A

Abbott, Edwin, 2–3, 185, 187, 195, 196, 273n. 1

Abel, Steven, 185

accelerators, particle, 212

aging, 243

Albrecht, Andreas, 131

algebra, 43, 62

Alpher, Ralph, 122

Ampère, André, 164

Anderson, Carl, 48–51

Andromeda galaxy, 88, 89

angular momentum, conservation of, 66–67

anthropic principle, 133–134

antielectrons, 48, 50

antigravity, 143

antimatter

in antineutron, 276n. 20

Dirac on, 9, 37, 43, 44, 54, 63, 80, 90, 144

electrons and, 33, 51

particle counterparts of, 102

Pauli exclusion principle and, 90

prediscovery of, 4

symmetry of, 51–52, 54, 63

antiparticles, 46–52, 80, 102

antiprotons, 51

Antoniadis, Ignatios, 206

Aristotle, 139, 152, 280n. 15

Arkani-Hamed, Nima, 207

Astronomical Observatory, 180

Astrophysical Journal, 123

Atom (Krauss), 158

atoms

axions and, 108

in beta decay, 90

big bang theory and, 120, 124, 231

Bohr on, 37–40

critics of, 177–179, 227

in extra dimensions, 187, 249

gravity and, 6

hydrogen, 56

in infinite universe, 228–229

inside, 18–22

muons and, 244

nuclear energy and, 168

Poe on, 116

protons and neutrons in, 16, 44–45, 92

quarks in, 4, 15–16, 72, 275n. 18

relativity and, 78

RHIC and, 13–15, 32–34

Rutherford on, 38

stars and, 29–30

strangelets and, 32, 33

superstrings and, 161, 175, 180

atom smashers. See also specific atom smashers

debris from, 28, 212

in Illinois, 16–17, 86

on Long Island, 13–15

on neutrinos, 125

Q-balls and, 99

at Stanford, 21

superstrings and, 175, 180, 206

in Switzerland, 212

WIMPs and, 86

axinos, 108

axions, 88, 107–108

B

Baade, Walter, 29

Babcock, Horace, 88

Bahcall, John, 147–148

Balmer, Johann Jakob, 39

Banerjee, Shibaji, 28, 275n. 19

Barkana, Rennan, 107

Barrow, John, 233

Bars, Itzhak, 250–251

baryons, 96, 275n. 15

Bell, E. T., 218, 219

Bell, Jocelyn, 29

Belli, Pierluigi, 84

Bell Labs, 122

Berezhiani, Zurab, 55, 57

Bernabei, Rita, 84, 85

Bernstein, Jeremy, 190

Besso, Michele, 240

beta decay, 53, 90, 91, 92, 93

Bethe, Hans, 92, 93, 193

Bible, 185–186, 238

big bang, 119–132

before the, 112–113, 121, 126

cosmic microwave radiation and, 231

Poe on, 116–117

Q-balls after, 98

radiation after, 95

Schrödinger on, 102

shape of space and, 215

strange matter and, 24, 26

universe’s expansion and, 250–251

WIMPs after, 82

Witten on, 274–275n. 15

“big crunch,” 129–130, 157

Bit and the Pendulum, The (Siegfried), 115, 116, 207, 262

Blackett, Patrick M. S., 48

black holes, 187–195

from atom smashers, 14, 15, 212

dark matter as, 88

from D-branes, 205–206

duality of, 265

Einstein on, 191, 192, 225, 237

mirror matter and, 56, 57

particles around, 102

Poe on, 116

prediscovery of, 4

relativity and, 225, 237

second time dimension in, 248

as superstrings, 195, 199–200

Wheeler on, 31

Blake, William, 1

Blencowe, M. P., 235

Bodmer, Arnold, 23

Bohr, Niels, 37, 39–40, 197, 251

Bolyai, Farkas, 216, 217, 218

Bolyai, Janos, 218, 222, 263

bomb(s)

atomic, 93, 97, 168

hydrogen, 99

Q-ball, 99

release points of, 114–115

Bond, J. Richard, 96

Born, Max, 41, 275n. 6

Bose-Einstein condensate, 107

Bose Institute, 28

bosons, 71, 72, 75, 76–77, 79, 81, 169, 173

Boston University, 116

branes, 202, 210–211, 212, 250, 252, 282n. 26.

See also membranes;

supermembranes

Brecher, Kenneth, 116

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 14, 15, 20, 64

Brown, Robert, 178

brown dwarfs, 36, 59, 88

Bryn Mawr College, 61

bubbles, 94–95, 96, 112, 132, 133, 134–135, 200, 282n. 26

Busza, W., 13

C

Cabrera, Blas, 85–86

Caldwell, Robert, 153

California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 18, 49, 88, 169, 170, 174, 205, 259

Cambridge University, 37, 40, 48, 162, 188, 226

Carnot, Sadi, 262

Carter, Brandon, 133

Case Western Reserve University, 226

Cavett, Dick, 236

CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), 64, 75, 77, 86, 98, 99, 169, 173, 206, 212, 250

Chadwick, James, 92

Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 191

Chicago (musicians), 237, 244

chromodynamics, quantum, 169, 170

Chung, Dan, 103–104

Classical and Quantum Gravity, 248

cobalt, 53

COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite, 96, 125

Cole, K.C., 115, 273n. 3

Coleman, Sidney, 278n. 8

Columbia University, 53, 235

Coma Cluster, 88, 89

Congress, U.S., 26

contraction, Lorentz-Fitzgerald, 241, 242, 244

coordinate systems, 72–73

Cornell University, 130, 131, 199

Cornish, Neil, 231

cosmic rays, 28, 31, 33, 48, 49, 50, 85, 86, 244.

