| 2D | two-dimensional |
| 3D | three-dimensional |
| 3D Winds | Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Winds from Space-based Lidar |
| 3MI | Multi-Viewing Multi-Channel Multi-Polarization |
| 3U | 3 Unit |
| 20CR | 20th Century Reanalysis |
| AAAR | American Association for Aerosol Research |
| AAAS | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| ABI | Advanced Baseline Imager |
| ABS | Advanced Baseline Sounder |
| ACS | American Chemical Society |
| ACT-America | Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America |
| ADM | Atmospheric Dynamics Mission |
| AERI | Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer |
| AGU | American Geophysical Union |
| AHI | Advanced Himawari Imagers |
| AIAA | American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |
| AIM | Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere |
| AirMOSS | Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (EVS-1 Mission) |
| AIRS | Atmospheric Infrared Sounder |
| ALOS | Advanced Land Observing Satellite |
| AMDAR | Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay |
| AMOC | Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation |
| AMS | American Meteorological Society |
| AMSR | Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer |
| AMSU | Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit |
| AMV | atmospheric motion vector |
| ANN | artificial neural network |
| AOD | aerosol optical depth |
| ASAC | Applied Sciences Advisory Committee |
| ASCAT | advanced scatterometer |
| ASCENDS | Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons |
| ASME | American Society of Mechanical Engineers |
| ASO | Airborne Snow Observatory |
| ASTER | Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer |
| ATLAS | Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System |
| ATMS | Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder |
| A-Train | Afternoon Constellation |
| AUV | autonomous underwater vehicle |
| AVHRR | Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer |
| AVIRIS | Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer |
| BUV | Backscatter Ultraviolet (instrument on Nimbus-4) |
| CALIOP | Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization |
| CALIPSO | Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations |
| CATE | Cost Assessment and Technical Evaluation |
| CATS | Cloud-Aerosol Transport System |
| CCSP | Climate Change Science Program |
| CDC | Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention |
| CDIP | Coastal Data Information Program |
| CDOM | colored dissolved organic matter |
| CDWP | California Department of Water Resources |
| CeNCOOS | Central and Northern California Coastal Ocean Observing System |
| CEOS | Committee on Earth Observing Satellites |
| CERES | Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System |
| CESAS | Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space |
| CGMS | Committee for Meteorological Satellites |
| CHAMP | Challenging Mini-satellite Payload |
| CIPS | Cloud Imaging and Particle Size |
| CIRA | Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere |
| CIRAS | CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder |
| CIRES | Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences |
| CIRiS | Compact Infrared Radiometer in Space |
| CLARREO | Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory |
| CLIVAR | Climate Variability and Predictability |
| CloudSat | satellite-based cloud experiment |
| CMA | Chinese Meteorological Administration |
| CNES | Centre National d’Études Spaciales |
| CoCoRaHS | Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network |
| CORAL | Coral Reef Airborne Laboratory |
| COSMIC | Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate |
| COSPAR | Committee on Space Research |
| COSSEs | Climate Observing System Simulation Experiments |
| CoSSIR | Conical Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer |
| COTS | commercial off-the-shelf |
| COWVR | Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer |
| CRADA | Cooperative Research and Development Agreement |
| CrIS | Cross-track Infrared Sounder |
| CRM | Cloud Resolving Model |
| CSA | Canadian Space Agency |
| CSUMB | California State University, Monterey Bay |
| CubeRRT | CubeSat Radiometer Radio Frequency Interference Technology Validation |
| CYGNSS | Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System-Earth Venture Mission |
| DAAC | Distributed Active Archive Center |
| DAS | Data Assimilation Systems |
| DEMs | digital elevation models |
| DESDynl | Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice |
| DFO | Dartmouth Flood Observatory |
| DIAL | differential absorption lidar |
| DLR | German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) |
| DMSP | Defense Meteorological Satellite Program |
| DOC | Department of Commerce; also dissolved organic carbon |
| DOD | Department of Defense |
| DOE | Department of Energy |
| DPR | Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar |
| DSM | digital surface model |
| DU | Dobson Units |
| EarthCARE | Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer |
| EBV | essential biodiversity variable |
| ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
| ECOSTRESS | Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on the Space Station |
