D

Readings and Resources¹

SESSION I: CONTEXT-SETTING PERSPECTIVES ON HISTORY AND PUBLIC HEALTH LAW THAT SHAPES WORKFORCE

AmeriCorps. n.d. FY 2022 AmeriCorps state and national public health AmeriCorps. https://americorps.gov/funding-opportunity/fy-2022-americorps-state-national-public-health-americorps

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2022. Advisory committee to the director (CDC). February 1. PowerPoint presentation. https://www.cdc.gov/about/advisory-committee-director/pdf/ACDMeeting_2.1.2022.pdf

CDC Foundation. n.d. Lights, camera, action: The future of public health national summit series. https://futureofpublichealth.org/

CDC Foundation, ASTHO, NACCHO, and Big Cities Health Coalition. 2021. National summit series: Summit 1- Achieving a diverse and effective public health workforce. December 6. Washington, DC: Illinois Public Health Institute. https://futureofpublichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/LCA-Summit-1_Workforce_-Summary-Report_02.07.2022.pdf

ChangeLab Solutions. n.d. Blueprint for changemakers: Achieving health equity through law & policy. https://www.ChangeLabsolutions.org/product/blueprint-changemakers

ChangeLab Solutions. n.d. Equitable enforcement to achieve health equity. https://www.ChangeLabsolutions.org/product/equitable-enforcement-achieve-health-equity

ChangeLab Solutions. n.d. Health in all policies. https://www.ChangeLabsolutions.org/health-all-policies

ChangeLab Solutions. n.d. Public health law academy. https://www.ChangeLabsolutions.org/good-governance/phla

___________________

¹ All online resources referenced in this appendix were accessed on February 28, 2022.

de Beaumont Foundation, PHNCI, and PHAB. 2022. Staffing up: Determining public health workforce levels needed to serve the nation. February 10. https://phnci.org/national-frame-works/staffing-up

de Beaumont Foundation, PHNCI, and PHAB. 2021. Public Health Network Protecting the Public’s Health: An Estimate of Staffing Needed to Serve the Nation. https://phnci.org/uploads/resource-files/Staffing-Up-Final-Report.pdf

de Beaumont Foundation, PHNCI, and PHAB. 2021. Staffing Up: Workforce Levels Needed to Provide Basic Public Health Services for All Americans. https://phnci.org/uploads/resource-files/Staffing-Up-Research-Brief.pdf

Galea, S. and R. Vaughan. 2021. Preparing the public health workforce for the post-COVID-19 era. American Journal of Public Health 111(3):350-352. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306110

Wells, K., A. J. Dwyer, E. Calhoun, and P. A. Valverde. 2021. Community health workers and non-clinical patient navigators; A critical COVID-19 pandemic workforce. Preventive Medicine 146:106464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106464

SESSION II: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT AND EMERGING CHALLENGES

Beitsch, L. M., V. A. Yeager, J. P. Leider, and P. Erwin. 2019. Mass exodus of state health department deputies/senior management threatens institutional stability. American Journal of Public Health 109(5):681-683. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305005

Erwin, P., A. Beck, V. A. Yeager, and J. P. Leider. 2019. Public health undergraduates in the workforce: A trickle, soon a wave? American Journal of Public Health 109(5):685-687. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305004

The Kresge Foundation and NNPHI. 2021. Challenges and opportunities for strengthening the US public health infrastructure: Findings from the scan of the literature. https://nnphi.org/resource/challenges-and-opportunities-for-strengthening-the-u-s-public-health-infrastructure-findings-from-the-scan-of-the-literature/

New York University School of Global Public Health. 2021. New York Public Health Corps: Setting the stage for change. October 8. https://publichealth.nyu.edu/events-news/news/2021/10/08/nyc-public-health-corps-setting-stage-change

New York City Government. 2021. Mayor de Blasio launches the NYC Public Health Corps. September 29. https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/658-21/mayor-de-blasio-launches-nyc-public-health-corps#/0

Oregon Health Authority. n.d. Public health modernization. https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/ABOUT/TASKFORCE/Pages/index.aspx