See also muons

cosmological coincidence problem, 151–153

cosmological constant, 139–146, 147, 151, 152–153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 234, 237, 280n. 8

coupling strength, 204, 252, 253

Cowan, Clyde, 93

D

Dallas Morning News, ix, 26, 172, 173, 194

DAMA (Dark Matter) experiment, 83, 84, 85–86

dark matter, viii, 5, 6, 63, 187

cold, 94, 96–97, 104–105, 107–108, 152

fuzzy, 105, 107

of galaxies, 36, 82–83, 89, 276n. 28

hot, 94, 96

MACHOs and, 36, 82–83, 86

neutrinos and, 93–94, 96

as Q-balls, 97–98

warm, 106–107

as WIMPs, 82–86, 87–88, 97, 105

WIMPZILLAS and, 103–105, 106

Witten on, 23–25

D-branes, 205–206

de Lapparent, Valérie, 94

de Sitter, Willem, 278n. 7, 280n. 8

Dicke, Robert, 123

dimension(s), extra, 195–213.

See also fifth dimension

atoms and, 187

in black holes, 195, 248

gravity in, 187, 198, 206–209

light in, 208

mathematics on, 198, 245, 246

matter and, 249

motion and, 186–187, 249

prediscoveries of, 187, 195

string theory and, 248, 250, 252

subatomic particles in, 187, 249

superstrings and, 187, 195, 197– 206, 234, 248

of time, 3, 187, 196, 236–237, 244– 251, 252–254, 273n. 2

Dimopoulos, Savas, 7, 79–81, 187, 206–207, 211

Dirac, Paul A. M.

on antimatter, 9, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 54, 63, 80, 90, 144

background of, 36–37

on Bohr’s quantum atom, 40

on electrons, 43–44, 45, 46–48, 50– 51

Gamow on, 37, 275n. 2

on quantum mechanics, 41–42

Dirichlet, Peter Gustav Lejeune, 205, 220

displacement, 67

Doinikova, Valentina, 117

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 117

duality, 202–205, 251–254, 262, 264– 266, 267

Duff, Michael, 201–202, 235, 246, 251

Duke University, 199

Durham University, 105

Dvali, Gia, 99, 207

“Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, A” (Maxwell), 166

E

“Early History of Dark Matter” (van den Bergh), 87

earthquakes, 27

economy of thought, 177, 178

Ehrenfest, Paul, 117

Eightfold Way, 18, 19

Einstein, Albert, 255, 256

on atoms, 177, 178–179, 180

background of, 238–240

on black holes, 191, 192, 225, 237

Bohr and, 39

cosmological constant of, 139–141, 142–146, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157

on expanding universe, 280n. 8

field equation of, 279n. 2

on fifth dimension, 197, 198

Friedmann and, 117, 118, 119, 120, 260

on general covariance, 283n. 12

on gravity, viii, 113, 140–141, 143– 146, 167–169, 196, 223, 227, 267

on infinity, 227

on light, 239–240

on motion, 167, 241–244, 264

on prediscoveries, 260–261

relativity theory of, 3, 42, 44, 65– 66, 72, 77, 78, 113, 120, 127– 128, 139, 161, 167–169, 189, 191, 195–196, 219, 220, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 240, 242, 253, 264, 270

Schwarzschild and, 189–190

on spacetime, 161, 167, 283n. 14

on symmetry, 263–264

on time, 3, 237–245, 273n. 2

on unification, 160, 167–169, 171

electricity, 6, 161–167

electromagnetism. See also magnetism

gauge symmetry and, 73, 74–75, 76

gravity and, 6, 196, 197, 207, 267

Hertz on, 258–259

Maxwell on, 6, 196, 259

photons in, 79

prediscovery of, 4

relativity and, 239–240

unification and, 161–167, 168–169, 173, 267

electron(s)

atoms and, 124

in beta decay, 90

from cobalt, 53

in cosmic rays, 49–50

Dirac on, 9, 43–44, 45, 46–48, 50– 51

duality of, 202

exclusion principle of, 45

Heisenberg on, 41

hydrogen and, 38, 39

Klein on, 42

light and, 40

as matter particles, 78

mirror, 56

from muons, 53

neutrons and, 92

in ordinary matter, 16

Pauli on, 45

positive, 50

Schrödinger on, 41

spin, 42, 80

in Standard Model, 71, 72

in stars, 31

strangelets and, 33

superpartners of, 81

in three-brane universe, 208, 266

volt, 274n. 9

as waves, 267

Elegant Universe, The (Greene), 22

End of Science, The (Horgan), 180

energy. See also vacuum energy

from atom smashers, 14–15

conservation of, 5, 62, 66, 67–68, 90, 91, 92, 172, 277nn. 4, 5

curvature of space and, 227

dark, 139, 148, 149, 150, 152, 156, 157–158, 159

kinetic, 154, 155

lower, 23, 40

mass and, 167, 241, 274n. 9

from matter, 237

missing, 212

negative, 32–33, 42–47, 63, 158

nuclear, 168

potential, 154–155

Q-balls and, 99

in quanta, 271

in scalar field, 154

equations

of particle identity, 82

symmetry of, 75

equations, mathematical, 5, 7, 259–260

of Dirac, 9, 43–44, 144

of Einstein, 65–66, 140–141, 142–144, 279n. 2

of Gell-Man, 20–21

of Maxwell, 164–165

reality and, 268–269, 270, 271–272

of supersymmetry, 63, 79

Escalante, Jaime (fictional character), 43

“Eternal Inflation” (Guth), 111

ether, 139, 163, 164, 165, 166

Euclid, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 262–263, 283n. 1

Eureka (Poe), 116, 117, 188

exclusion principle, 45, 90

F

Faraday, Michael, 162–164

Federal Polytechnical Institute, 238–239

Fermi, Enrico, 17, 92

Fermilab (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), 16–17, 62, 63, 86, 103, 147, 150, 152, 155, 186, 206, 209