| ECS | equilibrium climate sensitivity |
| EEA | European Environmental Agency |
| EEI | Earth’s Energy Imbalance |
| EGSIEM | European Gravity Service for Improved Emergency Management |
| EISWG | Environmental Information Services Working Group |
| EMSA | European Maritime Safety Agency |
| EnMAP | Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program |
| ENSO | El Niño Southern Oscillation |
| EO-1 | Earth Observing Mission-1 |
| EOS | Earth Observing System |
| EOSDIS | Earth Observing System Data and Information System |
| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
| EPS-SG | EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation |
| ERC | European Research Council |
| EROS | Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science |
| ESA | European Space Agency |
| ESAS | Earth Science and Applications from Space |
| ESD | Earth Science Division |
| ESM | Earth system models |
| ESO | Earth Science Objective |
| ESSA | Environmental Science Services Administration |
| ESSP | Earth System Science Pathfinder |
| ESTO | Earth Science Technology Office |
| ET | evapotranspiration |
| EUMETSAT | European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites |
| EU SatCen | EU Satellite Center |
| EUV | extreme ultraviolet |
| EV | Earth Venture |
| EV-I | Earth Venture-Instrument |
| EV-M | Earth Venture Mission |
| EV-S | Earth Venture Suborbital |
| EXPORTS | Export Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| FAT | Fixed Anvil Temperature |
| FCI | Flexible Combined Imager |
| FEMA | Federal Emergency Management Agency |
| FLEX | Fluorescence Explorer |
| FY | fiscal year |
| GACM | generalized additive model |
| GCM | global climate model |
| GCOM-W1, -W2 | Global Change Observation Mission-Water |
| GCOS | Global Climate Observing System |
| GDACS | Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System |
| GEDI | Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation |
| GEO | Group on Earth Observations; also geostationary Earth orbit |
| GEO-CAPE | Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (mission) |
| GeoCARB | Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory |
| GEOS-5 | Goddard Earth Observation System Version Five |
| GEOSCCM | Goddard chemistry climate model |
| GEWEX | Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment |
| GFDL | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |
| GFMS | Global Flood Monitoring System |
| GFS | Global Forecast System |
| GGOS | Global Geodetic Observing System |
| GHG | greenhouse gas |
| GHIS | Geostationary High-resolution Interferometer Sounder |
| GIC | glaciers and ice caps |
| GIFTS | Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transfer System |
| GIIRS | Geosynchronous Interferometric Infrared Sounder |
| GIS | Geographic Information Systems |
| GLAS | Geoscience Laser Altimeter System |
| GLDAS | Global Land Data Assimilation System |
| GLISTIN | Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer |
| GLONASS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
| GMAO | Global Modeling and Assimilation Office |
| GMES | Global Monitoring for Environmental Security |
| GMSL | global mean sea level |
| GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
| GNSS RO | Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation |
| GOCE | European Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer |
| GOES | Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite |
| GOES-R | Geostationary Orbit Environmental Satellite-R Series |
| GOSAT | Greenhouse Gas Observing Satellite |
| GPM | Global Precipitation Measurement |
| GPP | gross primary productivity |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| GPSRO | Global Positioning System Radio Occultation |
| GRACE | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment |
| GRACE-FO | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Follow On |
| GSD | ground sample distance |
| GSFC | Goddard Space Flight Center |
| GSICS | Global Space-Based Intercalibration System |
| GTS | Global Telecommunications System |
| G-WADI | Water and Development Information for Arid Lands—A Global Network |
| GWP | global warming potential |
| HAB | harmful algal blooms |
| HAQAST | Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences Team |
| HECC | High-end Computing Capability |
| HES | Hyperspectral Environmental Suite |
| HHWP | Hetchy Hetchy Water and Power |
| HICO | Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean |
| HIRDLS | High-resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder |
| HISUI | Hyperspectral Imager Suite |
| HMA | High Mountain Asia |
| HSRL | High Spectral Resolution LiDAR |
| HyspIRI | Hyperspectral Infrared Imager |
| IAA | International Academy of Astronauts |
| IAGOS | In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System |
| IASI | Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer |
| ICESat | Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite |
| ICESat-1 | Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-1 |
| ICESat-2 | Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 |
| ICI | Ice Cloud Imager |
| IESA | Integrated Earth System Analysis |
| IMERG | Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM |
| InSAR | Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar |
| InVEST | In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technologies |
| IOCCG | International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group |
| IOOS | Integrated Ocean Observing System |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IR | infrared |
| IRS | infrared sounder |
| ISRO | Indian Space Research Organization |
| ISS | International Space Station |
| ITRF | International Terrestrial Reference Frame |
| IWG | International Working Group |
| IWG-SEM | International Working Group on Satellite-based Emergency Mapping |
| IWP | ice water path |
| Jason-1 | Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network |
| JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| JCSDA | Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation |
| JMA | Japanese Meteorological Agency |
| JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| JPSS | Joint Polar Satellite System |
| JRC | Joint Research Center |
| LAD | leaf area density |
| LAI | leaf area index |
| LEO | low Earth orbit |
| LHASA | Landslide Hazard Assessment Model for Situational Awareness |
| lidar | light detection and ranging |
| LIO | Low-Inclination Orbiter |
| LIS | Land Information System |
| LIST | Lidar Surface Topography |
| LMR | living marine resource |
| LST | land-surface temperature |
| MAGI | Mineral and Gas Identifier |
| MAIA | Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (Earth Venture Instrument) |
| MAPP | Modeling, Analysis, Predictions and Projections |
| MBARI | Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute |
| MDSC | mineral dust source composition |
| MEA | Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |
| MERIS | medium-spectral resolution imaging spectrometer |
| MERLIN | Methane Remote Sensing Lidar Mission |
| MERRA | Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications |
| MetOp | Meteorological Operational Satellite Program |
| MHS | Microwave Humidity Sounder |
| MIDEX | Medium Class Explorer |
| MIPAS | Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding |
| MISR | Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer |
| MJO | Madden-Julian Oscillation |
| MLS | Microwave Limb Sounder |
| MODIS | Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
| MOPITT | Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere |
| MPAS | Model for Prediction Across Scales |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| MRLI | Moderate-Resolution Land Imagery |
| MRV | measurement, reporting, and verification |
| MTG-3 | Meteosat Third Generation |
| MTPE | Mission to Planet Earth |
| NAO | North Atlantic Oscillation |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NCA | National Climate Assessment |
| NCEI | National Centers for Environmental Information |
| NDFD | National Forecast Database |
| NDVI | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index |
| NED | National Elevation Dataset |
| NEP | Net Ecosystem Productivity |
| NESDIS | National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service |
| NEWS | NASA Energy and Water System |
| NFMS | national forest monitoring and measurement system |
| NGA | National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |
| NGGPS | Next-Generation Global Prediction System |
| NICAM | Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model |
| NIDIS | National Integrated Drought Information System |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NIR | near infrared |
| NISAR | NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar |
| NLDAS | North American Land Data Assimilation System |
| NMME | North America Multi-Model Ensemble |
| NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| NOPP | National Ocean Partnership Program |
| NPOESS | National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System |
| NPP | Net Primary Production |
| NRC | National Research Council |
| NSF | National Science Foundation |
| NWP | numerical weather prediction |
| NWPS | Nearshore Wave Prediction System |
| NWS | National Weather Service |
| OCO | Orbiting Carbon Observatory |
| OCO-2 | Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 |
| OCO-3 | Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 |
| OCR | Ocean Color Radiometry |
| ODS | ozone-depleting substance |
| OIB | Operation IceBridge |
| OLI | Operational Land Imager |
| OMB | Office of Management and Budget |
| OMI | Ozone Monitoring Instrument |
| OMPS | Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite |
| ONR | Office of Naval Research |
| OSAAP | Office of Systems Architecture and Advanced Planning |
| OSB | Ocean Studies Board |
| OSE | Observing System Experiment |
| OSIP | Operational Satellite Improvement Program |
| OSSE | Observing System Simulation Experiment |
| PACE | Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem |
| PBL (height) | planetary boundary layer |
| PDO | Pacific Decadal Oscillation |
| PGC | Polar Geospatial Center |
| PI | principle investigator |
| PIA | Path Integrated Attentuation |
| PM | particulate matter |
| PNNL | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |
| POES | Polar Operational Environmental Satellites |
| POR | Program of Record |
| PRISMA | Precursore Iperspettrale della Missione Applicativa |
| QFF | Quantitative Flood Forecasts |
| QPE | quantitative precipitation estimates |
