ABI see Applied Biosystems Inc.

access to data viii-ix, 119, 146, 204, 206, 210, 213, 230, 244, 261, 271, 274

ACeDB (database program) see Caenorhabditis elegans

Adams, Mark 144

Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge 13, 123–4

advertising 278

AIDS 268, 276

Airlie House 167–8, 173, 215

Alberts, Bruce 61, 65, 183, 229

Albertson, Donna 35

allele 250, 251

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 227, 239

American Society of Human Genetics 233

Amersham International (company) 72

amino acids 13, 40

annotation 206–7

Ansorge, Wilhelm 70, 71

antennapedia 38

antibiotics 39

Applera, 261

Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI, company) 70, 83, 120, 161, 181, 196, 197;

file decrypted 77–8;

as Celera’s commercial partner 150–1, 154, 168

Ashburner, Michael 96, 206, 234

Ashkenazi Jew 142

assembly, see sequencing

AZT (anti-HIV drug) 91

Bacon, Francis 44

BACs see clones/cloning

bacterial genomes 155–6

bacteriophage (virus) 6, 34, 58;

phiX174 48, 58;

lambda 48

Barrell, Bart:

work on virus sequencing 48, 66, 68;

at 1985 meeting, Santa Cruz 59, 63;

joins Sanger Centre 98–9, 101, 102;

work on yeast 104, 148;

work on pathogen sequencing 151, 156

Bayh-Dole Act (1980) 176

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 71, 157, 175, 179, 189, 191, 192, 236–7

BBC Online (news service) 218–19

Beck, Stephan 197–8

Beijing 261

Bentley, David 123, 124, 134, 162, 178, 185;

joins Sanger Centre 100–1, 102;

workon human cosmids 104;

organizer, 1995Cold Spring Harbor meeting 127;

Sanger Centre program of work 130, 140–1, 175;

head, human genetics 152, 172;

at 1999 Cold Spring Harbor meeting 194;

at 1999 Sequencing Consortium meeting 201

Berg, Paul 88

Bermuda see International Strategy Meetings

bioinformatics 95, 99, 206, 232, 262, 271–2

biopiracy 270–1

Biovision (conference) 242

Birney, Ewan 206–7, 231

Blair, Tony 187–8, 219, 220, 224

Bloom, Floyd 229

BMJ see British Medical Journal

Bobrow, Martin 100, 176, 178, 209, 217

Bodmer, Walter 63, 64, 88

Bourke, Frederick/Rick 81–6, 88–9, 90–1, 92, 107

Bradley, Allan 236–7, 238

Bragg, Lawrence 10, 14

Branscomb, Elbert 179

Brazil 276–7

BRCA1 and 2, see genes

Brenner, Sydney 25, 43, 58, 70, 109;

work on worm genetics 5–9, 22–3, 24, 26, 28, 29, 35, 41, 46, 183;

head cell biology division, LMB 13, 21, 35–6;

director, LMB 44–5, 49, 52, 53, 69, 97;

starts Molecular Genetics Unit 56;

on National Academy of Sciences panel 61, 63;

setting up HUGO 64

British American Tobacco (company) 273

British Medical Journal (BMJ) 273

Bryer, David 275

Burke, David 53

Burke, Derek 294

Butcher, Phil 198

Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm):

nature of, research on 1–2, 5–8, 22–8, 36, 39;

work on lineage 22–3, 25–6, 29–35, 44;

mapping the genome 44–55, 56–7, 65–6;

sequencing 66–72, 74–5, 76–80, 82–3, 92, 93, 103–4, 106–7, 115, 118, 121, 148, 159, 183–4, 204;

mutant forms (unc-1 etc.) 22–4, 32, 46–7, 52;

The Mind of the Worm 28;

