Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher: Letter Report (2015)
Chapter: Appendix L: Background Example Data for Sensitivity Analysis
TABLE L-1a Sensitivity Analysis Example Considering the Addition of 0.09 Cup-Equivalents per Day of White Potatoes: WIC Children
| Food Groups and Nutrients | Current At-Home Intake | Current Total Intake | Recommended Intake | Intake as % of Recommendation | ||||||
| Starchy Vegetable Subgroups (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total potatoes | 0.16 | 0.23 | ||||||||
Potentially WIC- eligible potatoes | 0.09 | 0.12 | ||||||||
Other starchy vegetables | 0.05 | 0.06 | ||||||||
| Total Starchy Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 64.7 | ||||||
| Dark Green Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 16.9 | ||||||
| Red-Orange Vegetables (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total tomatoes | 0.12 | 0.15 | ||||||||
WIC-eligible tomatoes | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||||||||
Other red-orange | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||||||
Total red-orange | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 48.1 | ||||||
| Other Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 42.8 | ||||||
| Fruit (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total | 1.32 | 1.45 | 1.00 | 144.8 | ||||||
Without juice | 0.66 | 0.73 | ||||||||
| Change in cost | ||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1,566 | 1,300 | ||||||||
| Potassium (mg) | 2,036 | 3,200 | ||||||||
| Total Fiber (g) | 10.9 | 20.5 | ||||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 992 | 775 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D (IU) | 276 | 600 | ||||||||
| Iron (mg) | 11.9 | 7.8 | ||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 82.4 | 17.5 | ||||||||
| Folate (μg DFE) | 443 | 163 | ||||||||
NOTES: c-eq/d = cup-equivalents/d; DFE = dietary folate equivalents. Food group recommendations are for 1,300 kcal diet weighted for 1-to 4.9-year-olds per the method outlined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2011). Change per day is based on at-home consumption; 0.09 c-eq/d for potatoes was used in this example with a 6 percent decrease in other vegetable categories and no change in fruit. Cost calculations are in Table L-3 and based on all fresh substitutions.
| Cost per c-eq | Change in Intake | Cost of Change per Month | Revised Intake | Revised Intake as % of Recommendation | Change in % Recommendation | |||||
| $0.19 | 0.09 | 0.51 | 0.32 | |||||||
| 1.17 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.05 | |||||||
| 0.38 | 84.0 | 19.35 | ||||||||
| 1.37 | -0.001 | -0.04 | -0.02 | 16.1 | -0.83 | |||||
| 1.07 | -0.010 | -0.31 | 0.19 | 45.7 | -2.34 | |||||
| 0.42 | -0.006 | -0.07 | 0.13 | 40.9 | -1.88 | |||||
| 1.45 | 144.8 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 0.25 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.73 | |||||||
| -0.02 | ||||||||||
| 11 | 1,577 | |||||||||
| 44 | 2,080 | |||||||||
| 0.2 | 11.1 | |||||||||
| 1 | 993 | |||||||||
| 0 | 276 | |||||||||
| 0 | 12.0 | |||||||||
| 1 | 83.1 | |||||||||
| 1 | 444 | |||||||||
DATA SOURCES: NHANES 2007–2008 and NHANES 2009–2010 data for low-income children 1–5 years of age (USDA/ARS, 2007–2010); food group recommendations per 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (USDA/HHS, 2010), weighted in a 1:3 ratio using 1,000 and 1,300 (averaged from 1,200 and 1,400) calorie food patterns, following methodology applied by the IOM (2011). Nutrient intakes were compared to the RDA/AI for children 1–3 years of age and 4–8 years of age as listed in Table E-1.