fermions, 71, 79, 277n. 10

Feynman, Richard, 61

field(s)

electromagnetic, 49–50, 53, 54, 64, 154, 163, 166, 239

gravitational, 77, 192, 223, 281n. 7

inflaton, 103–104

quantum, 153

quintessence as, 152

scalar, 153, 154–155

tensor, 154

tracker, 153, 155–156

vector, 154

fifth dimension, 196–198, 209

fifth essence, 139, 152

Fischler, Willy, 22

Fitzgerald, George, 241, 244

Fizeau, Armand, 165

Flatland (Abbott), 2, 185, 187, 195, 196

Foot, Robert, 58, 59

force(s). See also specific forces

bosons and, 79

electroweak, 71, 75–76, 81

in gauge symmetry, 72, 73, 74, 75– 76

strong nuclear, 71, 76, 168, 169, 171

supersymmetry and, 78

unification of, 167–169

weak nuclear, 52–53, 73, 82, 168, 169, 173

foreshortening, of objects, 241

Foucault, Jean, 165

Freese, Katherine, 57, 83

Frenkel, Viktor, 117

frequencies, 41

Frequency (movie), 235, 236, 244

Friedman, Jerome, 21

Friedmann, Alexander, 6, 113–115, 116, 117–119, 120, 129, 144, 166, 226, 260, 278n. 7

Frieman, Josh, 147, 150, 152, 280n. 15

F theory, 236, 246–247

fundamental domain, 232

G

galaxy, galaxies. See also specific galaxies

arrangement of, 94–96, 97, 128, 233

in big bang theory, 120, 125, 231

dark matter and, 88, 89

dwarf, 87, 105, 106, 107

formation of, 102, 104, 105

ghost images of, 7, 214–215, 230– 231

Hubble on, 119–120

identical to Milky Way, 225–226, 230–231

M87, 194–195

MACHOs in, 82

matter domination and, 156

microwave background temperature and, 148

motion of, 123, 144

stars in, 88, 123, 143, 150

in three-brane universe, 209

Galluccio, Massimo, 180

gamma rays, 30

Gamow, George, 37, 120, 122, 144, 275n. 2

gases, 38, 162

Gates, Bill, 7

Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 216–217, 220, 221–222, 263

Geller, Margaret, 94–95

Gell-Mann, Murray, 5, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19–22, 170, 171, 175–176, 259, 274n. 3

Geological Survey, U.S., 27

geometry, 12, 215–224, 229, 238, 252, 262–264, 266, 267, 283nn. 1, 12

Georgi, Howard, 79–81

Georgian Academy of Sciences, 55

germanium, 85

Glashow, Sheldon, 75

Glendenning, Norman, 30

globs, mirror-matter, 56, 57

gluons, 16, 71

Gold, Thomas, 29

Golfand, Yuri, 79

Gott, J. Richard, 122–123

Gran Sasso laboratory, 83

gravitons, 171, 174, 210, 211

gravity

dark energy and, 157

dark matter and, 5, 23

Einstein on, viii, 65, 113, 140–141, 143–146, 167–169, 196, 223, 227, 267

electromagnetism and, 196, 197, 207

in extra dimensions, 187, 198, 206– 209

galaxies and, 125

law of, 88, 89

on light, 147

of MACHOs, 276n. 28

mathematics of, 161

Michell on, 188

of mirror matter, 35, 54

Newton on, 270

particle creation and, 102–103, 104

on photons, 149

Q-balls and, 98

quantum theory and, 171–172, 174

in relativity theory, 65, 66, 72–73, 77–78, 169, 264

of stars, 58, 60, 188, 189–190, 191, 192–194

in string theory, 171

as tensor field, 154

universe’s expansion and, 129, 140– 141, 143–146

varied strength of, 210–212

waves, 180

weakness of, 1–2

“Great Attractor,” 95

Green, Michael, 171–172, 174

Greene, Brian, 22–23, 199, 235–236, 244, 264

Gross, David, 61

Grossmann, Marcel, 223, 239, 283n. 12

group theory, 18, 68–72

Gruzinov, Andrei, 107

Gu, Je-An, 158

Guth, Alan, 6, 111, 130, 131, 134, 135, 146, 279n. 14

H

hadrons, 20, 21, 25

harmony, underlying, 267, 269

Hartle, Jim, 127

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 150

Harvard University, 7, 199, 205–206, 236, 265, 266, 274n. 15, 278n. 8

Hawking, Stephen, 127, 199

Heard, Imogen, 214, 233–234

Heisenberg, Werner, 8, 41, 176, 275n. 6

helium, 8, 38, 40, 125

Helmholtz, Hermann von, 239

Herman, Robert, 122

Herrin, Eugene, 26, 27, 31, 34

Hertz, Heinrich, 167, 239, 258–259, 260

hierarchy problem, 207

Higgs, Peter, 76

Hilbert, David, 65, 66

Hill, Chris, 62–63, 152

Holton, Gerald, 261

Hoĺava, Petr, 205, 208

Horgan, John, 180

Horton Hears a Who (Seuss), 160

Hoyle, Fred, 120, 121, 279n. 12

Hu, Wayne, 107

Hubble, Edwin, 119–120, 123, 144, 280n. 8

Huchra, John, 94–95

Hull, Christopher, 251, 252–254

Hwang, W-Y. P., 158

hydrogen, 37–40, 56, 92, 99, 125, 180, 265

I

IBM, 179

identity rule, 69, 70

Ignatiev, Alexandre, 59

inertia, 227

inertial frame, 284n. 5

infinity, fear of, 226–231

inflation, theory of, 103, 112, 128, 131–132, 134–135, 146, 234, 279n. 14.

