Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation (2004)
Chapter: Appendix I Innovation in the Russian Federation (2001)
Appendix I
Innovation in the Russian Federation (2001)
Elements of Innovation (in order of importance)
Acquisition of equipment and machinery
Industrial design
Research and development
Acquisition of software
Personnel training
Market research
Acquisition of technology, including acquisition of rights for patents and licenses
Sources of Information for Innovation in Industry (in order of importance)
Exhibits, fairs, and other advertising events
Consumers
Internal sources of industry
S&T literature
Regulations and standards
Suppliers of equipment, materials, components, and software
Competitors
Industry research institutions
Conferences, workshop, and symposia
Patent Office publications
Academies and universities
Factors Inhibiting Innovation (in order of importance)
Economic factors
Shortage of own funds
Shortage of funds from government
High expenditures
Long payoff period
Excessive perceived risks
Low solvent demand for new products
Production factors
Low innovation potential
Deficiencies in legislation
Low consumer demand
Lack of skilled personnel
Underdeveloped innovation infrastructure
Underdeveloped technology market
Lack of information on market
Lack of information on technology
Uncertainty in timing of innovation
Resistance to innovation
Legal Framework for Promoting Innovation
State Support for Small Enterprises in Russia (Law no. 88-F3, June 14, 1995)
Budget Code of Russia (Law no. 145-F3, July 31, 1998)
Tax Code of Russia (Law no. 146-F3, July 31, 1998)
Status of Science Cities of Russia (Law no. 70-F3, April 7, 1999)
Science and State Science-Technology Policy (Law no. 127-F3, August 23, 1996)
Protection of the Environment (Law no. 7-F3, January 10, 2002)
Source: Centre for Science Research and Statistics (2003) and, for legal framework, Martyushov (2003).