ACeDB (database program) 75–6, 99, 100

Cairns, Murray 101–2, 103, 132

California Institute of Technology (CalTech) 58, 59;

laboratory 83, 151

Cambridge Evening News 102

Cambridge University 6, 16–17, 18, 53, 57, 70, 86, 94–5, 176

Cameron, Graham 96

Canada 201

cancer 139, 140–4, 252, 253, 254–5

capillary sequencing technology see sequencing

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 10, 13

CBS Radio News 219

CCR5 see genes

cDNA 105–9, 119, 258

Celera Genomics (company) 158, 171, 181, 191, 199, 202, 261;

launch of 149;

as mapping rival to HGP viii, 179, 184, 187, 188, 190, 194, 195, 196–7, 262;

memorandum of understanding with DOE 182–3;

discussions with HGP on data release etc. 203–30, 233–4, 236;

mouse genome mapping 245–6, 261;

publishes paper alongside HGP 239–45;

drug research 261

Centre d’étude du polymorphism humaine (CEPH), Paris 121

Chain, Ernst 39

Chalfie, Marty 24, 106

China 232

chromosomes 12, 40, 66, 171–3, 180;

chromosomes 1, 9, 10 and 20 172

chromosome 6 172, 200

chromosome 8 193

chromosome 13 140, 172, 200

chromosome 17 173

chromosome 21 121, 194

chromosome 22 100, 101, 112, 172, 200, 201–3, 243

chronic myeloid leukemia 202

Clinton, Bill 90, 187, 219, 220, 223, 224

clones/cloning 25, 41–3, 46–7, 50, 74, 110, 121–2, 161, 179, 183, 197, 246;

BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) 122, 171–4, 175–6, 180, 182, 203;

YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes) 53–4, 65–6, 69, 121–2, 148

Cohen, Daniel 110, 121–2

cold fusion 159

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 62;

symposia 56–7;

(1986) 60, 63;

(1988) 64;

(1989) 1, 65, 67;

(1995) 127;

(1998) 149, 151–4, 160, 164–7, 181;

(1999) 194

Collaborative Research Inc. (company) 128

Collins, John 237

Collins, Francis 138, 173, 179, 180, 183, 239, 259;

head, NHGRI 89–90, 152, 161;

head, NIH genome program 123;

funds/funding 126, 137, 181, 182, 191, 192;

role in patents/data release arguments 150, 153, 154, 167, 168, 169–70, 171, 203–4, 205, 207–8, 209, 210, 213, 215, 216–18;

negotiating ‘shared principles’ 209, 210;

debate over strategy change 173, 175, 176, 177–8;

plans for ‘working draft’ sequence 189–90;

at 1999 Cold Spring Harbor meeting 194;

on Celera at 2000 HUGO meeting 221–3;

joint announcement of sequence completion 223–4, 228, 231–2, 233, 241;

song on human genome 260

Columbia University, New York 24, 106, 223

combinations of alleles 250

contigs 50, 172

contig9 (software) 50

copyleft 212

cosmids 50, 53, 59, 69, 79, 104

Coulson, Alan 71–2, 73, 104, 136;

with Fred Sanger 47–49;

work on worm genome 1, 49–51, 53, 55, 56, 65–6, 68;

part of Sanger Centre team 98, 100, 101, 102

Cox, David 172

Crick, Francis 3, 5;

work on and discovery of DNA structure 6, 13, 14, 259;

at LMB 9, 10–11, 21

Curagen (company) 199

cystic fibrosis 42, 89, 253, 255

cytomegalovirus 68

Darwin, Charles 20, 263

databases 64, 95, 112, 118, 145, 158, 204, 206, 227, 234

Dawkins, Richard 258

De Jong, Pieter 170–1

De Lisi, Charles 60

Dennis, Carina 235

Department for Education and Science, UK 63

Department for Scientific and Industrial Research, UK 9

Department of Agriculture, US 271

Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge 13

Department of Energy (DOE), US:

as funding body 60, 61, 62, 143–4, 154, 171, 176, 192;

collaboration with Celera 170, 182–3;

Joint Genome Institute 179–80, 182, 189, 192;

Office of Biological and Environmental Research 152

Dexter, Mike:

as chairman, MRC Molecular and Cellular Medicine Board 131, 132;

as director, Wellcome Trust 135, 178–9, 187, 202, 208, 209, 219, 244

DNA 3–4, 8, 11–12, 17, 40–2, 47–8, 50, 54, 92, 264;

discovery of structure 6, 10–13, 14, 167, 259;

worm 24–5, 36, 74;

yeast 25, 104, 121–2;

