A
A. I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001), 9, 17, 47–48, 209, 225
Abacus, 64
Adam, 20
Adaptive computer chips, 188, 207
Adaptive optics, 172
Adolphs, Ralph, 162
Advanced step in innovative mobility. See ASIMO the walking robot
Affective Computing,182–183
The Age of Spiritual Machines,201
AIBO robot dog, 3, 169, 181, 221
Akoulathon, 97
Aldini, Giovanni, 22
Aldiss, Brian, 47
Ambrose, Robert, 165
Amtrak call system, 163–164
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 192
Analytical Engines, 65
defined, 4
limited abilities of, 10
Aquinas, Thomas, 20
Argonauts, 19
Ariel, 37
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), 176
Artificial beings
being bionic, 85–102
built-in inheritance of, 49
going out of control, 20
longing to join the human race, 24
meaning and history, 15–102
real history of, 51–84
self-awareness in, 21
virtual history of, 17–50
Artificial intelligence (AI), 13, 38, 71
advances in, 10
Artificial Muscle Research Institute, 143
Artificial smell, 166–167
Artificial speech, 162
Artificial taste, 167–168
Artificial touch, 165
ASIMO the walking robot, 52, 130–131, 134, 144, 176–177, 196, 203, 216
Asimov, Isaac, 9, 18, 31, 49, 72, 184, 216
The Astonishing Hypothesis,113
Automata, 56–61
Automated workers, 5
The Automaton Theater,53–54
B
Babbage, Charles, 60, 65–67, 69
Bacon, Roger, 20
Bar-Cohen, Yoseph, 142–144
Barnum, P.T., 58
Baum, L. Frank, 25
Behavior-Based Robotics,11, 174
Bell, Alexander Graham, 78
Binet, Alfred, 174
Biomechatronic hand, 137–138
Biomedicine, advances in, 11
Biometrics, 155
“Biomorphic” chips, 171
Bionic artificial beings, 85–102
charging the body, 92–94
digital ears, 97–101
electrifying the mind, 94–97
with feeling, 101–102
unfeeling limbs, 87–92
BioRobotics Laboratory, 166
Biotechnology, 38
Birnbaum, Lawrence, 205
Blade Runner (1982, director’s cut 1992), 9, 18, 39–41, 225
Blind, restoring sight to, 170–171
Bolshevik worker’s revolution, 26
Boole, George, 67
Boolean algebra, 67
Brain, role of
in artificial beings, 174
in humans, 174
Brain implants, 170–171, 184–189, 210–211, 214
Brain-machine interfaces (BMI), 189–193
Breazeal, Cynthia, 2, 142, 144, 177–178, 181–182, 196, 208
Bride of Frankenstein (1935), 29, 225
Brooks, Rodney, 1–2, 75–76, 120, 127, 178, 182, 208
The Buddha in the Robot,216
Buddhist outlook, 215
C
Caesar, Julius, 7
Caidin, Martin, 39
Calculators, mechanical, 64–65
Calculus, 64
Capek, Karel, 9, 18, 25, 72, 140, 201, 210
Carbon arc light, 62
Carnegie Mellon University, 2
Chalmers, David, 108
Chapin, John, 137–138
Charging the body, 92–94
Chess playing, computational technology used for, 60
Chinese Room scenario, 117
Chips, getting smarter, 201–203
Chow, Vincent and Alan, 170
Christian tradition, 215–216
Christopher, Robert, 215
Clarke, Arthur C., 38
Clocks and clockmakers, 54–55, 58
Cochlear implantation, 98–99, 102
Coiled springs, 54
Companion race, creating, 3, 12
Computational technology
affective, 182–183
used for chess playing, 60
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”208
Consciousness
higher-order, 194–196
“overrated,”11
signs of in living machines, 195–197
Consciousness Explained,112
Coppélia, 25
Crawling, 131–133
Creation of artificial beings, 7, 24
from bronze and clay, 18–21
Cyborglike activity, 190
Cyborgs, 18
defined, 5
Cyrano Sciences, 167
D
Da Vinci system, 165
DaimlerChrysler Corporation, 155
Dante II, 127
Data, Lieutenant Commander, 9, 46–47, 158, 184, 211, 217
Davy, Humphry, 62
The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), 37, 128, 225
De Juan, Eugene, 170
De Vaucanson, Jacques, 56–58
Dead bodies, 7
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 8, 133, 193
communicator project, 8, 133, 213
information Awareness Office (IAO), 214
Deirdre, 18, 29–30, 49, 85, 190, 195, 217
Delibes, 25
Department of Defense, 8, 133, 154, 200–201
Descartes, René, 55, 107, 112, 159
Desoutter, Marcel, 90
Devol, George, 73