Rhode Island Department of Health. Health equity zones. https://health.ri.gov/programs/detail.php?pgm_id=1108

Sellers K., J. P. Leider, E. Gould, B. C. Castrucci, A. Beck, K. Bogaert, F. Coronado, G. Shah, V. A. Yeager, L. M. Beitsch, and P. C. Erwin. 2019. The state of the US governmental public health workforce, 2014-2017. American Journal of Public Health 109(5):674-680. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305011

Taylor, H., and V. A. Yeager. 2021. Core competency gaps among governmental public health employees with and without a formal public health degree. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 27(1):20-29. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001071

Varma, J. K., T. G. Long, and D. A. Chokshi. 2021. 5 skills public health officials need to combat the next pandemic. Harvard Business Review December 2. https://hbr.org/2021/12/5-skills-public-health-officials-need-to-combat-the-next-pandemic

Yeager V. A., C. P. Balio, R. B. Chudgar, R. Hare Bork, and L. M. Beitsch. 2021. Estimating public health workforce efforts toward foundational public health services. Journal of Public Health Management and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001452

Yeager, V. A., J. P. Leider, and F. Coronado. 2019. The role of salary in recruiting employees in state and local governmental public health: PH WINS 2017. American Journal of Public Health 109(5):683-685. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305008

SESSION III: COMPETENCIES, TRAINING, AND EDUCATION FOR A VARIED, FLEXIBLE, AND RESILIENT WORKFORCE

Aidala, A. A., B. Cavaliere, and S. Cinnick. 2019. Strategies and tools for public health workforce training needs assessments in diverse and changing population health contexts. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 25(5):490-497. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000000803

Bronx Community Health Leaders. https://www.bxchleaders.com/

Daly, E. R. 2021. A review of the applied epidemiology workforce in the United States: Past, present, and future. Annals of Epidemiology Jun;58:94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.03.002

Gaiser M. G., J. L. Buche, C. C. Wayment, V. Schoebel, J. E. Smith, S. A. Chapman, and A. J. Beck. 2021. A systematic review of the roles and contributions of peer providers in the behavioral health workforce. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 61(4):e203-e210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.025

Garcia E., I. Kundu, M. Kelly, G. Guenther, S. M. Skillman, and B. Frogner. 2021. The Clinical Laboratory Workforce: Understanding the Challenges to Meeting Current and Future Needs. Washington, DC and Seattle, WA: American Society for Clinical Pathology and Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington. https://familymedicine.uw.edu/chws/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2021/05/Siemens_Clinical-Laboratory-Workforce_Report_042721.pdf

Lachance, J. A., and J. S. Oxendine. 2015. Redefining leadership education in graduate public health programs: prioritization, focus, and guiding principles. American Journal of Public Health 105(Suppl 1):S60-4. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302463

Leider, J. P., B. C. Castrucci, C. M. Plepys, C. Blakely, E. Burke, and J. B. Sprague. 2015. Public Health Reports 130(1):104-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491513000114

Petersen, D. J., S. Albertine, C. Plepys, and J. G. Calhoun. 2013. Developing and educated citizenry: The undergraduate public health learning outcomes project. Public Health Reports 128(5):425-430. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F003335491312800517

Plepys, C. M., H. Krasna, J. P. Leider, E. M. Burke, C. H. Blakely, and L. Magana. 2021. First-destination outcomes for 2015-2018 public health graduates: Focus on employment. American Journal of Public Health 111(3):475-484. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.306038

Skillman S. M., C. R. Snyder, B. K. Frogner, and D. G. Patterson. 2016. The behavioral health workforce needed for integration with primary care: information for health workforce planning. Seattle, WA: Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington. https://familymedicine.uw.edu/chws/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/04/Integrated_behavioral_health_workforce_FR_2016_Apr_Skillman.pdf

RELEVANT NATIONAL ACADEMIES PUBLICATIONS

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1988. The future of public health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

IOM. 2003. Who will keep the public healthy? Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

IOM. 2003. The future of the public’s health in the 21^st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

IOM. 2012. For the public’s health: Investing in a healthier future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2020. Evidence-based practice for public health emergency preparedness and response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25650