Fugu (puffer fish) 56;

human 99–100, 117, 121–2, 137;

bacterial 156;

fingerprinting 43, 50;

complementary see cDNA

DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) see Japan

Domenici, Pete 87

Double Helix, The (Watson) 14

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 6–7, 25, 85, 227–8, 234, 243, 248;

research on, mapping/sequencing of 38, 39, 42, 45–6, 52, 67, 69, 81, 157–9, 205, 206;

as model for human project 210–11, 258

Dunham, Ian 100, 101, 111, 200, 201, 202, 237, 243

Dunstan, Diana 133

DuPont (company) 70

Durbin, Richard 123, 162, 163, 164, 172, 174–5, 178, 185, 206, 240;

work on software and programs (ACeDB) 51–2, 75, 100;

joins Sanger Centre (bioinformatics) 99, 101, 102, 152;

Sanger Centre program of work 130;

represents Sanger Centre 168–9;

at 1999 Cold Spring Harbor meeting 194;

briefs journalists on Celera work 242

Edgar, Bob 58

Edwards, Dennis 124, 125

Egypt 15, 276

Ensembl (software) 207, 230, 231, 270

enzymes 43, 47, 72, 74, 154;

restriction enzymes 41, 109

Escherichia coli (bacterium) 7, 24, 54, 79–80, 85

ESTs (expressed sequence tags) 87, 88, 90, 105–9, 118–19, 143, 181, 199, 200, 203, 268

European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton 95–6, 206–7, 234

European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 70, 71, 95

Data Library 64, 95–6, 227

European Patent Directive see patenting

European Patent Office see patenting

Evans, Glen 191

evolution 20, 263

Exploratorium, San Francisco 235

finishing see sequencing

Fleischmann, Martin 159

Fleming, Alexander 39

Florey, Howard 39

Forbes (magazine) 197

France 120, 144, 162, 177, 191, 232

Franklin, Rosalind 11

‘free software’ movement 211–12

Fugu (pufferfish) 56

Fuller, Michael 73, 95

funding see Department of Energy, Medical Research Council, National Institutes of Health, NHGRI, US Congress, Wellcome Trust

Gallagher, Richard 243

Gates, Bill 83, 181, 212

gel electrophoresis 43

GenBank see National Institutes of Health

gene therapy 254–7

genes 39–42, 46, 54–5, 64, 243, 248–52, 257–9;

Factor IX 100;

BRCA1 and 2 140–4;

CCR5 268;

number in human genome 248–52;

expression 54, 119, 257

Généthon (genome centre) 110, 121–2

Genetic Alliance (interest group) 260

genome 4

Genome Research (journal) 155

Genome Research Ltd (charity) 101, 134, 176, 185, 208, 209

genomics 39–44, 184, 186

genotyping 252–4

Germany 120, 144, 162, 177, 191, 232

Gibbs, Richard 71, 157, 175, 177, 179, 189, 191, 192, 193

GigAssembler (software) 231

Gilbert, Walter 30, 59, 60, 61, 110

Gilman, Paul 209

Glaxo Wellcome plc (company) 200

globalization 279–80

Goodfellow, Peter 172

Gore, Al 223, 225

Green, Eric 100

Green, Phil 117, 128, 155, 156, 168, 175, 240–1, 246;

author, phrap (program) 117, 241

Guyer, Mark 152, 235

Haemophilus influenzae (bacterium) 109, 155

Harvard University 29, 58;

Business School 128;

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 108

Harvey, Madeleine x

Haseltine, William 108

HealthCare Investment Corporation (company) 108

Healy, Bernardine 86–90, 91

Heidelberg 64, 70, 95–6, 104

Helicobacter pylori (bacterium) 109, 155

hemoglobin 10, 13, 14, 40

hemophilia 100, 199

Herr, Winship 56

Hershey, Alfred 34

Hillier, LaDeana 76

Hinxton see Sanger Centre

Hirsh, David 30–1

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 268

Hodgkin, Jonathan 35, 183

Hoffmann Foundation 58

Hood, Leroy/Lee 59, 70, 76, 83–4, 85, 89, 151

Horvitz, Bob 29–32, 34–5, 56–7, 67–8, 104, 183

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, US 60, 63, 65, 66

Hubbard, Tim 206–7, 211, 212, 213, 231

Human Genome Mapping Project (UK) 63;

Resource Centre 96

Human Genome Organization (HUGO) 64–5, 88, 112, 143, 144–5, 221;

Genome Database 64

Human Genome Project (HGP) 2, 4–5, 89, 106, 119, 184, 225, 238, 261, 275;

conception and launch viii, ix, 45, 62–3, 65, 109;

threatened by patent applications 88, 90;

schedule and commitments 118, 121, 160–1, 224, 246–7;

relations with Celera over data release etc. 138, 149, 153, 157, 164–5, 188, 213–14, 218, 221, 222, 227, 246;

revised plans 167–70, 190;

joint announcement with Celera 187;