Dick, Philip K., 39
Difference Engines, 65
Differential Analyzer, 67–68
Digital creatures
hearing, 97–101
thinking, 116–119
Digital Creatures Laboratory, 180–181
Discourse on Method,55–56
DLR Hand II, 165
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,39
Dobelle, William, 171
Dolls, coming to life, 7
“Draughtsman-Writer,”58–60
“Dream Replicants of the Cinema,”32
Drug delivery systems, implanted, 4
E
Earth Simulator computer, 185
Eckert, J. Presper, 69
Edelman, Gerald, 113–114, 195, 207
Edison, Thomas, 78
Ekman, Paul, 158
Electrical batteries, 54
Electricity
practical use of, 61–63
static, 61
Electrifying the mind, 94–97
Electro-active polymers (EAP), 142, 144
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 94–95
Electroencephalography (EEG), 109
Emory Univeristy, 192
Emotions, link with reason, 183–184
Endoscopy, 165–166
Engelberger, Joseph, 73
ENIAC computer, 69
Enigma code breaking, 69–70
Enlightenment era, 56
“smile of,”58
Enterprise, Starship, 46
“Evidence,”34
Exoskeletons, activating, 193
F
Facial Action Coding System, 158
Facial identity, 155–159
Faraday, Michael, 63
Female robots, bad and beautiful, 27–30
Five senses, and beyond in living machines, 147–172
extending human abilities, 168–169
extending human senses, 170–172
facial identity, 155–159
moving from one location to another, 152–155
relating to others, 159–164
synthetic vision, 149–152
touching an android, 164–168
Forbidden Planet (1956), 37, 225
Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus (1818), 7, 9, 17, 21–25, 208– 209, 217
Frankenstein, Victor, 7, 18, 21–25, 49, 189
Frankenstein (1931), 21, 23, 225
Frankenstein’s creature, or Commander Data, 4, 199–219
Franklin, Benjamin, 61
Franklin Institute, 58
Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, 156
Frederson, John, 27–28
Freud, Sigmund, 7
Friesen, Wallance, 158
Fromherz, Peter, 194–195
Fuita, Masahiro, 180
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 109–110
G
Galvanism, 22
Gardner, Howard, 175–176, 196–197, 202, 207
Genghis robot, 75–76
Georgia Institute of Technology, 11
The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), 225
Gödel’s theorem, 115
Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft. See Shelley, Mary
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 57
Golems, 20
Golgi, Camillo, 218
“Gray matter,”184–185
Greek myth, 9, 18–19, 52–53, 87
H
Hands,134
Hanson, David, 143
Harbou, Thea von, 27
He, She and It (1991), 39, 44–46, 49, 209, 211
Henlein, Peter, 55
Heron of Alexandria, 53–54
Higher-order consciousness, 194–196
Hirose, Shigeo, 141
Hirschberg, Julia, 160
History of artificial beings, 15–102
real, 51–84
virtual, 17–50
Honda Corporation, 52, 124, 128, 130, 176
Honda research laboratories, 2
Howe, Robert, 166
Hubris, 6, 8, 24, 216, 218–219
Human abilities, extending, 168–169
Human race, artificial beings longing to join, 24
Human senses, extending, 170–172
Humanoid Robotics Project, 212
The Humanoids,34
Humayun, Mark, 170
I
I, Robot,9, 31–34, 49, 72, 184, 217
The Illusion of Conscious Will,112
Implant science, 38
Implanted drug delivery systems, 4
Indian mythology, 6
Information Awareness Office (IAO), 214
Infrared vision, 168–169
Inheritance of artificial beings, built-in, 49
Intuitive Surgical, 165
Inside the Robot Kingdom,212, 215
Intelligence
defining, 174–176
embodied in living machines, 119–122
International Space Station, 135
Interpersonal intelligence, 177
Investigation into the Laws of Thought,67
IQ testing, 175
iRobot Co., 126
J
James, William, 105–106
The Japanese Mind,215
Jason and the Argonauts (1963), 19, 225
Jews of Prague, 20
Johnson, Mark, 120
Johnson Space Flight Center, 135
Judeo-Christian tradition, 216
K
Karloff, Boris, 21
Kasparov, Gary, 60
Kempelen, Wolfgang von, 60
Kennedy, Philip, 191–193, 210–211
Kinesthetic sensing, 164–165, 180
King, Augusta Ada, 65
Kismet robot, 2, 12, 142, 178–179, 208
showing feelings, 181–182, 196–197
