Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993)
Chapter: Index
Index
(Page numbers in bold refer to figures)
A
Acidification of soil, 232-234
AGNPS model, 345
Agricultural Conservation Program, 140-141
Agricultural Water Quality Protection Program, 140
Agriculture nonpoint source model, 135
Agroforestry, 392
Alfalfa
nitrogen fixation in, 242, 256-257
as nitrogen source in corn rotation, 60-62, 65, 267
American Farmland Trust, 125
ANSWERS model, 345
B
Bennett, Hugh Hammond, 150, 343
Biological processes
algal, phosphorus in, 284, 287-288
for desalinization of drainage water, 392-393
microbial attenuation of nonpoint source pollution, 423-425
nitrogen fixation, 242
for pest control, 88
for pesticide degradation, 317
plant uptake dynamics, 422-423
salinity effects on, 361
salinization effects on, 372-377
in soil degradation, 234-236
timing of fertilizer applications and, 66-68, 273, 279-280
trace element effects on, 381-387
Boron, 366
Buffer zones, 417
basic concepts, 7-8
characteristics of, 104
evaluating effectiveness of, 120-121
in phosphorus management, 310
plant uptake dynamics in, 422-423
riparian forest, 212, 425-426, 427-428
Bureau of the Census, 137
C
Carbon dioxide emission, soil degradation and, 25
Case examples
Coon Creek, Wisconsin, soil conservation, 32-33
dibromochloropropane transport, 323-325, 334
Narrows Creek-Middle Baraboo watershed, 164-166
nitrogen management program, 169-170
systems approach in dairy farm management, 116-117
Chemical degradation, 230-234
Chesapeake Bay Program, 176
Clean Water Act, 2
Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments, 26, 118, 121, 139
Colorado River, 368
Salinity Control Act, 366
Compaction. see Soil compaction
Companion planting, 94
Conservation Compliance program, 14, 118
Conservation Reserve Program, 22, 141, 152, 172, 427
recommendations for, 174-175
Coon Creek, Wisconsin, 32-33
Cooperative Extension Service, 169
Corn
nitrogen consumption, 60, 65, 67, 275-279
nitrogen management research, 68
phosphorus consumption, 292
yield response to soil compaction, 229-230
Cotton, integrated pest management for, 84-85
Cover crops, 93
in nitrogen management, 280-281
in phosphorus management, 311
CREAMS model, 343-344, 345, 421
Crop rotation
in integrated pest management, 84-86
nitrogen uptake in three corn scenarios, 275-276, 277
Crop yields
in commodity support programs, 153, 155, 156
compaction effects on corn, 229-230
erosion effects, 42
nitrogen management and, 63-64, 270-271, 272-273, 275-279
phosphorus management and, 303-304, 307
salinization effects, 376-377
setting goals for, 64, 272-273
soil compaction effects, 227
soil degradation effects, 193-194, 195
Cropping systems
cover crops in, 93, 94-95, 280-281, 311
encouraging diversity in, 154-156
models of, 123-124
in nitrogen management, 90-91, 280-281
in phosphorus management, 311
price support programs and, 154-156
to reduce erosion/runoff, 100-101
to reduce input use, 58-59
saline seeps and, 365
D
Denitrification, microbial processes in, 423-425
Department of Agriculture, 8, 9, 10, 11
conservation programs, 23-24t
conservation spending, 139-143
Cooperative Extension Service, 169
early conservation policy, 150
integrated farming system approach in, 113, 118, 119
in measurement of soil quality, 49
policy-relevant research in, 163-167
in program targeting, 128-129, 131
research programs, 14-15
in systems approach, 137-139
Desalinization techniques, 392-394
Design standards, 121-122
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 83-84, 314, 323-325, 334
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 313, 333-334
E
Easements, 16
implementing program of, 174-175
recommendations, 172-175
EC. see Electrical conductivity
Economic factors
agriculture income support program, 150, 152
in efficient use of farm resources, 6
government conservation program funding, 139-143
in implementing integrated farming system, 9-10, 115, 116-117
incentives for conservation compliance, 15-16