NASEM. 2021. Dialogue about the workforce for population health improvement: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25545

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. 2015. Framing the Future: Population health across all professions. Expert panel report. https://s3.amazonaws.com/aspph-wp-production/app/uploads/2015/02/PHaAP.pdf

Beck A. J., J. Spetz, P. Pittman, B. K. Frogner, E. P. Fraher, J. Moore, D. Armstrong, and P. I. Buerhaus. 2021. Investing in a 21st century health workforce: A call for accountability. Health Affairs Blog September 15. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210913.133585

Bekemier, B., W. Dang, R. Hetzler, C. Lamberth, S. Moir, S. Ridini, H. Shah, C. Stack, M. Wolfe, and J. Yamauchi. 2021. Recommendations on the role and future directions of community health workers in the public health workforce. National Coordinating Center for Public Health and Training May 28. https://nnphi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/NCCPHT-CHW-Report-Final.pdf

Bialek, R. 2018. From talk to action: The impact of public health department accreditation on workforce development. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 24:S80-S82. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000000723

Big Cities Health Coalition. 2022. Cities need to increase number of epidemiologists by nearly half to combat key health challenges, including COVID-19. https://www.bigcitieshealth.org/epidemiologist-shortage-puts-pandemic-response-at-risk/

Botchwey, N., S. Hobson, A. Dannenberg, K. Mumford, C. Contant, T. McMillan, R. Jackson, R. Lopez, and C. Winkle. 2009. A model curriculum for a course on the built environment and public health: Training for an interdisciplinary Workforce. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36(2 Suppl):S63-S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.003

Brown, L. D., D. Vasquez, J. J. Salinas, X. Tang, and H. Balcázar. 2018. Peer reviewed: Evaluation of healthy fit: A community health worker model to address Hispanic health disparities. Preventing Chronic Disease 15. https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2018/17_0347.htm

Brownstein, J. N., G. R. Hirsch, E. L. Rosenthal, and C. H. Rush. 2011. Community health workers “101” for primary care providers and other stakeholders in health care systems. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 34(3):210-220. https://doi.org/10.1097/jac.0b013e31821c645d

Build Healthy Places Network. 2019. https://www.buildhealthyplaces.org/

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). n.d. Climate and health. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/guidance.htm

CDC. 2019. Background on statewide Community Health Worker (CHW) certification. Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. February 28. https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/pubs/toolkits/chw-ta-background.htm

ChangeLab Solutions. 2019. A roadmap for health in all policies: Collaborating to win the policy marathon. https://www.ChangeLabsolutions.org/product/HiAP_Roadmap

Clark, D. 2022. A sacrificial lamb: Pandemic politics force out hundreds of public health officials. NBC News January 1. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/sacrificial-lamb-pandemic-politics-force-out-hundreds-public-health-officials-n1286268

Council on Education for Public Health. 2016. Accreditation criteria: Schools of public health & public health programs. https://media.ceph.org/wp_assets/2016.Criteria.pdf

Damio G., M. Ferraro, K. London, R. Pérez-Escamilla, and N. Wiggins. 2017. Addressing social determinants of health through community health workers: A call to action. Hartford: Hispanic Health Council. https://www.cthealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/HHC-CHW-SDOH-Policy-Briefi-1.30.18.pdf

de Beaumont Foundation. n.d. Explore the data from PH Wins 2017. https://debeaumont.org/phwins/explore-the-data/

de Beaumont Foundation. n.d. PH WINS. https://debeaumont.org/programs/ph-wins/

de Beaumont Foundation. 2017. Building skills for a more strategic public health workforce: A call to action. Bethesda: de Beaumont Foundation. https://debeaumont.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Building-Skills-for-a-More-Strategic-Public-Health-Workforce.pdf

Dyjack, D. T., N. Botchwey, and E. Marziale. 2013. Cross-sectoral workforce development: Examining the intersection of public health and community design. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 19(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3182788cff

Gamache, R., H. Kharrazi, and J. P. Weinder. 2018. Public and population health informatics: The bridging of big data to benefit communities. Yearbook of Medical Informatics 27(1):199-206. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667081