See also universe(s), expansion of

initial conditions, 279n. 5

Institute for Advanced Study, 17, 107, 148, 265

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 59

Internet

Eureka on, 116

extra big dimension on, 207

Q-balls on, 98

RHIC on, 14

inverse rule, 69, 70

inverse square law, 206, 207

Inward Bound (Pais), 274n. 3

“Is space Infinite?” (Luminet, Starkman, and Weeks), 214

J

Jacobi, Karl, 220

Jaffe, R., 13

Jordan, Pascual, 41

Jupiter, 59

K

Kaluza, Theodor, 196–197, 198

Kane, Gordon, 48

Kant, Immanuel, 216, 283n. 1

Kendall, Henry, 21

Kerrigan, Nancy, 280n. 14

Kirchhoff, Gustav, 239

Klein, Oskar, 42, 197–198

Kolb, Rocky, 87, 88, 99–104, 106, 186, 212, 260

Kounnas, Costas, 250–251

Kragh, Helge, 119

Krauss, Lawrence, 139, 157, 158–159

Kusenko, Alexander, 98, 99

L

Lakoff, George, 257–258, 259, 261

Landau, Lev, 29

Lane, Neal, 63–64

Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 188

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 86, 212.

See also Fermilab

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 30

Layzer, David, 274n. 15

Lebedev Physical Institute, 79

Lederman, Leon, 16, 17, 53–54, 62–63

Lee, Tsung Dao, 52–53, 54, 55, 73

Legendre, Adrien, 219, 220

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 256

Lemaître, Georges, 120, 280n. 8

lensing, gravitational, 147

leptons, 71, 72, 98, 100

Levin, Janna, 214, 226, 229, 233–234

light

colors of, 38–40, 58, 123, 271

Einstein on, 239–240

electromagnetism and, 163

in extra dimensions, 208

in finite universe, 214

from galaxies, 136, 214–215

Maxwell on, 166, 167

speed of, 15, 133, 141, 165, 239, 240, 241, 284n. 6

from stars, 147, 188, 189, 192, 193, 223, 228, 276n. 28

ultraviolet, 40

Likhtman, Evgeny, 79

Linde, Andrei, 6, 112–113, 131

Lippmann, Walter, 255, 272

LISA, 180

Lobachevsky, Nikolai, 217–218, 219, 222, 263

Lorentz, Hendrik, 241, 244

Lorentz group, 284n. 5

Los Alamos National Laboratory,

93

LSP (lightest supersymmetric particle), 82

Luminet, Jean-Pierre, 214, 226, 233

Lykken, Joe, 186, 206, 209, 211, 212– 213

M

Mach, Ernst, 177–178, 179, 227, 228

MACHOs (massive compact halo objects), 35–36, 57–58, 82–83, 276n. 28

Magellanic Clouds, 83, 276n. 28

magnetism, 1, 6, 42, 74–75, 161–167, 208.

See also electromagnetism

Maldacena, Juan, 265

Manhattan Project, 191

manifolds, 222.

See also dimension(s), extra

MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite, 229, 231–232

Marburger, John, 14

March-Russell, John, 185

Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The (Blake), 1

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 17, 21, 76

mathematics. See also equations, mathematical;

geometry

of black holes, 188–189, 190

Eightfold Way and, 19

of electromagnetism, 166–167

of extra dimensions, 198, 245, 246

Friedmann on, 115, 116, 117–119, 120, 129

of gravity, 161

Mathematica computer program for, 286n. 20

negativity in, 43–44

Noether on, 61–62, 64, 65–66

for prediscoveries, 6, 7, 9, 75, 81, 223, 247–248, 256–272

reality and, viii, 7–9, 176–177, 222– 223, 247–248, 254, 256–272, 286n. 20

of string theory, 169–171, 172, 174– 175, 180–181, 204

of symmetry, 68, 69–70, 75, 79, 81

matrix, 41

matter. See also specific kinds of matter

density of, 279n. 4

domination of, 156

energy from, 237

extra time dimension and, 249

galaxies and, 231

in infinite universe, 229

neutron, 29, 31

ordinary, 5, 16, 24, 30, 31, 54–55, 56, 81, 96, 152, 208, 276n. 25

shadow, 276n. 26

source of, 134

space curvature and, 227

in Standard Model, 71, 76–77

strange quark, 13–34, 274–275n. 15

theory of, 76–77

Maxwell, James Clerk, 6, 38, 161–162, 163–167, 196, 239, 240, 259, 260, 264

membranes, 200, 201.