in input management, 91-92
long-term easements, 16
losses in erosion, 42
managing irrigation by water pricing, 396-397
in manure management, 79-81, 404, 414
in nitrogen management, 274-279
nutrient value of manure, 77
in policy deliberation, 3-4
soil degradation in cost of production, 195
see also Price support/supply control programs
Economic Research Service, 135-136, 137
EGEM model, 345
Electrical conductivity, 369-370, 371, 372
Environmental Easement Program, 139, 141
Environmental Protection Agency, 8, 9, 10, 11, 48
conservation programs, 23-24t
conservation spending, 140-143
integrated farming system approach in, 113, 118
market-based incentives in programs of, 171
in measurement of soil quality, 49
in point source manure control, 410, 411, 412
policy-relevant research in, 163-167
in program targeting, 128-129, 131
research programs, 14-15
in systems approach, 137-139
Equilibrium phosphorus concentration, 297-299
assessment programs, 200-201
channel management, 355-358
related to commodity price, 158-159
in conservation program spending, 141
control techniques, 6
Coon Creek, Wisconsin, demonstration project, 32-33
cropping systems to reduce, 93, 94, 100-101
early policy actions on, 150
effects of, 21-22, 22, 36, 45, 95-96, 97, 98, 198, 222-226
estimating cost of, 195
identifying problem areas, 118
losses to, 42, 193, 200, 221-222, 338
management goals, 97-98
management strategies, 99-103
modeling of, 119-120, 214, 339-341, 343-345, 348
in pesticide management, 331-332
in phosphorous management program, 309-311
phosphorus loss in, 70, 71, 73, 301
in program targeting, 129-130
as part of soil management strategy, 47-48
storm events and, 7, 98-99, 101-102
surface sealing effects and, 348
time lag of effects from management of, 96-97
weather patterns in, 101-102
see also Sediments/sedimentation
Eutrophication, 406
phosphorus in, 283
Evaporation ponds, 394-395
F
Farm Practices Inventory, 133
Farming practices
advantages of systems approach, 108-109, 111-113
channel erosion management, 355-358
commodity support programs and, 153-155, 158-159
cover cropping, 93, 94-95, 280-281, 311, 355
crop diversity in, 154-156
deacidification of soil, 233-234
ecosystem threats from, 30
environmental trade-offs in, 35
estimating nitrogen needs, 270-273
geographic diversity in, 133-134
groundwater quality and, 27
herbicide use, 86
identifying problem regions, 8-9, 118
implementing integrated systems, 9-10
improving manure management, 80-81
improving nitrogen management, 68-69
incremental reform of, 14, 155-156
individual differences in, 32-34, 146
input efficiency in, 6, 57-59, 89-95, 119
integrated pest management, 84-86, 332-333
intrafield differences, soil maps for, 54
irrigation source management, 389
irrigation techniques, 390, 391-396
linkages in management systems, 107-108
long-term management strategies, 47-48
management tools for, 10-13
managing salt-affected land, 390-391
manure application, 257
manure management in, 78-80, 410-415
nitrogen application, 271, 273
nitrogen management in, 59-69, 273-274
nonincremental reform of, 156-159
on-farm record keeping, 10-11, 124
organic carbon losses from, 236
pesticide management in, 84-88
in pesticide transport, 321-322
phosphorus management in, 73, 76-77
as phosphorus source, 285-286
policy-relevant research, 162-167
pollution prevention in, 33
private-sector information sources, 15-16, 125, 126t
producer decision-making in, 30-31, 31, 133-134, 145-146, 147-148t , 160-162, 163-164
in program targeting, 130-134
realistic yield goals in, 272-273
recommendations for research, 14-15
in redesign of commodity support policy, 155-156, 158
to reduce erosion effects, 6-7, 99-103, 351-355
to reduce nitrogen losses, 266-270
to reduce pesticide pollution, 329-333, 334
to reduce pesticide use in, 82-83
to reduce phosphorus loss, 302-311
to reduce salt/trace element accumulation, 387-397
sediment effects, 337-338
soil compaction from, 226-227, 228
soil quality assessment, 51-55