Klaatu, 37
Koch, Christopher, 113
Kubrick, Stanley, 38
L
Lakoff, George, 120
Land mines, 91
Language use by, 203–206
Laser surgery, 172
Learning, 207–211
Lemonnier, Anicet-Charles-Gabriel, 58
L’Homme Machine,56
Liang, Junzhong, 172
Life electric, 61–64
Limbs, movement, and expression in living machines, 123–145
arms, hands, fingers, and thumbs, 133–140
crawling and morphing, 131–133
eight legs to two, 127–131
smoothing the motion, 140–145
wheeled, treaded, and tracked, 125–127
Littlewort, Gwen, 158
Living machines, 103–219
the five senses, and beyond, 147–172
frankenstein’s creature, or Commander Data, 4, 199–219
limbs, movement, and expression, 123–145
mind-body problems, 105–122
thinking, emotion, and self-awareness, 173–197
Loebner, Hugh, 204
Loebner Prize, 204
Looking human, 81–84
M
MachineVision group, 150
Maloney, Mack, 19
“The Man-Machine and Artificial Intelligence,”56
Manhattan Project, 31
“Mark I” computer, 68–69
Master, Paul, 188
Materials science, advances in, 10
Matthies, Larry, 150, 153, 217
Mauchly, John W., 69
Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 194
Mazlish, Bruce, 56
McCarthy, John, 71
McCulloch, Warren, 78
Mead, Carver, 187
Meaning of artificial beings, 15–102
Mechanics,53
Mechatronic enginering, 125
“Mechatronics,”52
Metropolis (1927), 18, 25, 39, 56, 225
Mettrie, Julien Offroy de La, 56, 58
Mind-body problems of living machines, 105–122
digital creatures thinking, 116–119
dueling theories, 111–115
embodied intelligences, 119–122
no easy answer, 106–110
Mind Matters: Exploring the World of Artificial Intelligence,204
Minos, King, 19
Minsky, Marvin, 71, 76–77, 206, 209
artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 213
media Lab, 182
Molecular biology, advances in, 10
Moleschott, Jakob, 56
Moore, C.L. (Catherine Lucille), 18, 29, 190
Moral choices, 211–217
Moravec, Hans, 118, 182–183, 186, 196, 201–202
Mori, Masahiro, 216
Morphing, 131–133
Motion
bodies in, 52–61
from one location to another, 152–155
smoothing, 140–145
Mount Olympus, 19
Moxon, Karen, 138
Mozziconacci, Sylvie, 161
Mussa-Ivaldi, Sandro, 190
My Real Baby toy robot infant, 3
The Mystery of Consciousness,113
N
Nanocyborgs, 194
Nanotechnology, advances in, 10
Napier, John, 134–135
NASA robotic planetary explorers, 13, 152–153
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 39, 135, 152, 165, 203, 217
National Research Council, 212
Neural activity, magnetic fields produced by, 193–194
Neural Signals, 192
Neuromorphic approach, 187
“Neuromorphic” chips, 171, 207
“Neuron on a chip,”194
“Neurorobotics,”138
New York World’s Fair (1939), 30, 72
Notation, positional, 64
Nursebot, 123
Nutcracker,25
O
Offenbach, Jacques, 25
Olympia, 25
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), 95, 225
Opportunity robot, 152–153
Optobionics Corporation, 170
Ozma of Oz,25
P
PackBots, 126–127
Palo Alto Research Center, 2
Pappus of Alexandria, 53
Parallel processing, 207
Paranoia factor, 169
Parkinson, James, 96
Pathfinder, 135
Penrose, Roger, 115
Pentium chips, 185–186
Philon of Byzantium, 53
Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Philosophy,120
Picard, Rosalind, 182–184
Piercy, Marge, 44–45, 209, 211
Pirjanian, Paolo, 153
Pliny the Elder, 62
Poe, Edgar Allen, 60
Poindexter, John M, 214
Positional notation, 64
Positron emission tomography (PET), 109–110
Prime Directive, 35–36
Privacy issues, 214
Prostheses, 87–92
Q
QRIO robot, 177, 181, 196, 200, 203
QuickSilver Technology, 188
R
R2D2, 17
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 218–219
Ray, Johnny, 192–193, 195, 211
Real history of artificial beings, 51–84
bodies in motion, 52–61
the life electric, 61–64
looking human, 81–84
on and off, 67–78
sensing, 78–81
thinking human, 64–67
Relating to others, in living machines, 159–164
Relays, 68
“Robbie” the robot, 32–33, 217
Robby the robot, 37
RoboCop (1987), 18, 39, 42–44, 85, 183, 225
ROBODEX 2003 exposition, 162, 177, 180, 212
Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind,118, 182–183
Robot armies, 25–27
Robotic soccer, 169
chips getting smarter, 201–203
defined, 4
for hazardous duty, 8
language use by, 203–206
learning, 207–211
limited abilities of, 10
in living machines, 4, 199–219
moral choices, 211–217
pride and humility, 24, 218–219
self-awareness, 206–207
Roomba, 126
“Runaround,”31
R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) (1921), 10, 18, 25–27, 30, 49, 72, 140, 169, 201, 210
S
Sarcos Corporation, 135
Schank, Roger, 205
Scott, Ridley, 39
Seattle, John, 110
Seeßlen, Georg, 32
Seiko Epson Corporation, 169
Self-awareness in artificial beings, 21, 206–207
Senses, 78–81
functions of, 172
Sensors, density of, 165
The Sentinel (1951), 38
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 169
Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness,115
Shakespeare, William, 37
Shelley, Mary, 7, 17, 21–25, 65, 217
Shelley Percy Bysshe, 21–23
Shinto, 215
Shriberg, Elizabeth, 161
Silverlit Toys, 3
The Six Million Dollar Man (1973-1978)—television series, 18, 39, 42–44, 225
Smart digital beings, 176–181
Soccer, robotic, 169
digital Creatures Laboratory, 180–181
Speech Experts, 162
Speech recognition systems, 160–162
Spielberg, Steven, 47
Spirit robot, 152–153
Stanford Research Institute, 74
Star Trek: Generations (1994), 225
Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987-1994)—television series, 4, 46, 158, 184, 211, 225
Star Wars: Episode V—The Empire Strikes Back (1980), 225
Static electricity, 61
Sternberg, Robert, 175
STMicroelectronics Corporation, 166
Stochastic Neural-Analog Reinforcement Computer (SNARC), 78
Stolcke, Andreas, 161
Surgery, minimally invasive, 165
Survival factors, 182–183
Symbols and artificial beings, 20
Synthetic vision, 149–152
T
“The Tales of Hoffman,”25
Tchaikovsky, Piotr Ilyich, 25
The Tempest,37
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), 42, 226
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), 226
The Terminator (1984), 18, 39, 41–42, 217, 226
Thinking, emotion, and self-awareness in living machines, 64–67, 173–197
brain-machine interfaces, 189–195
brains for artificial bodies, 184–189
emotional capabilities, 181–184
signs of consciousness, 195–197
smart digital beings, 176–181
Thomas, Craig, 193
Three Laws of robotics, 31–32, 35, 49, 211
Thrun, Sebastian, 151
Tiger Electronics, 3
Tik-Tok, the “Machine Man,” 25
Tononi, Giulio, 113–114
Total Information Awareness project, 214
Touching an android, 164–168
Turing, Alan, 10, 15, 70–71, 108, 164, 204, 208–209
Turing test, 10, 15, 71, 144, 159, 203–205
“The Turk,”60
Turkle, Sherry, 3
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), 209, 226
U
“The ‘Uncanny’”, 7
“Uncanny Valley,”216
Une Soirée chez Madame Geoffrin, en 1755,58
UNIMATE, 73
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 199
UNIVAC computer, 70
A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination,113
V
Vacuum tube operation, 69
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 95–96
Victor’s creation, 21–25
Virtual faces, 157–158
Virtual history of artificial beings, 17–50
all too human, 38–50
creatures of bronze and clay, 18–21
female robots—bad and beautiful, 27–30
robot armies, 25–27
victor’s creation, 21–25
Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM), 154
Volta, Alessandro, 62–63
Voltaire, 58
Von Neumann, John, 69–70
Vulcan, 19
W
Walt Disney theme parks, 2, 82, 178
Walter, Gerard, 7
War on terrorism, 162
Warwick, Kevin, 170
Watson, James, 108
Watt, James, 61
Wave-front sensors, 172
Wegner, Daniel, 112
Whale, James, 21
Wilkes, Maurice, 70
Wilkins, Maurice, 108
Williams, David, 172
“With Folded Hands,”10, 34, 49, 169
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1939), 25, 226
World RoboCup event, 169
World Trade Center attack, 126
World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), 61
Y
Z
Zuse, Konrad, 68