| QPF | Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts |
| QuickSCAT | Quick Scatterometer |
| R&A | research and analysis |
| RapidScat | International Space Station Rapid Scatterometer, or ISS-RapidScat |
| RBI | Radiation Budget Instrument |
| RCP | Representative Concentration Pathway |
| RF | radiative forcing |
| RFI | request for information |
| RMS | root mean square |
| RO | radio occultation |
| ROSES | Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences |
| RY | real year |
| S2D | season-to-decadal |
| S2S | subseasonal-to-seasonal |
| SABOR | Ship-Aircraft Bio-optical Research |
| SAC | Scientific Application Satellite-C |
| SAR | Synthetic Aperture Radar |
| SATM | Science and Applications Traceability Matrix |
| SCA | snow-covered area |
| SCAR | Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research |
| Scattsat-1 | Scatterometer Satellite-1 |
| SCCOOS | Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System |
| SCIAMACHY | Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography |
| SCLP | Snow and Cold Land Processes |
| SeaWiFS | Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor |
| SI | seasonal-interannual variability |
| SIF | solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence |
| SIPN | Sea Ice Prediction Network |
| SLI | Sustainable Land Imaging |
| SLR | Satellite Laser Ranging |
| SMAP | Soil Moisture Active-Passive |
| SMMR | Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer |
| SMOS | Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity |
| SNODAS | Snow Data Assimilation System |
| S-NPP | Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership |
| SNR | signal-to-noise ratio |
| SNWG | Satellite Needs Working Group |
| SORCE | Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment |
| SOT | statement of task |
| SPRWG | Space Platform Requirements Working Group |
| SRTM | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission |
| SSEC | Space Science Engineering Center |
| SSG | Science Steering Group |
| SSH | sea-surface height |
| SSMI | Special Sensor Microwave Imager |
| SSO | semisynchronous orbit |
| SSS | sea-surface salinity |
| SST | sea-surface temperature |
| STAR | Center for Satellite Applications and Research |
| STC | Science and Technology Centers |
| SURFRAD | Surface Radiation Budget Network |
| SWAT | Soil Water Assessment Tool |
| SWCRE | shortwave cloud radiative effect |
| SW CRF | shortwave cloud radiative forcing |
| SWE | snow water equivalent |
| SWH | significant wave height |
| SWIR | shortwave infrared |
| SWOT | Surface Water and Ocean Topography |
| TanDEM-X | TerraSAR-X Add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement |
| TC | tropical cyclone |
| TCAT | Technical Capability Assessment Team |
| TCCON | Total Carbon Column Observing Network |
| TCR | transient climate response |
| TDS | total dissolved solids |
| TEMPEST | Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems |
| TEMPO | Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution |
| TES | Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer |
| THEMIS | Thermal Emission Imaging System |
| THORPEX | The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment |
| TIR | thermal infrared |
| TIR | Thermal Infrared Radiometer |
| TIROS | Television Infrared Observation Satellite Program |
| TIRS | Thermal Infrared Sensor |
| TMI | TRMM Microwave Imager |
| TOA | top of atmosphere |
| TOMS | Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer |
| TOPEX | Ocean Topography Experiment |
| TRL | Technology Readiness Level |
| TRMM | Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission |
| TROPICS | Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation Structure and Storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats |
| TSI | Total Solar Irradiance |
| UAVSAR | Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar |
| UCAR | University Corporation for Atmospheric Research |
| USAID | U.S. Agency for International Development |
| USCRN | U.S. Climate Reference Network |
| USDA | U.S. Department of Agriculture |
| USDM | U.S. Drought Monitor |
| USGCRP | U.S. Global Change Research Program |
| USGEO | U.S. Group on Earth Observations |
| USGS | U.S. Geological Survey |
| UT/LS | upper troposphere and lower stratosphere |
| UTS | upper troposphere and stratosophere |
| UV | ultraviolet |
| VAS | VISSR Atmospheric Sounder |
| VCL | Vegetation Canopy Lidar |
| VHF | very high frequency |
| VIC | Variable Infiltration Capacity |
| VIIRS | Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite |
| VIS | visible |
| VIS/IR | visible/infrared measurements |
| VISSR | Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer |
| VLBI | Very Long Baseline Interferometry |
| VLM | vertical land motion |
| VNIR | visible/near infrared |
| VOC | volatile organic chemical |
| VOI | value of information |
| VPD | vapor pressure deficit |
| VSWIR | visible to shortwave infrared |
| WCRP | World Climate Research Programme |
| WE2ST | Center for a Sustainable Water-Energy Education Science and Technology |
| WHOI | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WSF | Weather System Follow-on |
| WWRP | World Weather Research Program |
| XOVWM | Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission |
| YOTC | Year of Tropical Convection |