surface water quality and, 26-27
sustainable, 203-204
timing of fertilizer applications, 66-68, 273, 279-280
water quality and, 44-46
see also Systems approach
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 26, 38, 118, 139
Feed grains, 155
Fertilizers
agroecosystem pathways, 55-56, 56
economically, vs. environmentally, optimal application, 91-92
input efficiency, 6, 57-59, 89-95
input/output mass balance, 55-59
input related to commodity price, 158, 159
in permit program, 171
synthetic, recommendations, 63
taxes on, 142
see also Nitrogen;
Phosphorus
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act, 13, 26, 28t, 139, 153, 155
Food Security Act, 13, 22, 25, 152, 153
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 157
Geographic diversity
farm systems approach and, 111-113
policy-making and, 110
Geographic information systems, 135, 136
GRASSF model, 421
Groundwater
agricultural pollutants in, 27
irrigation drainage water disposal in, 395-396
microbial denitrification of, 424
nitrogen loss to, 264-266
pesticide path to, 83-84
pesticide properties in contamination of, 317, 321
pesticides commonly found in, 317-319
phosphorus leaching to, 299-300
site conditions in pesticide contamination of, 320-321
H
Herbicides
reducing use of, 86
I
Imperial Valley, 369
Incentives
for crop diversity, 155-156
easement program, 172-175
in farm decision-making, 13, 30-31, 31, 133-134, 146
historical development of income supports, 150, 152
in irrigation management, 396-397
in manure management, 414
market-based, 170-171, 396-397
as obstacles to conservation policy, 153-155
pace of policy reform on, 155, 156-158
recommendations on, 159-160
Information management
assessing farm practices, 131-133
at farm level, 54-55
identifying problem regions, 8-9, 118
intrafield differences, soil maps for, 54, 217
national assessment of soil resources, 200-201
National Resources Inventory, 50
for nitrogen management, 273-274
on-farm, 124
producers' access to information, 160
recommendations, 10-13, 50-51, 134-137
technical assistance programs, 15-16, 115, 124-127, 160-162, 169-170, 414
see also Measurement
Integrated farming system
case example, 116-117
cost-sharing program, 115, 116-117
developing capacity for, 124-127
development of planning standards for, 118-121
implementing, 108-109, 113-118
inventory of resources in, 108-109
on-farm record keeping in, 10-11, 124
performance standards, 121-124
private-sector role in, 125-127
role of, 115-116
soil quality thresholds in, 53
Integrated pest management, 84-86, 332-333
International Ground Water Modeling Center, 329
Irrigation
application systems, 390
drainage water disposal, 89, 364-365, 394-396
drainage water reuse, 391-392
drainage water treatment, 392-394
drainage water volume, reducing, 89
land retirement, 396
market-based management incentives, 396-397
nitrogen in, 259-260
as pollution pathway, 57
regional management authorities, 397
salinity problems in, 361, 362, 363-364, 368-369
scheduling, 390
source management, 389
Isomorphic substitution, 378
K
Kesterson Reservoir, 366, 381, 394-395
KINEROS model, 345
L
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 90
Landscape management
implementing, 426-428
microbial processes in, 423-425
models for, 421
plant uptake dynamics in, 422-423
process-place interactions, 425-426
role of, 417-418
sediment trapping, 418-421
in systems approach, 8
see also Buffer zones
Laterization, 218
Legal issues
landowner rights/responsibilities, 17, 180-183
see also Regulatory action
Lime, 233-234
Livestock management
in encouraging crop diversity, 156
manure management in, 78-79, 81, 407-409
phosphorus loss in, 285-286
see also Manures
Lysimeter, 372
M
Management Systems Evaluation, 119
Manhantango Creek, 2
Manures
alternative uses of, 415
application practices, 257
benefits of, 400-401
challenges in management of, 78-80, 404-410
in concentrated livestock production, 407-409
cost of management techniques, 97-80
economic value of, 401-402