TABLE L-1b Projected Changes in Nutrient Intake Considering the Addition of 0.09 Cup-Equivalents per Day of White Potatoes: WIC Children
| Nutrients | Current Intake/d | Recommended Intake/d | Nutr/c-eq White Potatoesa | Nutr/c-eq Other Starchy Vegetableb | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1,566 | 1,300 | 126 | 158 | ||||||
| Potassium (mg) | 2,036 | 3,200 | 553 | 360 | ||||||
| Dietary fiber (g) | 10.9 | 20.5 | 2.7 | 4.0 | ||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 992 | 775 | 14 | 5 | ||||||
| Vitamin D (IU) | 276 | 600 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Iron (mg) | 11.9 | 7.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 82.4 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 9.1 | ||||||
| Folate (μg DFE) | 443 | 163 | 21 | 38.0 | ||||||
| At-home food grp intake (current), c-eq/d | 0.16 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Change in food grp intake, c-eq/d | 0.09 | 0.00 | ||||||||
NOTES: c-eq = cup-equivalents; DFE = dietary folate equivalents; DGV = dark green vegetable; Nutr = nutrients; Red-Or = red and orange vegetable.
a Weighted average of boiled white potatoes without peel and baked white potatoes with peel in a 2:1 ratio.
b Nutrients are for boiled sweet yellow corn.
c CNPP draft nutrient profiles for the 2015 USDA Food Patterns
d Weighted average of apple, banana, watermelon, and orange in a 4:2:0.5:0.5 ratio.
e Assuming +0.09 c-eq of white potatoes (starchy veg), and −6 percent of other vegetable food groups (no change in fruit groups).
| Nutr/c-eq Red-Orc | Nutr/c-eq DGVc | Nutr/c-eq Other Vegetablec | Nutr/c-eq Fruitd | Change in intake | Revised Intake/d | % Change in Intake | ||||
| 43 | 33 | 48 | 81 | 11 | 1,577 | 0.7 | ||||
| 443 | 377 | 266 | 255 | 44 | 2,080 | 2.2 | ||||
| 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 11.1 | 1.9 | ||||
| 24 | 75 | 38 | 13 | 1 | 993 | 0.1 | ||||
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 276 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 12.0 | 0.4 | ||||
| 20.0 | 47.5 | 17.0 | 15.3 | 0.7 | 83.1 | 0.9 | ||||
| 19 | 137 | 37 | 15 | 1 | 444 | 0.3 | ||||
| 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.68 | |||||||
| -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.00 | |||||||
DATA SOURCES: Nutrient intake data are for low-income children identified as participating in WIC from NHANES 2007–2010 (USDA/ARS, 2007–2010). CNPP draft nutrient profiles (Personal communication, P. Britten, USDA/CNPP, December 9, 2014); nutrient profiles from selected food items from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 27 (USDA/ARS, 2014).
Nutrient intakes were compared to the RDA/AI for children 1–3 years of age and 4–8 years of age as listed in Table E-1.
TABLE L-2a Sensitivity Analysis Example Considering the Addition of 0.14 Cup-Equivalents per Day of White Potatoes: WIC Women
| Food Groups and Nutrients | Current At-Home Intake | Current Total Intake | Recommended Intake | Intake as % of Recommendation | ||||||
| Starchy Vegetable Subgroups (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total potatoes | 0.18 | 0.33 | ||||||||
Potentially WIC-eligible potatoes | 0.14 | 0.20 | ||||||||
Other starchy vegetables | 0.06 | 0.12 | ||||||||
| Total Starchy Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.71 | 62.6 | ||||||
| Dark Green Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 28.0 | ||||||
| Red-Orange Vegetables (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total tomatoes | 0.14 | 0.23 | ||||||||
WIC-eligible tomatoes | 0.11 | 0.17 | ||||||||
Other red-orange | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||||||||
Total red-orange | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 30.9 | ||||||
| Other Vegetables (c-eq/d) | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 34.3 | ||||||
| Fruit (c-eq/d) | ||||||||||
Total | 0.90 | 0.98 | 2.00 | 49.0 | ||||||
Without juice | 0.43 | 0.47 | ||||||||
| Change in cost | ||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2,019 | 2,000 | ||||||||
| Potassium (mg) | 2,334 | 4,700 | ||||||||
| Total Fiber (g) | 15.8 | 25 | ||||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 908 | 1,000 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D (IU) | 148 | 600 | ||||||||
| Iron (mg) | 14.4 | 18 | ||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 83 | 75 | ||||||||
| Folate (μg DFE) | 543 | 400 | ||||||||
NOTES: c-eq/d = cup-equivalents/d; DFE = dietary folate equivalents. Food group recommendations are for 2,000 kcal diet. Change/day is based on at-home consumption. 0.14 c-eq/d for white potatoes was used in this example with a 6 percent decrease in all other vegetable categories and no change in fruit. Cost calculations are in Table L-3 and based on all fresh substitutions.