See also branes;

supermembranes

Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 19

Mercury, 89

Mestel, Rosie, 7, 115, 273n. 3

metauniverse, 132–137

metaverse, 134

meteors, 275n. 18

Michell, John, 188, 189

Michelson, A. A., 241

microscope, 178, 179

microwave background, cosmic, 95, 122–125, 128–129, 132, 148– 149, 231–232, 233

Milky Way

gauge symmetry in, 73

images of, 7, 225–226, 230–231

mirror-matter globs in, 56–57

satellite galaxies of, 87, 105, 106, 276n. 28

superstrings and, 175

Millikan, Robert, 49, 50

Mills, Robert, 73

Minkowski, Hermann, 77, 196, 245, 273n. 2

mirror matter, 5, 26, 35–36, 54–60, 55, 88, 107, 276nn. 25, 26

Mohapatra, Rabindra, 55, 56, 57, 58, 107, 277n. 6

molecules, 178, 179

monopoles, magnetic, 130–131

Montaigne, Michel de, 138

moon, 13, 15, 28, 33

Moore, Ben, 105

Morley, Edward W., 241

Morrison, David, 199

motion

Brownian, 178, 179, 180

dimension and, 186–187, 249

Einstein on, 167, 241–244, 264

equations and, 271

force and, 277n. 6

Friedmann on, 114

of galaxies, 240

in gases, 162

inertia and, 227

laws of, 266

Poincaré on, 269

in relativity theory, 240

of stars, 142, 143

time and, 237, 244

Williams on, 116

M theory, 200, 202, 203, 205, 236, 246–247, 248, 252, 267

multiverse, 132–137, 282n. 26

muons, 53, 64, 71, 85, 244

N

Nakano, Tadao, 274n. 3

Nambu, Yoichiro, 170

Nancy Kerrigan problem, 151–153, 156

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 34

National Museum of Natural History, 134

National Research Council, 49

National Taiwan University, 158

Nature, 179, 200

Ne’eman, Yuval, 274n. 4

Neptune, 57

neutralino, 82

neutrinos, 4, 5, 55, 71, 87, 89–94, 96, 106, 125, 152, 168, 180

neutron(s), 17, 91–92.

See also neutrinos

electrical charge and, 276n. 20

mirror, 56

in ordinary matter, 16, 96, 152

particles in, 20, 21–22, 85

photons and, 275n. 15

in primordial “soup,” 100

quarks in, 23, 24–25

stars, 25, 29–32, 142, 191

strange matter and, 32

strangelets and, 275n. 19

in uranium, 28

WIMPs and, 84, 85

Neveu, André, 170

Newcomb, Simon, 195

New Kind of Science, A (Wolfram), 286n. 20

New Scientist, 98

Newsweek, 14

Newton, Sir Isaac, 40, 88, 141, 161, 162, 163, 188, 212, 216, 242, 244, 256, 262, 266, 270

New York Times, 34, 172

Nielsen, Holger, 170

Nishijima, Kazuhiko, 274n. 3

Nobel Prize

to Friedman, 21

to Glashow, 75

to Kendall, 21

to Lederman, 16

Maxwell and, 164–165

to Reines, 93

to Salam, 75

to Taylor, 21

to Thomson, G., 266–267

to Thomson, J. J., 266

to Weinberg, vii, 75, 173

“no boundary” proposal, 127

Noether, Emmy, 61–62, 64–68, 264, 277n. 5

non-Euclidean geometry, 215–223, 263

Nordström, Gunnar, 196

nuclear explosions, 26, 27

Núñez, Rafael, 257–258, 259, 261

O

observation, observers, 4

blind, 48–51

coordinate systems used by, 72–73

on dynamic universe, 6

of galaxy M87, 194–195

imagination and, 4

inertial frame and, 284n. 5

mathematics and, 7, 8, 259, 269

on motion, 241–242

other universes and, 135, 136, 137

of stars, 192–193

on superstrings, 175–177

Tegmark on, 248–250

on time, 237

Oersted, Hans Christian, 162

Olbers’ paradox, 116, 124

Olmos, Edward James, 43

Onnes, Heike Kamerlingh, 239

“On Physical Lines of Force” (Maxwell), 164

“On the Curvature of Space” (Friedmann), 117

“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 240

“On the Hypotheses that Lie at the Foundations of Geometry” (Riemann), 220

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 47, 48, 191– 194

Orion, 59

Ostwald, Wilhelm, 239

P

Pais, Abraham, 19, 274n. 3

parallel postulate, 217

Paris Observatory, 226

parity, 52, 53–54

particles, subatomic. See also antimatter;

antiparticles;

mirror matter;