environmental threats from, 402-403
estimating nutrient values of, 404-405
from grazing, vs. confined, animals, 401-402
livestock concentrations and distribution of, 78-79
management strategies, 80-81
mass balance calculations for, 434-437
national production of, 77
nitrogen in, 66, 79, 242, 257-258, 405-407
nonpoint source management, 410-411, 413-415
nutrient values, 77
phosphorus in, 71, 79, 285-286, 292-293, 300, 406-407
point source management, 410, 411-413
as pollution source, 67
processor responsibility for, 179-180
regional use patterns, 61t, 72t, 77
role of, 399-400
supply of, 401-402
as water pollutant, 7
Mass balances
assumptions in calculating, 444-447
basic equation, 431-432
data sources, 433
estimation of inputs in, 433-441
estimation of outputs in, 441-444
implications of, 447
limitations of models, 123
national nutrient distribution, 111
phosphorus, 70-73, 291-293, 294-296t
regional differences in, 292, 294-296t
Measurement
farm system evaluation standards, 11-13
of field nitrogen, 270
frequency of, in soil quality assessment, 216-217
of manure nutrient values, 404-405
of manure supply, 401-402
national assessment of soil resources, 200-201
of nitrogen content, 273-274
of nitrogen fixation, 242, 256-257
of nitrogen sources, 64-66
of pesticide sorption, 317
of phosphorus threshold levels, 75-77
of phosphorus uptake in algae, 287-288
presidedress soil nitrate test, 274
sedimentation, 102-103
of soil organic carbon, 208-209
of soil pH, 211
of soil quality, 49-51, 51-55, 202-203
soil quality minimum data set, 49-50, 206-207
of soil salinity, 369-370
of soil structure, 210
see also Monitoring
Minimum data set, 49-50, 206-207
Modeling techniques
effect of soil management on water quality, 214
erosion, 103, 119-120, 135, 214, 339-341, 343-345
geographic information systems, 135, 136
nitrogen input/output balance, 261-263
nonpoint source pollution, 123-124
pesticide transport, 325-329
phosphorus, 303
price support/supply control programs in, 158-159
role of, 122-123
sediment transport, 345-350
soil productivity, 213-214
for soil quality research, 49-50, 51-53
vegetative filter strips, 421
water-holding attribute of soils, 209-210
Monitoring
buffer zone effectiveness, 120-121
for design standard compliance, 121-122
of erosion, national, 200-201
frequency of, for soil quality, 216-217
harmful farming practices, 131-134
in integrated farming system, 115, 118-124
management tools, 10-13
nitrogen levels, 269-270
pesticide applications, 87
in program targeting, 128-134
N
Narrows Creek-Middle Baraboo watershed, 164-166
National Agriculture Statistics Service, 135-136, 137
National Resources Inventory, 50, 134, 201
erosion loss estimates, 222
Nitrates, 22, 59, 240, 259, 266
formation of, 239
in groundwater, 27
in microbial denitrification, 423-425
nitrification inhibitors, 66
reduction techniques, efficacy of, 90-91
Nitrification
inhibitors, 66
process, 239
Nitrite, 240
formation of, 239
Nitrogen, 22
agroecosystem pathways, 237-240
application of, 63, 64-66, 66-68, 131, 271, 273, 279-286
balances, scenarios for, 261-263
crop yield goals and, 63-64
cropping systems in management of, 280-281
in denitrification, 240
estimating crop needs, 270-272
groundwater losses of, 264-266
in harvested crops, 261
in immobilization processes, 239
input estimates in mass balance calculations, 433-441, 444-447
input management in controlling, 90-92
interactive processes in cycle of, 240
in irrigation water, 259-260
management approaches in case example, 164-166
management tools, 273-274
in manure, 66, 77, 257-258, 404, 405-407
mass balance, 60-63, 111, 240-242, 244-255t
mobile forms of, 59
in natural environments, 241
in nitrification processes, 66, 239
obstacles to better management of, 274-281
output estimates in mass balance calculations, 433, 441-444
overapplication of, 64-66, 131
processes for loss of, 240-241, 242, 260-261, 263-266
in rainfall, 258-259
recommendations, 59
reducing losses of, 266-270
regional consumption data, 60-62, 61t
