Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher: Letter Report (2015)
Chapter: Appendix H: Nutrient Intakes
TABLE H-1 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Nutrients: Children Participating in WIC
| Nutrient | Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) | |||||||||||||
| 10th | 25th | Median | Mean | 75th | 90th | % Inadequate | ||||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 617 | 781 | 995 | 1,018 | 1,246 | 1,505 | 7.6 | |||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 6.3 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 15.4 | 1.3 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 1,456 | 1,708 | 2,018 | 2,047 | 2,372 | 2,746 | — | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 37 | 57 | 90 | 104 | 135 | 189 | 0.6 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE/d) | 161 | 203 | 259 | 284 | 328 | 403 | 2.1 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 148 | 210 | 292 | 302 | 391 | 500 | 76.5 | |||||||
| Total fiber (g/d) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 | — | |||||||
NOTES: Analysis sample was data for children 1–4.9 years of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 643). See additional notes for Tables H-1 through H-5 following Table H-5.
TABLE H-2 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Nutrients: Children Not Participating in WIC
| Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) | ||||||||||||||
| Nutrient | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean | 75th | 90th | % Inadequate | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 580 | 731 | 919 | 956 | 1,142 | 1,387 | 13.3 | |||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 7.0 | 8.6 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 15.3 | 3.4 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 1,297 | 1,555 | 1,877 | 1,955 | 2,239 | 2,601 | — | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 38 | 54 | 76 | 85 | 105 | 137 | 0.9 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE/d) | 178 | 222 | 279 | 301 | 350 | 430 | 2.8 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 112 | 165 | 238 | 261 | 328 | 423 | 87.1 | |||||||
| Total fiber (g/d) | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 16 | — | |||||||
NOTES: Analysis sample was data for children 1–4.9 years of age not participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 462). See additional notes for Tables H-1 through H-5 following Table H-5.
TABLE H-3 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Nutrients: Women Participating in WIC
| Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) | ||||||||||||||
| Nutrient | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean | 75th | 90th | % Inadequate | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 646 | 793 | 974 | 953 | 1,174 | 1,369 | 27.1 | |||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 8.7 | 10.8 | 13.5 | 15.5 | 17.3 | 22.2 | 14.7 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 1,344 | 1,713 | 2,187 | 2,239 | 2,732 | 3,286 | — | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 26 | 44 | 75 | 81 | 119 | 170 | 45.4 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE/d) | 222 | 276 | 342 | 372 | 420 | 503 | 42.9 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 99 | 140 | 201 | 209 | 279 | 366 | 91.1 | |||||||
| Total fiber (g/d) | 7 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 23 | — | |||||||
NOTES: Analysis sample was data for women 19–50 years of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 96). See additional notes for Tables H-1 through H-5 following Table H-5.
TABLE H-4 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Nutrients: Women Not Participating in WIC But WIC-Eligible
| Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) | ||||||||||||||
| Nutrient | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean | 75th | 90th | % Inadequate | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 536 | 689 | 897 | 1,078 | 1,150 | 1,423 | 36.2 | |||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 9.8 | 11.5 | 13.7 | 15.6 | 16.3 | 19.0 | 9.3 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 1,451 | 1,921 | 2,457 | 2,578 | 3,006 | 3,511 | — | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 18 | 37 | 72 | 104 | 128 | 201 | 52.0 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE/d) | 263 | 312 | 377 | 426 | 452 | 531 | 34.5 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 93 | 128 | 175 | 207 | 232 | 293 | 98.3 | |||||||
| Total fiber (g/d) | 8 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 23 | — | |||||||
NOTES: Analysis sample was data for women 19–50 years of age identified in the survey as being pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum but not participating in WIC at the time of the survey (n = 51). See additional notes for Tables H-1 through H-5 following Table H-5.
TABLE H-5 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Nutrients: Women Not Participating in WIC and Ineligible to Participate
| Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) | ||||||||||||||
| Nutrient | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean | 75th | 90th | % Inadequate | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 499 | 632 | 807 | 842 | 1,018 | 1,246 | 48.2 | |||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 7.8 | 9.6 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 14.5 | 17.4 | 19.5 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 1,379 | 1,702 | 2,104 | 2,183 | 2,563 | 3,037 | — | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 26 | 40 | 63 | 76 | 98 | 141 | 46.6 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE/d) | 212 | 257 | 315 | 338 | 384 | 456 | 51.2 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 64 | 94 | 140 | 158 | 201 | 270 | 98.6 | |||||||
| Total fiber (g/d) | 7 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 20 | — | |||||||
NOTES: Analysis sample was data for women 19–50 years of age identified in the survey as not being pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum and not participating in WIC at the time of the survey (n = 1,379). See additional notes for Tables H-1 through H-5 following this table.
NOTES FOR TABLES H-1 THROUGH H-5: DFE = dietary folate equivalents. Nutrients presented are “nutrients of concern” as presented in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (USDA/HHS, 2010); % Inadequate is calculated from Dietary Reference Intakes as defined in Table E-1. An AI, rather than an EAR, was set for potassium and total fiber; thus, it is not possible to calculate a percent of the population with inadequate intakes for these nutrients. All population groups are ≤ 185 percent of the poverty-income ratio. In all of the data analyses, the data were weighted to population values by using the method of balanced repeated replication and constructed the replicated weight sets as described by Fuller (2009). To assess nutrient adequacy, the usual intake distributions were estimated using methods that account for the statistical properties of the data (intra-individual variation and reported data that are normally distributed [Carriquiry, 1999; IOM, 2000]). The approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are re-scaled so that they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. Underreporting of intake in the NHANES survey has been well documented (Archer et al., 2013). Food intakes from which nutrient intakes are determined are obtained by one to two 24-hr recalls, which can be useful for assessment of dietary intakes by groups (IOM, 2000).
DATA SOURCES FOR TABLES H-1 THROUGH H-5: NHANES 2007–2010 (USDA/ARS, 2007–2010).
REFERENCES
Archer, E., G. A. Hand, and S. N. Blair. 2013. Validity of U.S. Nutritional Surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971-2010. PLoS ONE 8(10):e76632.
Carriquiry, A. L. 1998. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutrition 2(1):23-33.
Fuller, W. 2009. Sampling Statistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 2007–2010. What we eat in America, NHANES 2007-2010. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18349 (accessed December 15, 2014).
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