Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

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Consensus Study Report

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Social Security Administration (Contract No. 28321318D00060015). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the diagnosis and evaluation of disabling physical health conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26941.

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

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Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process, and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

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Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release.

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Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

COMMITTEE ON IDENTIFYING NEW OR IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC OR EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES

JOSEPH A. BUCKWALTER (Chair), Professor and Steindler Chair, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa College of Medicine

ALINE CHARABATY, Assistant Clinical Director, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

MELISSA DAVIS, Assistant Professor and Vice Chair, Medical Informatics, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine

AMY HOUTROW, Professor and Endowed Chair, Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh

JILL DE JONG, Associate Professor, Hematology–Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago

SUZANNE GROAH, Director, Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation and Recovery Program, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital

JONATHAN S. LEWIN, Executive Vice President for Health Affairs, Emory University, Emeritus

ROGER J. LEWIS, Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

KATHY SIETSEMA, Professor Emeritus of Clinical Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

VIVIANY R. TAQUETI, Director, Cardiac Stress Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School

KIM ALLAN WILLIAMS, Sr., Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine

Study Staff

LAURA AIUPPA DENNING, Senior Program Officer

CAROLYN FULCO, Scholar (until September 2022)

BERNICE CHU, Program Officer (until August 2022)

BLAKE REICHMUTH, Associate Program Officer

JOSEPH GOODMAN, Senior Program Assistant

SHARYL NASS, Director, Board on Health Care Services

Consultant to the Committee

NANETTE WENGER, Professor of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

Consulting Writers

ROBERT POOL

MEGAN SNAIR

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report, nor did they see the final draft before its

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

release. The review of this report was overseen by ROBERT B. WALLACE, The University of Iowa, and DAN G. BLAZER, Duke University Medical Center. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.
Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

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Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

6MWD6-minute walk distance
6MWT6-minute walk test
ADPadenosine diphosphate
AIartificial intelligence
ALSamyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANSautonomic nervous system
APLAanti-phospholipid antibody
ASSESSAsthma Severity Scoring System
BODEbody-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise
CADcoronary artery disease
CCTAcoronary computed tomography angiography
CDCCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
CDRcontinuing disability review
CFcystic fibrosis
cfDNAcell-free DNA
CFRcoronary flow reserve
CJDCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease
CLIAClinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
CMRcardiac magnetic resonance
CMSCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CNScentral nervous system
COPDchronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.
COVIDcoronavirus disease
CPETcardiopulmonary exercise testing
CTcomputed tomography
CTEcomputed tomography enterography
CZTcadmium-zinc-telluride
DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
dwMRIdiffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
EBUSendobronchial ultrasound
ECGelectrocardiogram
EEGelectroencephalogram
EGDesophagogastroduodenoscopy
EIMelectrical impedance myography
EMAeosin-5-maleimide
EMGelectromyography
EoEeosinophilic esophagitis
EPelectrophysiology
ERCPendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESSEckardt Symptom Score
EUSendoscopic ultrasound
FDAU.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEV1forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FFRfractional flow reserve
FIMFunctional Independence Measure
FISHfluorescense in situ hybridization
FLAIRfluid-attenuated inversion recovery
fMRIfunctional magnetic resonance imaging
FVCforced vital capacity
GIgastrointestinal
GPIglycosylphosphatidylinositol
HER2human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus
HRCThigh-resolution computed tomography
HRMhigh-resolution manometry
HShereditary spherocytosis
IBDinflammatory bowel disease
ICDInternational Classification of Diseases
ICFInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.
IHCimmunohistochemistry
ILDinterstitial lung disease
IMRindex of microcirculatory resistance
IVUSintravascular ultrasound
MDCTmultidetector computed tomography
MELDModel for End-Stage Liver Disease
METmetabolic equivalent
MLmachine learning
mMRCmodified form of Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale
MPImyocardial perfusion imaging
MRCMedical Research Council
MRCPmagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
MRDmagnetic resonance defecography
MREmagnetic resonance enterography
MRImagnetic resonance imaging
MSmultiple sclerosis
NAFLDnonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NASEMNational Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine
NASHnonalcoholic steatohepatitis
NGSnext-generation sequencing
NHANESNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NIHNational Institutes of Health
OCToptical coherence tomography
PAHpulmonary arterial hypertension
PCIpercutaneous coronary intervention
PCRpolymerase chain reaction
PETpositron emission tomography
PFAplatelet function analysis
PFTpulmonary function testing
PNHparoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
PNSperipheral nervous system
POMSProgram Operations Manual System
PROMISPatient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
PYPpyrophosphate
QoLquality of life
RNAribonucleic acid
ROTEMrotational thromboelastography
Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.
SCIspinal cord injury
SCI-FAISpinal cord Injury Functional Ambulation Inventory
SCIMSpinal Cord Independence Measure
sEMGsurface electromyography
SGAsubstantial gainful activity
SPECTsingle-photon emission computed tomography
SRALabShirley Ryan Ability Lab
SSASocial Security Administration
SSDISocial Security Disability Insurance
SSISupplemental Security Income
SUVstandard uptake value
TEGthromboelastography
VADepartment of Veterans Affairs
VATSvideo-assisted thoracic surgery
VCO2rate of output of carbon dioxide
VEpulmonary ventilation
VO2rate of oxygen consumption
WESwhole-exome sequencing
WGSwhole-genome sequencing
WHOWorld Health Organization
Suggested Citation: "Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26941.
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Next Chapter: Summary
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