research needs, 68-69
residual, reduction of, 59
soil buildup, 79
soil testing for, 270
sources of, 59, 60, 237, 241-242, 243
in synthetic fertilizers, recommendations for, 63
technical assistance management program, in case example, 169-170
timing of application, 66-68, 273, 279-280
see also Fertilizers
Nonpoint source pollution
design/performance standard approach and, 121-122
implementing landscape controls in, 426-428
landscape approach to, 417-418
landscape plant uptake in controlling, 422-423
microbial attenuation of, 423-425
models of, 123-124
off-field control practices, 417
process-place interactions in management of, 425-426
sediment trapping of, 418-421
sources of, 29
state programs for controlling, 139
of surface waters, 29
Nutrients. see Fertilizers;
Nitrogen;
Phosphorus
O
Obstacles to conservation programs, 35-36
geographical diversity as, 110
informational needs, 3
resistance to policy targeting, 8
losses in erosion, 223-226
P
Pedotransfer functions, 211, 212t
Performance standards, 121, 122, 177-179
Pesticides
agroecosystem pathways, 56, 56-57, 83-85
alternative technologies, 88
application technique, 86-87, 330-331
commonly found in groundwater, 317-319
controlling erosion in management of, 331-332
degradation of, 317
development of, 313-314
extent of water pollution from, 314
improving characteristics of, 86
input efficiency, 6, 57-59, 82-83
in integrated pest management, 84-86, 332-333
knowledge base, 333-334
management practices, 321-322, 329-333
mass balance, 55-59, 83-84, 322-325
modeling of, 325-329
obstacles to policymaking, 82
in permit program, 171
persistence classes, 317, 318-319t
proper use of, 334-335
properties of, 315-319
selection criteria, 87
site factors in transport of, 320-321, 322
soil properties in transport of, 320, 322
sorption properties, 317
spray drift, 323
taxes on, 142
transport processes, 314-315
Petiole tests, 274
pesticide action and, 320
Phosphorus
agricultural consumption of, 71
agricultural sources of, 285-286
agroecosystem pathways, 69-70, 289-291
buffer strips in management of, 309
cropping systems in management of, 311
enrichment ratio, 301-302
equilibrium concentration, 297-299
erosion control in management of, 309-311
establishing threshold levels for, 302-307
forms of, 286-289
input estimates in mass balance calculations, 433-441, 444-447
management strategies, 73
in manure, 77, 292-293, 300, 404
mass balance, 70-73, 111, 291-299
output, 293
output estimates in mass balance calculations, 433, 441-444
point sources of, 284-285
as pollutant, 283
soil buildup, 71-75, 79, 293-299, 406-407
soil type in movement of, 299-300, 303
surface water effects, 283-284
in synthetic fertilizers, 71
threshold levels, recommendations for, 75-77
transport processes, 299-302
weather as loss factor, 310-311
see also Fertilizers
Policy-making
agriculture private-sector in, 32-34
defining soil quality for, 190, 201-202
economic factors in, 3-4
factors influencing, 30-31, 31
farming practice and, 159
forms of government assistance, 169-170
government conservation spending, 139-143
historical development, 150-152
as impediment to conservation, 153-155
implementation, recommendations for, 14-17
incremental reform approach, 14, 155-156
for integrated farming systems implementation, 125
interagency coordination in, 8-9, 137-139
landowner/land user responsibilities in, 17, 180-183
at local/state level, 32, 109-110, 139, 173-174
long-term objectives, 146-150
nonincremental reform approach, 156-159
nonvoluntary approaches, 175-180
obstacles to, 3, 8, 35-36, 110
on pesticides, obstacles to, 82
price support/supply control programs, 13-14, 159-160
program linkages in, 108-110
research agenda in, 162-167
role of monitoring systems in, 204
short-term goals in, 3-4, 11-13, 122, 167-169
soil quality in, 48
see also Regulatory action
Potassium
in manure, 404
Poultry processors, 179-180
Presidedress soil nitrate test, 274
Preventive interventions, recommendations for, 3