‘G5’ 180, 189, 193, 194, 196, 212–13;

grants, contributions, funding 81–6, 128, 177, 195, 244;

in the UK 63–4, 162, 185;

chromosome 22 sequencing 201;

Newsnight discussion 220;

role and nature of 232, 246, 264, 266–7, 273;

shares in award for sequencing human genome 233;

simultaneous publication with Celera 239, 240;

the future 279

Human Genome Sciences (HGS, company) 108–9, 118, 157, 268

Human Sequencing and Mapping Index (website) 144–5

human rights 252–3, 257

Hunkapiller, Mike 70, 83, 150–2, 166, 168, 171, 177, 181, 197

Huntington’s disease 42, 93, 253

Huxley, Hugh 10

Imperial Cancer Research Fund 63

in vitro fertilization 256

Incyte Genomics (company) 109, 118, 157, 199, 212, 218, 220

India 276

inheritance vii, 8, 41, 249–51

Institute for Genomic Research, The (TIGR), Maryland 105, 107–9, 118, 144, 151, 153, 156, 171, 268

Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey 140–2

Institute of Molecular Biology, Germany 193

insulin 13, 40

insurance 252

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium x, 232

International Strategy Meetings:

Bermuda 143–7, 155, 172, 173, 176, 181, 193, 211;

Paris 232;

Beijing 261;

Italy 144;

the ‘Bermuda Principles’ 145–6, 149, 182, 191, 213, 219

Japan 120, 144, 162, 191, 194, 232;

DNA Data Bank of Japan 64, 95, 227

Jeffreys, Alec 43

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 64, 109

Joint Genome Institute see Department of Energy

Jones, Matt 126

Karn, Jon 43, 45

Keio University, Tokyo 201

Keller, Helen Donis 128

Kendrew, John 10, 13

Kennedy, Don 229

Kent, Jim 231

Kimble, Judith 30–1, 33, 35, 73

King, Mary-Claire 140

King’s College, London 11

Kirschstein, Ruth 61, 217

Klug, Aaron 69, 86, 91, 92–3, 97, 229, 246

Kohara, Yuji 54

Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), Cambridge 5, 21, 25, 28, 30, 33, 47, 52, 63, 68, 69, 92, 95, 102, 123;

beginnings 9–10, 13–14;

as centre for worm biology 35–7, 39, 56, 98, 183;

work on yeast sequencing 99

Lander, Eric 110, 191, 247;

on sequencing projects at Whitehead Institute 128–30, 173, 198;

as NIH observer 131–2;

receives funds 137, 192;

Bermuda meetings 144;

views on Celera strategy/HGP response 155, 164, 165, 173–5, 246;

accepts offer of mapped clones 180;

as leading figure in sequencing fraternity 180, 182, 232;

on plans to accelerate sequencing program 189;

genome ‘race’ and ‘statement of principles’ 207, 208, 210;

HGP and Celera papers 230, 233, 234, 240;

briefs journalists on Celera paper 241, 244

Lane, Neal 219, 223

laser ablation 31–2

Levine, Arnold 209

Life Story (film) 167

Linux (operating system) 212

Los Angeles Times 245

McCombie, Dick 288

McKie, Robin 242–4

McPherson, John 180, 237

malaria 151

Mallett, Frank 285, 286

management 73, 75, 101, 103

mapping 40–2, 128;

radiation hybrid 172

Marine Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts 31

Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Wisconsin 155

Marra, Marco 180

Martin, Chris 106

mass spectrometry 18

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 29, 31, 35, 67, 105;

Whitehead Institute 110, 128, 144, 165, 173, 180, 191, 192, 200

Medical Research Council (MRC), UK:

as founder of LMB and supporter of molecular biology 5, 9–10, 13, 14;

funding in UK (HGP, Sanger Centre) x, 68, 69, 71, 83–4, 91, 104, 115;

and in partnership with Wellcome Trust 91–2, 98, 101, 123, 125, 131, 133;

launch of Human Genome Mapping Project 63–4, 96;

financial support wanes 133–6, 163;

press conference on publication of worm sequence 183;