| Cost per c-eq | Change in Intake | Cost of Change per Month | Revised Intake | Revised Intake as % of Recommendation | Change in % Recommendation | |||||
| 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.80 | 0.47 | |||||||
| 1.17 | 0.00 | -0.12 | 0.11 | |||||||
| 0.58 | 81.7 | 19.11 | ||||||||
| 1.37 | -0.003 | -0.10 | -0.06 | 26.8 | -1.18 | |||||
| 1.07 | -0.011 | -0.34 | 0.23 | 29.6 | -1.35 | |||||
| 0.42 | -0.013 | -0.16 | 0.18 | 32.0 | -2.30 | |||||
| 0.25 | ||||||||||
| 0.07 | ||||||||||
| 16.2 | 2,035 | |||||||||
| 68.3 | 2,402 | |||||||||
| 0.3 | 16 | |||||||||
| 1.2 | 909 | |||||||||
| 0.0 | 148 | |||||||||
| 0.1 | 14 | |||||||||
| 1.1 | 84 | |||||||||
| 2.0 | 545 | |||||||||
DATA SOURCES: NHANES 2007–2008 and NHANES 2009–2010 data for WIC women 19–50 years of age (USDA/ARS, 2007–2010). Food group recommendations per 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (USDA/HHS, 2010); Nutrient intakes were compared to the RDA/ AI as listed in Table E-1.
TABLE L-2b Projected Changes in Nutrient Intake Considering the Addition of 0.14 Cup-Equivalents per Day White Potatoes: WIC Women
| Nutrients | Current Intake/d | Recommended Intake/d | Nutr/c-eq White Potatoesa | Nutr/c-eq Other Starchy Vegetableb | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2,019 | 2,000 | 126 | 158 | |||||||
| Potassium (mg) | 2,334 | 4,700 | 553 | 360 | |||||||
| Dietary fiber (g) | 15.8 | 25.0 | 2.7 | 4.0 | |||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 908 | 1,000 | 14 | 5 | |||||||
| Vitamin D (IU) | 148 | 600 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Iron (mg) | 14.4 | 18.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 83.0 | 75.0 | 11.5 | 9.1 | |||||||
| Folate (μg DFE) | 543 | 400 | 21 | 38 | |||||||
| At-home food grp intake (current), c-eq/d | 0.19 | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Change in food grp intake, c-eq/d | 0.14 | 0.00 | |||||||||
NOTES: c-eq/d = cup-equivalents/d; DFE = dietary folate equivalents; DGV = dark green vegetable; Nutr = nutrients; Red-Or = red and orange vegetable.
a Weighted average of boiled white potatoes without peel and baked white potatoes with peel in a 2:1 ratio.
b Nutrients are for boiled sweet yellow corn.
c CNPP draft nutrient profiles
d Weighted average of apple, banana, watermelon, and orange in a 4:2:0.5:0.5 ratio.
e Assuming +0.14 c-eq of white potatoes (starchy veg), and –6 percent of other vegetable food groups (no change in fruit groups).
| Nutr/c-eq Red-Orc | Nutr/c-eq DGVc | Nutr/c-eq Other Vegetablec | Nutr/c-eq Fruitd | Change in intake | Revised Intake/d | % Change in Intake | |||||
| 43 | 33 | 48 | 81 | 16 | 2,035 | 0.8 | |||||
| 443 | 377 | 266 | 255 | 68 | 2,402 | 2.9 | |||||
| 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 16.1 | 2.0 | |||||
| 24 | 75 | 38 | 13 | 1 | 909 | 0.1 | |||||
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 148 | 0.0 | |||||
| 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 14.5 | 0.6 | |||||
| 20.0 | 47.5 | 17.0 | 15.3 | 1.1 | 84.1 | 1.3 | |||||
| 19 | 137 | 37 | 15 | 2 | 545 | 0.4 | |||||
| 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.41 | ||||||||
| -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.00 | ||||||||
DATA SOURCES: Nutrient intake data are for low-income children identified as participating in WIC from NHANES 2007–2010 (USDA/ARS, 2007–2010). CNPP draft nutrient profiles (Personal communication, P. Britten, USDA/CNPP, December 9, 2014). Nutrient profiles from selected food items from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 27 (USDA/ARS, 2014).