Price support/supply control programs
base acreage structure in, 156
conservation practices related to, 158-159
as obstacles to conservation, 153-155
recommendations, 13-14, 155-156, 159-160
Private-sector
in developing integrated farming systems, 125-127
in policy-making, 32-34
structure of agricultural business, 179
technical assistance from, 15-16, 125, 126t
Problem areas, identifying
for regulatory action, 177-179
Problem regions, identifying, 8-9, 118, 128-132
see also Targeting
Processors of agriculture products, 179-180
R
Regional differences
adapting national policies to, 133-134
in cover cropping practices, 93
data collection, 133-137
in erosion losses, 222
farming systems approach and, 110-113
implications for policy-making, 36-38
phosphorus mass balance, 71, 72t, 111, 292, 294-296t
phosphorus soil buildup, 73-75, 74t, 303, 305t
in reliance on private-sector technical assistance, 127
soil pH, 234
wetlands classification, 359
Regulatory action, 162
clarifying landowner responsibilities/rights, 17, 180-183
in erosion management, 99-100
implementing systems approach, 10, 11
in irrigation management, 397
at local/state level, 8, 109-110, 139, 176-177, 178, 412
in manure management, 80-81
market-based incentives in, 15-16, 170-171
objections to, 177
for off-site salinization effects, 366
participation in integrated farming system, 115-118
performance standards in, 121, 177-179
recommendations, 16-17, 177-179
through agricultural processors, 179-180
voluntary approach to change, 15, 17, 167-170
Research needs
alternative pest control technologies, 88
biochemical treatment of selenium, 393-394
buffer zones, 105
data collection, 134-137
in developing performance standards, 122
in estimating sedimentation, 102-103
identifying soil quality indicators, 49-51
in integrated pest management, 86
long-term phosphorus uptake, 76
market-based incentives, 16, 171
national data, 3
new farming technologies, 164-166
nitrogen management, 68-69
on producer decision-making processes, 133-134, 163-164
recommendations, 10, 14-15, 162-167
storm probability models, 7, 101-102
in water erosion prediction technology, 346-351
Resource Conservation Act, 50-51
Resource Management System, 116-118
Riparian buffer zone, 8, 105-106, 121, 417, 421, 425-426, 427-428
Rodale Institute Research Center, 190
S
Saline seeps, 365
agroforestry in management of, 392
assessment of, 369-370
crops sensitive to, 376
effects of, 361, 366, 368-369, 370-377
extent, 22, 26t, 48, 231-232, 361-362
farming practices in management of, 387-397
irrigation source management to reduce, 389-391
process, 363-364
in surface water pollution, 27
Salton Sea, 369
San Joaquin Valley, 88, 362, 391, 392, 394-395, 396, 397
selenium in, 380-385
SAR. see Sodium absorption ration
Sediment trapping, 418-421
Sediments/sedimentation
agriculture contribution to, 337-338
depositions of, 339
farming practices to control, 351-355
modeling transport of, 345-350
processes, 338-342
time lag of effects from erosion management, 96-97
upland processes in, 349
wetlands and, 358-359
Selenium, 27, 362, 366, 377, 380-385, 393-394, 394-395, 396
Sodbuster program, 14
Sodification, 26t, 48, 195, 230, 372
Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), 371, 372
Soil, Water and Related Resources Conservation Act, 201
Soil compaction, 47
causes of, 226-227
corn yield and, 229-230
deep tillage effects on, 228-229
losses to, 230
measurement of, 210
subsoil compaction, 227-230
surface soil, 227
Soil Conservation Service, 53, 116, 118, 135-136, 137, 141, 201
founding of, 150
Soil degradation
acidification, 232-234
biological processes in, 234-236
effects of, 21-22, 36, 42, 193-196
extent of, 2
indirect effects, 198
interactive processes in, 42, 219, 219
microbial processes, 236
organic carbon loss as, 236
price support/supply control programs and, 14
see also Erosion/runoff;
Salinization
Soil productivity
basic concepts, 5
effects of soil degradation, 193-196
indicators of, 213-214