Molecular and Cellular Medicine Board 131

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 217

meningitis 109

Merck (company) 118–19, 200

Microsoft (company) 211, 212

Millennium Pharmaceuticals (company) 110

Molecular Genetics Unit, Cambridge 56, 63, 109

Morgan, Michael:

role in setting up Sanger Centre 93, 94, 96, 111;

Wellcome Trust funds for HGP 135–6;

role in creating access to sequencing data 143, 146;

anti-privatization HGP strategy 114, 150, 153, 162–4, 166–7, 168, 174, 176, 204, 208, 212;

at ‘G5’ meetings 180, 189, 194;

joint announcement with Celera 187

mouse genome 153, 221, 237, 245, 261;

Mouse Sequencing Consortium 245, 246

Munro, Alan 176, 185

muscular dystrophy 42, 100, 121, 199, 253, 256

mutations 8, 38, 41, 46, 53, 143, 199

Myers, Gene 204, 223, 246

myoglobin 13

Myriad Genetics (company) 110, 140–3

Nagoya University, Japan 54

Nasdaq (stocks index) 220

National Academy of Sciences, US 61, 63, 183, 229, 246

National Health Service (NHS) 142–3

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 89–90, 152, 153, 161, 196, 235;

as National Center for Human Genome Research 89, 107, 137, 138

National Institutes of Health (NIH), US 143, 188, 268;

funding for human genome initiative 60–2, 68, 69–70, 83–90, 104, 122, 129, 136, 158, 167–8, 171, 174–5, 191;

bid to patent ESTs 118;

genome program 123, 245;

relations with Celera 153–4, 195, 217–18;

obligation to support US industry 176–7;

press conference on publication of worm sequence 183;

GenBank (database) 64, 95, 158, 205, 227;

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 206;

National Institute of General Medical Sciences 61;

National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 70;

Scientific Advisory Council 178, 180–2

natural selection 20, 258

Nature (journal) 11, 141, 202, 227;

editorial comment 167, 203;

reveals Celera’s intention to use public data 216;

and publication of HGP/Celera papers 228–9, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 241, 242, 243, 247–8

Nature Genetics (journal) 107

NCBI see National Institutes of Health

nematode see Caenorhabditis elegans

neurophysiology 16

neurotransmitters 23–4, 105

New England Biolabs (company) 150

New Scientist 245

New York Hall of Science 235

New York Times 109, 153, 154, 160, 190, 207

New Yorker 209

Newsnight (BBC TV) 220

NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 277

Nobel Prize 13, 110

Nomarski microscope 26–7, 72

Nottingham University, UK 273

nuclear magnetic resonance 18

nucleic acids see DNA, RNA

nucleotides 11, 17, 74, 154

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane 46

Observer (newspaper) 242–4, 248

Office of Technology Assessment, US 61

Ogilvie, Bridget 91–4, 111, 114, 125, 143, 179

Olson, Maynard 57, 84, 100, 118, 123, 126–8, 137, 169, 170–1, 175, 247–8;

mapping of yeast genome 45, 52–3;

Orgel, Leslie 18, 20–21

Oxfam 275–7

Oxford University 5, 18, 35

P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) 290

patenting 87–8, 90, 110–11, 112–13, 118–19, 141, 157, 166–7, 170, 211, 220–1, 224–5, 253–4, 267–72, 276–7;

European Patent Directive 268–9;

European Patent Office 269, 270–1;

US Patent and Trademark Office 90, 269

Paterson Institute of Cancer Research, Manchester 131

Patrinos, Ari 152, 169, 182, 223, 228

Patterson, Mark 228

Pavlidis, Paul 82, 235, 236

Paxman, Jeremy 220

PE Biosystems see Applied Biosystems Inc.

penicillin 39

Perkin-Elmer (PE, company) 151, 158, 160, 169, 196–7

Perutz, Max 10, 13, 14, 18, 25, 69

Peters, Keith 63

Pharmacia (company) 70, 71

phrap 117, 241

Pons, Stanley 159

Powell, Don 220

Priess, Jim 73

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 246

proteins 6, 12–13, 40, 258, 272

proteomics 258

Quinn, Marc 3–4

Rees, Christine 101

Rees, Dai 86, 91, 125, 133, 134

Reese, Colin 17, 18, 21

RNA 17, 40, 47, 105, 119, 250

Roberts, Richard 150

Roe, Bruce 201

Rogers, Jane 123, 164, 165, 168–9, 175, 178, 197–8, 233, 238;