Nutrient intakes were compared to the RDA/AI for women 19–50 years of age as listed in Table E-1.
TABLE L-3 Cost Calculation of Fruit and Vegetable Groups
| Food group | Food item | Fresh Only | Fresh, Canned, and Frozen | ||||
| Cost/c-eq | Percent weight | Cost/lb | Cost/c-eq | Percent weight | Cost/lb | ||
| White potatoes | White potatoes, fresh | 0.19 | 100.0 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 100.0 | 0.48 |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 0.19 | 0.19 | |||||
| Other starchy veg | Corn, yellow, fresh | 1.17 | 9.8 | 1.80 | 1.17 | 0.0 | 1.80 |
| Corn, yellow, canned | 0.37 | 0.0 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 9.8 | 0.69 | |
| Green peas, frozen | 0.51 | 0.0 | 1.34 | 0.51 | 5.3 | 1.34 | |
| Green peas, canned | 0.43 | 0.0 | 0.74 | 0.43 | 5.3 | 0.74 | |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 1.17 | 0.42 | |||||
| Red-orange veg | Tomatoes, fresh | 1.28 | 70.9 | 2.94 | 1.28 | 70.9 | 2.94 |
| Tomatoes, canned | 0.41 | 0.0 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 70.9 | 0.77 | |
| Carrots, fresh | 0.25 | 17.9 | 0.77 | 0.25 | 17.9 | 0.77 | |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 1.07 | 0.60 | |||||
| Dark green veg | Broccoli, fresh | 0.63 | 39.3 | 1.84 | 0.63 | 39.3 | 1.84 |
| Leafy greens | 1.95 | 25.0 | 0.40 | 1.95 | 25.0 | 0.40 | |
| Spinach, fresh | 2.02 | 23.0 | 3.92 | 2.02 | 23.0 | 3.92 | |
| Spinach, frozen | 0.96 | 0.0 | 1.51 | 0.96 | 23.0 | 1.51 | |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 1.37 | 1.29 | |||||
| Other veg | Lettuce, fresh | 0.26 | 22.3 | 0.99 | 0.26 | 22.3 | 0.99 |
| Green beans, fresh | 1.03 | 10.5 | 3.23 | 1.03 | 0.0 | 3.23 | |
| Green beans, canned* | 0.42 | 0.0 | 0.80 | 0.42 | 10.5 | 0.80 | |
| Onions, fresh | 0.28 | 16.0 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 16.0 | 0.67 | |
| Cabbage, fresh | 0.27 | 5.7 | 0.62 | 0.27 | 5.7 | 0.62 | |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 0.42 | 0.30 | |||||
| Fruit, no juice | Apples | 0.28 | 18.5 | 1.07 | 0.28 | 18.5 | 1.07 |
| Bananas | 0.21 | 12.8 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 12.8 | 0.45 | |
| Watermelon | 0.17 | 5.2 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 5.2 | 0.26 | |
| Oranges | 0.34 | 5.2 | 0.57 | 0.34 | 5.2 | 0.57 | |
| Weighted cost/c-eq | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||||
NOTES: c-eq = cup-equivalents. Only food items contributing 5 percent or more to the food group are included in the cost calculation. Percent weights reflect the percent contribution of the specific vegetable or fruit to the general vegetable or fruit subgroup. To calculate the weighted costs per cup-equivalent, these percents were rescaled so that they summed to 100 percent.
*Average of cut and whole canned green beans.
DATA SOURCES: Percent weight from Personal communication, P. Britten, USDA/CNPP, September 24, 2014; Cost data from USDA/ERS (2011).
REFERENCES
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Child and adult care food program: Aligning dietary guidance for all. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 2007–2010. What we eat in America, NHANES 2007-2010. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18349 (accessed December 15, 2014).
USDA/ARS. 2014. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 27. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed December 15, 2014).
USDA/ERS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service). 2011. Fruit and vegetable prices. Washington, DC: USDA/ERS. http://ers.usda.gov/data-products/fruitand-vegetable-prices.aspx (accessed December 15, 2014).
USDA/HHS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2010. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