soil quality and, 40, 41-44, 190, 192
Soil quality
in assessing farming system implementation, 119
basic concepts, 1-3
benefits of manure for, 400-401
buffering capacity indicators, 215-216
as common good, 181
cover cropping effects on, 94
defining, 40-41, 190-191, 201-202
early policy action on, 150, 152
elements of, 189
erosion effects on, 222-226
global climate and, 46-47, 199
indicators of, 53, 202-203, 205-211
intrafield differences, 53-54, 217
irrigation effects, 89
labile carbon in, 209
minimum data set for, 49-50, 206-207
monitoring system, 204-205
national assessment of, 200-201
in national resource inventory, 50
nitrogen buildup, 79
nutrient availability assessment, 207-208
organic carbon in, 208-209, 236
pedotransfer functions in, 211, 212t
in pesticide transport, 320, 322
pH, 211
phosphorus buildup, 79
phosphorus leaching and, 299-300
policy recommendations, 1-6
program targeting assessment, 129-130
public interest in, 38-39
quantifying, 211-213
in repeated manure applications, 405-407
rooting depth as factor in, 210
sampling procedures in assessing, 217
soil maps, 54
soil productivity and, 40, 41-44, 190, 192
structure as attribute of, 210
as sustainability criteria, 203-204
texture as element of, 209
water-holding capacity in, 209
water quality linkage to, 5-6, 44-46, 196-199
see also Soil degradation
Soil Science Society of America, 40, 190
Soybeans, nitrogen fixation in, 242, 256-257
Storm events, 7, 98-99, 101-102, 310-311
Stubble mulch tillage system, 52
Surface water
agricultural pollutants, 26-27
irrigation drainage water discharge to, 394
modeling pesticide transport to, 328
nitrogen loss to, 264
pesticide contaminants of, 319
phosphorus loss to, 300-302
phosphorus pollution of, 70, 283-286
types of nonpoint pollution, 29
Sustainable practices, 30, 153
developing framework for, 203-204
SWRRB model, 345
Systems approach
advantages of, 110-113
components of, 187
in dairy farm, case example of, 116-117
farm evaluation standards, 11-12, 113
implementation, 8-13
see also Integrated farming system
T
Targeting
data collection needs, 135-137
definition, 127
of farming practices, 130-134
in farming systems approach, 110-112
informational needs in, 127-128
recommendations, 8-9
role of, 127
soil/water monitoring and, 128-130
Taxes, 142
Technical assistance, 15-16
from Cooperative Extension Service, 169
delivery of, 115
example of program for change, 169-170
in integrated farming system, 124-127
in manure control practices, 414
private-sector as source of, 15-16, 125-127, 126t
role of, 160-162
Technology
digitized soil surveys, 54-55
erosion modeling, 343-345
manure management, 81
for nitrogen management, 273-274
policy-relevant research, 162-167
producers' access to information on, 160
sediment transport modeling, 345-350
water application systems, 390
TIGER system, 137
Tillage systems
conservation techniques in, 99-100
for mitigating compaction effects, 228-229
no-till drill, 352
to reduce erosion/runoff, 99-100
to reduce phosphorus erosion loss, 309
stubble mulch, 52
use of, 355
examples of, 378
management practices, 368-369, 387, 397
maximum concentrations, 385, 386-387t
nature of, 377-378
transport of, 379-380
treating contaminated water, 392-393
U
United Nations, 217
V
Vegetative filter strips, 8, 105, 120, 418-421, 426
W
Water Erosion Prediction Project, 214
Water quality
as common good, 181
manure and, 78
modeling soil management effects, 214
phosphorus effects on, 283-284
price support/supply control programs and, 14
in program targeting, 129-130
soil quality linkages to, 5-6, 44-46, 196-199
surface water, 26-27
threats to, 25-27
Water Quality Incentives Program, 116, 117
Waterlogged land
management of, 390-391
in soil salinization, 361-362
Weather
global, soil quality and, 46-47, 199
nitrogen in rainfall, 258-259
in nutrient management, 64
in phosphorus loss, 310-311
rainfall dynamics, 339
seasonal erosion risk, 352
storm events in soil erosion, 7, 98-99, 101-102
Weed control. see Herbicides
