD, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, British Columbia

MILES MCPHEE, McPhee Research Company, Naches, Washington

P. BUFORD PRICE, JR., University of California, Berkeley

CAROLE L. SEYFRIT, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

MARILYN D. WALKER, University of Alaska, Fairbanks

MAHLON C. KENNICUTT, Texas A&M University, College Station (ex officio)

ROBERT RUTFORD, University of Texas, Dallas

PATRICK WEBBER, Michigan State University, East Lansing (ex officio)

CHRIS ELFRING, Director

ANN CARLISLE, Senior Project Assistant

ERIC J. BARRON (Chair), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

SUSAN K. AVERY, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

RAYMOND J. BAN, The Weather Channel, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia

HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

STEVEN F. CLIFFORD, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

GEORGE L. FREDERICK, Vaisala Meteorological Systems, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

JUDITH L. LEAN, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

MARGARET A. LEMONE, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

MARIO J. MOLINA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

ROGER A. PIELKE, JR., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

MICHAEL J. PRATHER, University of California, Irvine, California

WILLIAM J. RANDEL, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

ROBERT T. RYAN, WRC-TV, Washington, D.C.

THOMAS F. TASCIONE, Sterling Software, Inc., Bellevue, Nebraska

ROBERT A. WELLER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

ERIC F. WOOD, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

DARA ENTEKHABI, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

EUGENE M. RASMUSSON, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

PAUL L. SMITH, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota

ELBERT W. (JOE) FRIDAY, JR., Director

LAURIE S. GELLER, Senior Program Officer

PETER A. SCHULTZ, Senior Program Officer

VAUGHAN C. TUREKIAN, Program Officer

DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate

ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer

TENECIA A. BROWN, Project Assistant

CARTER W. FORD, Project Assistant