| AI | Adequate Intake |
| ALM | appendicular lean body mass |
| BMD | bone mineral density |
| BMI | body mass index |
| CACFP | Child and Adult Care Food Program |
| CDC | U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| CNPP | Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion |
| CRN | Council for Responsible Nutrition |
| DASH | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension |
| DEXA | dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |
| DGA | Dietary Guidelines for Americans |
| DGAC | Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee |
| DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
| DOHaD | International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease |
| DRI | Dietary Reference Intake |
| EAR | Estimated Average Requirement |
| EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
| EPAS1 | endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1 |
| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| FITS | Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study |
| FNIH | Foundation for the National Institutes of Health |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GMA | Grocery Manufacturers Association |
| GSMAX | grip strength |
| GSMAXBMI | grip strength adjusted for BMI |
| HAS | high-amylose starch |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HEALTH ABC | Dynamics of Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
| HEI | Healthy Eating Index |
| HHS | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |
| HMO | human milk oligosaccharide |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| IHD | ischemic heart disease |
| IL | interleukin |
| IMT | intima-media thickness |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| MIND | Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurogenerative Delay |
| MRC | Medical Research Council |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| NIA | National Institute on Aging |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NOHS | Nutrition and Oral Health Study |
| NSS | Nutritional Status Survey |
| NT-proBNP | N-terminal pro brain natriuretic protein |
| ODS | Office of Dietary Supplements |
| OR | odds ratio |
| RCT | randomized controlled trial |
| RDA | Recommended Daily Allowance |
| RR | relative risk |
| SPRINT | Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial |
| USDA | U.S. Department of Agriculture |
| USP | U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention |
| USPSTF | U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WIC | Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children |
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