superpartners

angular momentum and, 67

beta, 53, 90, 91

birth of, 102

as black holes, 199

collision of, 278n. 14

in cosmic rays, 49–50

Dirac on, 48

electrical charge of, 28

electrons as, 202, 266

energy of, 44, 45

in extra dimensions, 187, 249

forces and, 73, 74, 75, 76

gravity and, 5, 35

Maxwell on, 164

mirror, 54–56, 58, 107

motion of, 178, 241

muons as, 244

neutrinos as, 94, 125

omega-minus, 19–20

primordial “soup” of, 100, 116

proliferation of, 16–22, 74

Rutherford on, 38

Standard Model of, 71–72, 73, 75, 76, 78–80, 169, 170, 171, 205, 264

strangelets on, 32–33

in string theory, 161, 170–171, 172– 174, 175

symmetry of, 63, 70, 71, 73–75, 77– 82

uncertainty principle and, 176

V-zero-2, 17, 19

waves and, 197–198

in white dwarfs, 191

WIMPZILLAS and, 101

Pauli, Wolfgang, 5, 45, 80, 87, 90–93, 125, 197, 198

Pauli effect, 90

Peccei, Roberto, 107

Peierls, Rudolf, 92, 93

Penzias, Arno, 122, 123, 124

Percival, Ian, 179

periodic table, of chemical elements, 19

photino, 81, 82

photography, color, 162

photons

antiparticles of, 51

baryons and, 275n. 15

before big bang, 124

as force particle, 78–79

gravity on, 149

mirror, 276n. 25

Scharnhorst, 284n. 6

in Standard Model, 71, 75–76

superpartners of, 81

physical laws, 177

Physical Review, The, 47, 52, 193

Physical Review Letters, 26, 275n. 19

Physics Today (Gross), 61

pions, 244

Planck, Max, 40, 270, 271

planets

in big bang theory, 120

ether and, 139

extra dimensions and, 249

matter domination and, 156

mirror, 58

in Orion constellation, 59–60

Q-balls and, 98

space and, 141

in three-brane universe, 209

vacuum energy and, 151

Pluto, 88–89

Poe, Edgar Allan, 115–117, 120, 188

Poincaré, Henri, 268–269, 270, 271–272

Polchinski, Joseph, 205

positrons, 33, 50–51

prediscovery, prediscoveries

about time, 237

ancient Greeks on, 18–19

of antimatter, 4, 37, 46, 63, 80, 144

of atoms, 4

of big bang theory, 116

of black holes, 4, 116, 237

of bosons, 76, 173

of dark energy, 139

of dark matter, 5, 63, 89

of electromagnetic waves, 4, 165, 259

of extra dimensions, 187, 195

mathematics for, 6, 7, 9, 75, 81, 247–248, 256–272

of mirror matter, 55, 60

of neutrino, 4, 5, 89–94

of neutron stars, 4

of non-Euclidean geometry, 215

of nontrivial topology, 234

of quarks, 4, 5, 247–248, 259

of radio waves, 165

from relativity theory, 237–238, 241–242, 270

of space curvature, 223, 263

of spin, 80

of superstrings, 180, 195

supersymmetry and, 81

from theories, 269–270

of twin paradox, 243–244

of unification, 6–7

of universe’s expansion, 4, 6, 108, 237

Preskill, John, 131

pressure, 25, 140, 141–142, 143, 149, 152, 155, 192, 260

Princeton University, 22, 77, 106, 122, 123, 170, 193, 226, 228

Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, 189

protons

electrons and, 44, 45, 46, 49–50

in hydrogen, 38

mass of, 274n. 9

mirror, 56

neutrinos and, 93

neutrons and, 16, 17, 24, 92

Oppenheimer on, 47

in ordinary matter, 96, 152

particles in, 20, 21, 97

photons and, 275n. 15

in primordial “soup,” 100

Q-balls and, 99

quarks in, 23, 24–25

strangelets and, 275n. 19

in Superconducting Super Collider, 26

symmetry of, 54

in uranium, 28

WIMPs and, 84

Prussian Academy, 190

Public Opinion (Lippmann), 255, 272

pulsars, 29, 30, 31, 67, 194

Q

Q-balls, 88, 97–99, 278n. 8

Qian, Jianming, 63, 64

quanta, 40, 271

quantum mechanics, 41–44

and black holes, 199

Dirac on, 37

gravity and, viii, 171–172, 174

mathematics and, 8

old quantum theory and, 37, 40

particle identity in, 82

popularity of, 197

relativity theory and, viii, 237

Schrödinger on, 102

superstrings and, 175

supersymmetry and, 78

unification and, 161, 168, 169, 174

universe creation and, 233, 270

quark-gluon plasma, 16, 24–25

quark(s)

in atoms, 4, 16, 275n. 18

in dark matter, 88

electrical charge of, 276n. 20

Gell-Mann on, 5, 21, 22, 170, 259

matter, 13–34, 274–275n. 15

in neutrons, 23, 24–25

prediscovery of, 4, 5, 247–248, 259

in protons, 23, 24–25

in Q-balls, 98, 99

in Standard Model, 71–72

superpartners of, 81

in three-brane universe, 208

quasars, 147, 231

Queen Mary College, 171

Quinn, Helen, 107

quintessence, 138, 139, 152–153, 154, 155–156, 158, 280n. 15

R

radiation

from black holes, 199, 212, 271

density of, 279n. 4

electromagnetic, 38–39, 40, 166

microwave background, 95, 122, 123, 124–125, 128–129, 132, 141, 142, 148–149, 152, 156, 231, 233

