Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design (1991)
Chapter: Appendix G: Transport Cost Model Calculations
Appendix G
Transport Cost Model Calculations
This appendix presents the calculations performed using the transport cost spreadsheet model described in Chapter 6.
Annual cost differentials for the alternative tank vessel designs are presented below (Table G-1). These costs are based on:
-
Oil transport cost (dollars per ton) for each vessel size and design alternative, taken from Tables G-2 to G-10.
-
Average transport costs for each alternative, weighting the three representative sizes and route distances, as noted in Chapter 6.
-
Difference between the weighted average transport cost for each alternative and the cost of the base case, MARPOL single-skin ship.
-
Annualization of these transport cost differentials, using a representative annual volume of 600 million tons of oil moved by tank vessels in U.S. waters.
Calculations of representative transport costs for each vessel design are presented in the following order:
|
Table |
Vessel Design |
|
G-2 |
MARPOL (Single Hull) |
|
G-3 |
MARPOL + Hydrostatic Control |
|
G-4 |
Double Hull |
|
G-5 |
Double Hull + Hydrostatic Control |
|
G-6 |
Double Side |
|
G-7 |
Double Side + Hydrostatic Control |
|
G-8 |
Double Side + Intermediate Oil Tight Deck |
|
G-9 |
Double Bottom |
|
G-10 |
Small Tanks |
TABLE G-1 Transport Cost Model
|
Ship Size, kDWT |
40 |
80 |
240 |
Wtd Avg |
Wtd Avg Diff |
Annual Cost @ 600M T/yr |
|
Voy Dist RT, nm |
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|||
|
Weighting, % |
25 |
58 |
17 |
|||
|
Design Alternative |
---- Transport Cost, dollars per ton --- |
$ Mill. |
||||
|
Marpol |
4.33 |
10.30 |
3.65 |
7.68 |
0.00 |
0 |
|
Marpol + HB |
5.34 |
12.71 |
4.51 |
9.48 |
1.80 |
1080 |
|
DH |
5.01 |
11.87 |
4.26 |
8.86 |
1.19 |
712 |
|
DH + HB |
5.76 |
15.19 |
4.93 |
11.09 |
3.41 |
2047 |
|
DS |
4.69 |
11.02 |
3.97 |
8.24 |
0.56 |
339 |
|
DS +HB |
5.34 |
12.76 |
4.56 |
9.51 |
1.84 |
1102 |
|
DS + MHD |
5.19 |
12.23 |
4.35 |
9.13 |
1.45 |
872 |
|
DB |
4.77 |
11.31 |
4.06 |
8.45 |
0.77 |
462 |
|
ST |
4.74 |
11.25 |
4.01 |
8.39 |
0.72 |
430 |
TABLE G-2 MARPOL (Single Hull)
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M |
|
34.0 |
49.7 |
89.6 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
4.55 |
6.65 |
12.00 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R |
|
0.29 |
0.33 |
0.47 |
|
Insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.34 |
0.50 |
0.90 |
|
P & I |
|
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.23 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
8.04 |
11.34 |
19.40 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.86 |
1.10 |
5.31 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
4.33 |
10.30 |
3.65 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.47 |
3.50 |
1.24 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT |
|
0.95 |
0.96 |
0.975 |
TABLE G-3 MARPOL and Hydrostatic Control
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M |
|
34.0 |
49.7 |
89.6 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
4.55 |
6.65 |
12.00 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R |
|
0.29 |
0.33 |
0.47 |
|
Insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.34 |
0.50 |
0.90 |
|
P & I |
|
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.23 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
8.04 |
11.34 |
19.40 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.51 |
0.89 |
4.30 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
5.34 |
12.71 |
4.51 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.82 |
4.32 |
1.53 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT |
|
0.95 |
0.96 |
0.975 |
TABLE G-4 Double Hull
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
39.4 |
58.2 |
105.7 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
5.27 |
7.79 |
14.15 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.50 |
0.58 |
0.83 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.39 |
0.58 |
1.06 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.20 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
9.02 |
12.80 |
22.05 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
5.01 |
11.87 |
4.26 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.70 |
4.04 |
1.45 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
TABLE G-5 Double Hull and Hydrostatic Control
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
47.3 |
80 |
126.7 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
6.33 |
10.71 |
16.96 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.61 |
0.80 |
1.00 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.47 |
0.80 |
1.27 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.21 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d * |