joins Sanger Centre (sequencing) 97–8, 101, 102, 152, 185;

and Sanger Centre program of work 130;

on costs 132, 162;

at 1999 Cold Spring Harbor meeting 194

Rosenthal, André 193

Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York State 171–2

Royal Society, London 56, 61, 183, 229

Rubin, Gerry 24–5, 81, 157–8, 203, 205–6, 210

Ruvkun, Gary 56

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) 93–4, 99, 147–148

Sainsbury, David 187, 224

Sakaki, Yoshiyuki 194

Salk Institute, California 18–19, 20–1, 23

Sanger, Fred 58, 66, 109;

sequencing amino acids in insulin 13, 30;

chain termination method (‘dideoxy’) 47–9, 72;

new centre named in honor of 96–7

Sanger Centre, Hinxton, UK:

beginnings 92–7, 103–4, 111–13, 121;

staff 97–102, 152, 188;

nature of work 111–13, 114–15, 117, 136, 139–41, 144, 163–4, 186, 191, 192, 195–6, 236–7, 254, 261, 273;

funding 122, 133–6, 161, 166, 185, 208–9, 222, 247;

programs to sequence part of human genome 130–1, 147, 172, 184, 192, 209, 245–7;

completion of yeast genome 148;

board’s annual retreat 176, 208;

becomes member of ‘G5’ 178–81, 194;

commission to find SNPs 200–1;

farewell pantomime 237–8;

West Pavilion 197, 238

Schimmel, Paul 105

schizophrenia 202

SCID see severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Science (journal) 105–6, 107, 127, 138, 148, 183, 191, 193, 226, 227;

publication of HGP/Celera papers 228–9, 232, 233–4, 235, 239, 243, 246

science and culture 265

Scott, James 202–3

Scott, Matt 38, 42

Scott, Randy 109–10

Seattle 82–3, 94

senile dementia 252

sequencing 47–9, 70–1, 74;

shotgun 48, 239–40, 246;

assembly 48;

finishing 74, 168–9, 221–2, 245, 247–8;

slab gel machines 59, 70, 77, 120;

capillary technology 120, 154–5, 197–8

severe combined immunodeficiency disease 255

Shimizu, Nobuyoshi 201

shotgun see sequencing

Shownkeen, Ratna 55

Sinsheimer, Robert 58–9

Skolnick, Mark 110, 140

Smith, Hamilton 109

Smith, John 136

Smith, Mike 165, 166

Smith, Richard 273

SmithKline Beecham (company) 108, 118

Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington 260

Snow, Jon 224

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) 198–9, 253–4;

SNP Consortium and database 199–201, 253

South Africa 5, 276, 277

Southgate, Eileen 28, 33

‘split genes’ 150

Staden, Rodger 48, 50, 73, 77, 99

Stanford University, California 88

Steinberg, Wallace 107–8

Stewart, John 212

Stratton, Mike 139–42, 254

Sulston, Adrian (son) 21–22, 56, 125

Sulston, Daphne (née Bate, wife) 18–19, 21–2, 94, 124, 235, 242, 267, 275

Sulston, Ingrid (daughter) 21, 22, 55–6, 82, 94, 235

Sweden 201

Thatcher, Margaret 63

Thierry-Mieg, Danielle 75

Thierry-Mieg, Jean 75, 99

Thomson, Nichol 22, 28

TIGR see Institute for Genomic Research, The

Time (magazine) 223

Times, The 101

Today (BBC Radio) 218

TRIPs (trade-related intellectual property rights) 276–7

tuberculosis (TB) 151, 156

Tübingen University, Germany 46

UNESCO declaration (1997) 146–7

University of Arizona 155

University of California:

Berkeley 81–2, 157, 158, 235;

San Francisco 61;

Santa Cruz 58, 63, 231

University of Chicago 52

University of Indiana 38

University of Oklahoma 201

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 191

University of Tokyo Human Genome Center 194

University of Utah 110, 140–1

University of Washington, Seattle 83, 117–18, 155

University of Wisconsin-Madison 35

US Congress 60, 188;

funding for genome programs 62, 161, 164, 167, 181, 192, 194;

launches hearing 169

US Patent and Trademark Office see patenting

Varmus, Harold 90, 126, 150, 152, 153, 181, 183, 229;

and NIH grants 168;

on scale-up in sequencing 178–9;

as part of HGP negotiating team 209, 217

Venter, Craig 144, 195, 241;

on acceleration of sequencing program 70–1;

and ESTs 87–8, 105–10, 118;

and private backers 70, 107–8, 145, 217;