from planets, 60

radioactivity, 73, 90, 249

radio waves, 6, 31, 165, 167, 208

radius, Schwarzschild, 190, 191, 192, 193, 281n. 7

Ramond, Pierre, 79, 170, 277n. 10

Randall, Lisa, 1–2, 3, 7, 187, 209–210, 211, 212

reactors, nuclear, 93, 180

red dwarfs, 36, 88

Rees, Martin, 112, 135–137, 176

Reines, Fred, 93

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 14–15, 32–34

relativity, theory

atoms and, 78

on big bang theory, 120, 127–128

black holes and, 191, 225, 237

on electrons, 44

energy conservation in, 277n. 4

on extra dimensions, 3, 195–196

on gravity, 65–66, 72–73, 78, 169, 223, 264

on inertia, 227

Minkowski on, 245

on motion, 240

prediscoveries from, 237–238, 241– 242, 270

at Princeton, 193

on reality, 270

Riemann on, 219, 220, 223, 267

Schwarzschild on, 189

on spacetime, 78, 253, 283n. 14

string theory and, 171

supersymmetry and, 77

on time, 195–196, 237–238, 240, 242–243, 244, 273n. 2

on unification of nature’s particles, 161, 167–168

on universe, 113, 139–146, 168, 191, 195–196, 226, 227

on wave mechanics, 42

religion, 134–137

Reviews of Modern Physics, 13

Riemann, Bernhard, 219–223, 234, 263, 264, 267, 283n. 12

Riotto, Tony, 103–104

Rosenfeld, Léon, 91

Roukema, Boudewijn, 233

Royal Society, 162, 193

Rubin, Vera, 89

Rutherford, Ernest, 38, 39

S

Sagan, Carl, 100

Sakharov, Andrei, 246

Salam, Abdus, 75, 79, 81

Samios, Nicholas, 20

Sandweiss, J., 13

Saturn, rings of, 162

Scharnhorst effect, 284n. 6

Scherk, Joël, 170–171

Schrödinger, Erwin, 41, 42, 46, 101, 102, 104

Schwarz, John, 169–172, 174, 205, 247

Schwarzschild, Karl, 189–190, 225– 226, 230, 234, 281n. 7

Science, 50, 59, 138

Science and Hypothesis, 268

Scientific American, 233, 275n. 18

“Search for Extra Dimensions, The” (Abel and March-Russell), 185

selectron, 81

Serber, Robert, 20, 21

Seuss, Dr., 160

Shaposhnikov, Mikhail, 98, 99

SIDM (self-interacting dark matter), 105

silicon, 85

SIMPZILLAS, 104, 106

simultaneity, 240–241

sleptons, 98, 99

Smithsonian Institution, 134, 150

Snyder, Hartland, 191, 192–193, 194

sound, speed of, 179, 227

Southern Methodist University (SMU), 26, 27, 275n. 17

space. See also topology

in black holes, 190

bulk, 208, 211, 212, 250

curvature of, 117–118, 140–141, 142, 146, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 233, 237, 250, 263, 283n. 14

dimensions of, 3, 7, 181, 185–187, 195–213, 222, 236, 248–249

Euclid’s conception of, 216

field in, 153

frozen, 14, 15

galaxies beyond, 136

geometry of, 167–168, 189, 220

symmetry of, 67

spacetime, 187

around stars, 192

bubbles of, 282n. 26

D-branes and, 206

dimensions of, 78, 97, 196

dualities in, 252–254, 266

Einstein on, 161, 167, 283n. 14

geometry of, 140, 141, 142, 145– 146, 189, 206

matter and, 5

properties of, 180

signature of, 245–246, 252–253

static, 143

string theory and, 174

symmetry in, 77–78

sparticles, 78–82.

See also superpartners

Spergel, David, 226, 229, 231–232

spin, 31, 42, 67, 79, 80, 170, 171

Spinoza, Baruch, 267, 268

Square, A. (fictional character), 2, 3

square roots, 43–44

squarks, 81, 98, 99

Stand and Deliver (movie), 43

Standard Model, of particle physics, 71–72, 73, 75, 76, 78–80, 169, 170, 171, 205, 264

Stanford University, 7, 21, 80, 84, 85, 86, 207

Starkman, Glenn, 214, 226, 231, 233

Starobinsky, Alexei, 279n. 14

stars. See also specific kinds of stars

in big bang theory, 120, 125

collapsed, 191–192, 193–194

ether and, 139

in galaxies, 88, 123, 143

gravity of, 5, 58, 60, 188, 189–190, 191, 192–194

life from, 133

light from, 188, 189, 192, 193, 223, 228, 276n. 28

Magellanic, 276n. 28

mass density of, 142

matter domination and, 156

mirror-matter, 57, 59–60

motions of, 142, 143

neutrinos and, 96

neutron, 4, 25, 28–32, 142, 191

planets and, 249

Q-balls and, 98

space and, 141, 192

strange, 28–32, 34

superstrings in, 161

universe and, 145, 148, 209

vacuum energy and, 151

Steinhardt, Paul, 6, 106, 131, 151, 152, 153, 155

strangelets, 13, 14, 28, 32–33, 275n. 19

strange matter, 13–34, 63

strangeness, 17–18, 21–22, 274n. 3

Strathdee, John, 79

strings, string theory. See also superstrings

dimensions and, 248, 250, 252

duality in, 252, 265, 266, 267

Greene on, 236

M theory and F theory and, 247

supersymmetry and, 277n. 10

topology and, 234

Witten on, 22, 200, 208, 247, 267

Strominger, Andy, 199, 200, 205, 247

Strunz, Walter, 179

Sullivan, Walter, 172

sun, 27, 29, 38, 55, 57

Sundrum, Raman, 209, 210, 211

Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), 26

superconductivity, 74

supermatter, 78–86, 97–99

supermembranes, 201–202, 204, 205– 206, 207–209, 252.

See also branes;

membranes

“Supermembranes and the Signature of Spacetime” (Blencowe and Duff), 235

supernovas, 29, 100–101, 133, 149– 150, 151, 229

superpartners, 78–82, 99, 210

superstrings, 6, 160–161, 169–181.