|
27.5 |
49.5 |
82.5 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.12 |
2.36 |
3.21 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
10.36 |
16.37 |
25.54 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
5.76 |
15.19 |
4.93 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.96 |
5.17 |
1.68 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
TABLE G-6 Double Side
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
35.7 |
52.2 |
95.9 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
4.78 |
6.99 |
12.84 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.46 |
0.52 |
0.75 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.36 |
0.52 |
0.96 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.21 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
8.45 |
11.88 |
20.58 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
4.69 |
11.02 |
3.97 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.60 |
3.75 |
1.35 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
TABLE G-7 Double Side and Hydrostatic Control
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
42.8 |
63.7 |
115 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
5.73 |
8.53 |
15.40 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.55 |
0.63 |
0.90 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.43 |
0.64 |
1.15 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.21 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d * |
|
26.25 |
47.25 |
78.75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.07 |
2.26 |
3.06 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
9.61 |
13.75 |
23.62 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
5.34 |
12.76 |
4.56 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.82 |
4.34 |
1.55 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
TABLE G-8 Double Side and Intermediate Oil Tight Deck
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
41.4 |
60.7 |
108.8 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
5.54 |
8.13 |
14.57 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.53 |
0.60 |
0.86 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.41 |
0.61 |
1.09 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.20 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
9.33 |
13.18 |
22.52 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
5.19 |
12.23 |
4.35 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.76 |
4.16 |
1.48 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
TABLE G-9 Double Bottom
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
37.7 |
55.7 |
101.3 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
5.05 |
7.46 |
13.56 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.40 |
0.46 |
0.66 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.377 |
0.557 |
1.013 |
|
P & I |
|
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.21 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
8.68 |
12.32 |
21.26 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.82 |
1.09 |
5.23 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
4.77 |
11.31 |
4.06 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.62 |
3.85 |
1.38 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delay, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.93 |
0.95 |
0.96 |
TABLE G-10 Small Tanks
|
Vessel DWT |
|
40000 |
80000 |
240000 |
|
Capital Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
Cost, $M * |
|
36.2 |
53.8 |
97.0 |
|
CRF @ 12% 20 yrs |
0.13388 |
|
|
|
|
Annualized Cost |
|
4.85 |
7.20 |
12.99 |
|
Non-Voyage Optg Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Manning |
|
0.81 |
0.89 |
1.15 |
|
Stores & Lubes |
|
0.25 |
0.27 |
0.32 |
|
M & R * |
|
0.46 |
0.54 |
0.76 |
|
Insurance * |
|
|
|
|
|
H & M |
|
0.36 |
0.54 |
0.97 |
|
P & I |
|
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.22 |
|
Admin & Other |
|
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.29 |
|
Voyage Costs |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel |
|
|
|
|
|
Fuel cons, T/d |
|
25 |
45 |
75 |
|
Fuel cost, $/T |
150 |
|
|
|
|
Fuel cost |
|
1.02 |
2.15 |
2.92 |
|
Port costs |
|
0.49 |
0.21 |
1.14 |
|
Total Costs, $M |
|
8.53 |
12.13 |
20.75 |
|
Cargo Del'd, MT/yr |
|
1.80 |
1.08 |
5.18 |
|
Trans Cost, $/T |
|
4.74 |
11.25 |
4.01 |
|
cents/gal |
|
1.61 |
3.83 |
1.36 |
|
Memo Items |
|
|
|
|
|
Voyage R/T, n mi |
|
2000 |
8000 |
4000 |
|
Speed avg, kts |
|
15.0 |
15.0 |
14.6 |
|
Port Time |
|
|
|
|
|
Load, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Disch, days |
|
0.75 |
1 |
1.5 |
|
Delays, days |
|
0.1 |
0.2 |
1 |
|
Voyage days |
|
7.2 |
24.4 |
15.4 |
|
Voys/yr |
|
48.9 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
|
Cargo DWT/Total DWT * |
|
0.92 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