Celera and intention to sequence entire human genome 149–71, 173, 182, 190;

compared to Bill Gates 181;

relations with Congress 188, 221;

sequencing fly genome 203–4, 205–6, 210;

access to data 204–6, 210, 246;

possible collaboration 207–10, 216–18;

‘pizza diplomacy’ 223–4, 228;

share of award for sequencing human genome 233;

organizes symposium 239;

Observer interview 242–4;

sequencing mouse genome 245–6

Wada, Akiyoshi 286

Wade, Nicholas 153, 154, 160, 190, 207

Wallace, Susan 144–5

Washington Post 217–18

Washington University, St Louis 35, 45, 55, 106, 148, 179, 200

Genome Sequencing Center (St Louis lab): 78–9;

work on worms and yeast 52–3, 91, 100;

scale-up and collaboration 104, 117;

public ESTs 119;

work on human sequencing 117, 141, 144, 164, 201, 204;

as part of consortium and ‘G5’ 119;

and mapped clones 178–9;

funding 191–2;

commission to find SNPs 200–1

Waterston, Bob 35, 45, 56, 247;

at Syosset with author 1;

as leading figure in worm research 52–5, 57, 65–8, 71, 72, 159;

press conference on completion of worm sequence 183–4;

grant applications 70, 98;

appointments 76;

at forefront of sequencing work 78–9, 81–6;

funding and scale-up in human genome program 104, 114–17, 119, 120, 122–3, 124–8, 131–2, 136–9, 179, 191–2;

EST sequencing 106–7;

free access to data 143, 145, 244, 246, 247;

meetings with Celera and others 150, 152, 155, 157, 173, 207–10;

at 1998 Cold Spring Harbor meeting 164–9;

unhappy with strategy shift 175, 177;

‘G5’ meetings 179–80, 189–90;

illness 192–3;

letter about collaboration 216–17;

and HGP paper 232, 233;

speech at retirement celebration 237

Watson, Jim 30, 82, 105, 181;

worm sequencing 1–2, 66–8;

work on and discovery of DNA structure 6, 10–11, 13, 259;

The Double Helix 14;

on large-scale genome initiative 61–2, 65;

made head, Office of Genome Research 61–2;

funding 83, 85–6;

on patenting ESTs 87–9, 90–1;

supporter of HGP 138–9;

opposes Celera plans 150, 153, 154, 167, 178, 179

Watts, Susan 220–1

Weber, James 155

Weissenbach, Jean 121, 177, 194

Wellcome, Sir Henry 91

Wellcome Foundation (company) 91

Wellcome Trust 91, 111;

funding HGP 65, 134–6, 177–8, 181, 207, 248;

backing centre and project 92–4, 96, 115, 122, 161, 166, 180, 185–6, 222, 248;

in partnership with MRC 91–2, 98, 101, 104, 123, 125, 131, 133;

meetings 124–5, 187–8;

free access to data 143, 145, 166–7, 208;

scale-up 150;

project to mine the sequence for variability 198;

SNP database 199–200;

relations with Celera 204, 208–9;

leaks letter 217;

and change of director at Sanger Centre 236;

hosts press conference 241, 244;

Genetics Advisory Group 92;

Genome Campus 96, 115, 150;

governors 94, 96, 111, 131, 153, 162–3;

mouse genome sequencing 245

White, John 27–8, 29, 31–2, 33, 35, 46–7, 51, 52, 75

White, Tony 197, 209, 210, 216, 217

Whitehead Institute see Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Wigby, Muriel 22

Wilcox, Mike 282

Williamson, Alan 118, 168, 200

Wilson, Rick 76, 78, 117, 119, 121, 164, 237

Wöhler, Friedrich 263

World Economic Forum, Davos 86

World Trade Organization (WTO) 275–7

Worm Breeders’ Gazette (newsletter) 55

Wyngaarden, James 61–2, 86

X-ray crystallography 10

YACs see clones/cloning

Yang, Huanming 261

yeast see Saccharomyces cerevisiae

zebrafish 237, 258

Zitner, Aaron 245