See also strings, string theory

from black holes, 195, 199–200

D-branes and, 205

dimensions and, 187, 195, 197–206, 234, 248

supersymmetry (SUSY), 63–64, 77–86, 87, 97, 98, 170, 171–172, 210, 246, 277n. 10

Susskind, Leonard, 170

symmetry, 60, 62–64, 262

broken, 74–76, 81, 210

in conservation laws, 66–68, 172, 277n. 5

duality and, 202, 266, 267

force-matter, 79

gauge, 72–77, 266, 277n. 6

geometry and, 263–264, 266, 267

global, 277n. 6

group theory and, 68–72

of inertial frame, 284n. 5

mirror, 51–54, 58

in Q-balls, 278n. 8

relativity and, 240

rotation, 67

of snowflakes, 62, 70, 277n. 5

T

tachyons, 284n. 6

Taurinus, Franz Adolph, 217

Taylor, Richard, 21

Tegmark, Max, 248–250

telescope(s)

galaxies and, 136, 214–215, 230

ground-based, 132

Hubble Space, 58, 147, 194–195

MACHOs from, 276n. 28

radio, 122

seismic, 5, 25–28, 31

on supernovas, 150

on vacuum energy, 148

television, 167

Teplitz, Vic, 5, 25–28, 31, 34, 55–56, 57–58, 107, 275n. 17

Texas A&M University, 201, 246

Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, 82, 84, 105, 106, 194

Thomson, George, 266–267

Thomson, J. J., 266

Thorne, Kip, 190

time

in black holes, 190

dilation, 241–244

dimensions of, 3, 7, 187, 196, 236– 237, 244–254, 273n. 2

Einstein on, 3, 237–245

galaxies and, 136

quintessence and, 153

relativity and, 237–238, 240, 242– 243, 244, 273n. 2

universe’s expansion and, 126–127

Time Machine, The (Wells), 245

“Topological Pattern Formation” (Levin

and Heard), 214

topology, of space, 119, 198–200, 215, 223–226, 227, 229, 232–234, 253

Trimble, Virginia, 130

Turner, Edwin, 228

Turner, Michael, 151, 157, 158

Twilight Zone, The (TV program), 186

twin paradox, 242–244

Tye, Henry, 131

U

uncertainty principle, 176

unification, 6–7, 161, 171, 173, 174, 196, 197, 267–272

universe(s)

acceleration of, 139, 148–152, 155, 156, 228

age of, 123–124

expansion of, 4, 6, 103, 108, 111, 113–124, 126–127, 129–132, 136, 138–139, 142, 144–145, 148, 149, 150, 156, 158, 228, 232, 237, 278n. 7, 280n. 8

fate of, 157–159

flatness problem of, 129–130, 131, 146, 148, 149, 227

horizon problem of, 129, 131

infinite, 226–231, 233

Mach’s principle and, 227

MAP satellite and, 231–232

mass-energy density of, 141–142, 151, 152, 156, 157, 158

multiple, 3, 6, 132–137, 176, 186, 187, 195, 207–209, 211, 213, 282n. 26

radiation dominated, 142

relativity and, 139–146

static, 142–143, 144, 145

steady-state, 121–122, 123

three-brane, 207–209, 250, 266

University of British Columbia, 100

University of California, 199, 205, 257

University of Chicago, 17, 49

University of Edinburgh, 76, 162

University of Florida, 79

University of Freiburg, 257

University of Göttingen, 41, 65, 189, 220

University of Illinois, 23

University of Kazan, 218

University of Königsberg, 196

University of London, 179

University of Maryland, 55

University of Melbourne, 58

University of Michigan, 57, 83, 197

University of Pennsylvania, 248

University of Southern California, 250

University of Texas, 22, 74, 173

University of Zurich, 238

uranium, 28

Uranus, 57

V

vacuum energy, 142–153, 157–158, 234, 237, 280n. 8

Vafa, Cumrun, 7, 205, 236, 246–247, 248, 266

van den Bergh, Sidney, 87

velocity, 239, 241, 242–244.

See also light, speed of;

sound, speed of

Veneziano, Gabriele, 169

Virgo constellation, 195

vision, color, 162

Volkas, Ray, 58, 59

von Neumann, John, 68

vortex tubes, 164

W

wave mechanics, 41, 42, 149, 197–198, 202, 259, 267

Weeks, Jeffrey, 214, 232, 233

Weinberg, Steven, vii, 74, 75, 81, 107, 173–174

Wells, H. G., 245

Wess, Julius, 79

Weyl, Hermann, 47, 52, 264, 280n. 8

Wheeler, John Archibald, 31–32, 141, 193, 194

Where Mathematics Comes From (Lakoff and Núñez), 257–258

white dwarfs, 36, 88, 191

Wigner, Eugene, 7–8, 64, 68, 69, 70– 71, 257, 264

Wilczek, Frank, 13, 76, 107–108

Williams, Lynda, 116

Wilson, Robert, 122, 123, 124

WIMPs, 82–86, 87–88, 97, 101, 104, 105–106, 108

WIMPZILLAS, 86, 88, 99–105, 106

Witten, Edward, 173

on big bang theory, 274–275n. 15

on dark matter, 23–25

on extra dimensions, 79, 205

on F theory, 247

on M theory, 200, 202, 205, 267

on relativity, 73, 77

on string theory, 22, 200, 208, 247, 267

on supersymmetry, 77, 78

Wolfram, Stephen, 286n. 20

World War I, 114, 189

World War II, 193

World Wide Web. See Internet

Wu, Chien-Shiung, 53

X

X rays, 40

Y

Yang, Chen Ning, 52–53, 54, 55, 73, 91

Z

Zapatero Osorio, Maria Rosa, 59

Zumino, Bruno, 79

Zwicky, Fritz, 29, 87, 88, 89