Johansson, E. 2017. Advancing equity through workforce intermediary partnerships: Best practices in manufacturing, services and transportation industries. Jobs With Justice Education Fund. https://aflcio.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/WFAI_Equity-report_final.pdf

Kangovi, S. 2018. The community health worker boom. NEJM Catalyst August 29. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.18.0102

Kangovi, S., D. Grande, and C. Trinh-Shevrin. 2015. From rhetoric to reality—community health workers in post-reform US health care. The New England Journal of Medicine 372(24):2277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1502569

Kangovi, S., N. Mitra, L. Norton, R. Harte, X. Zhao, T. Carter, D. Grande, and J. A. Long. 2018. Effect of community health worker support on clinical outcomes of low-income patients across primary care facilities: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 178(12):1635-1643. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4630

Marsh, R., P. Pilkington, and L. Rice. 2020. A guide to architecture for the public health workforce. Public Health 178:120-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.09.013

NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2020. Action guide for public health practitioners: Strategies for engaging with and training community-based partners to improve the outcomes of at-risk populations, a review of evidence. https://www.nap.edu/resource/25650/PHEPR_Community-Based%20Partners_Action%20Guide.pdf

NASEM. 2020. Engaging with and training community-based partners to improve the outcomes of at-risk populations. https://www.nap.edu/resource/25650/PHEPR_Community%20Based%20Partners.pdf

Pittman, M., A. Sunderland, A. Broderick, and K. Barnett. 2014. Bringing community health workers into the mainstream of U.S. health care. Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine. https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/chwpaper3.pdf

Plough, A. and P. Kuehnert. 2018. Making the most out of cross-sector collaboration. Health Affairs Blog February 2. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180202.265650

Public Health Foundation. n.d. Competencies for population health professionals. http://www.phf.org/resourcestools/Pages/Population_Health_Competencies.aspx

Public Health Accreditation Board. 2013. Standards and measures v 1.5. Domain 8 - Maintain a competent public health workforce. Pp. 189-202. https://www.phaboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/PHABSM_WEB_LR1.pdf

Ramiah, K., B. Roberson, J. Schrag, K. Susman, B. Siegel, and M. White. 2016. Population health at essential hospitals: Findings from moving to action for hospitals and population health. Washington, DC: Essential Hospitals Institute. https://essentialhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RWJF-Report_HighRes.pdf

Rosenthal, E. L., P. Menking, and J. St. John. 2018. The community health worker core consensus (C3) project: A report of the C3 project phase 1 and 2, together leaning toward the sky. A national project to inform CHW policy and practice. El Paso, TX: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. https://www.c3project.org/_files/ugd/7ec423_2b0893bcc93a422396c744be8c1d54d1.pdf

Rudolph, L., J. Caplan, K. Ben-Moshe, and L. Dillon. 2014. Health in all policies: A guide for state and local governments. Washington, DC and Oakland, CA: American Public Health Association and Public Health Institute. http://www.phi.org/resources/?resource=hiapguide

Rush, C. 2020. Sustainable financing of community health worker employment. The National Association of Community Health Workers (NACHW). https://nachw.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SustainableFinancingReportOctober2020.pdf

Sharfstein, J. 2018. The public health crisis survival guide: Leadership and management in trying times. New York: Oxford University Press.

The Community Health Worker Core Consensus Project. n.d. Resources and findings from the C3 project. https://www.c3project.org/resources

Wesson, D., H. Kitzman, K. H. Halloran, and K. Tecson. 2018. Innovative population health model associated with reduced emergency department use and inpatient hospitalizations. Health Affairs 37(4):543-550. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1099

Wiggins, N., S. Kaan, T. Rios-Campos, R. Gaonkar, E. Rees Morgan, and J. Robinson. 2013. Preparing community health workers for their role as agents of social change: Experience of the Community Capacitation Center. Journal of Community Practice 21(3):186-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2013.811622

Woolf. S., D. Chapan, L. Hill, H. Schoomaker, D. Wheeler, L. Smellings, J. H. Lee. 2018. Uneven opportunities: How conditions for wellness vary across the metropolitan Washington region. VCU Center on Society and Health. https://www.mwcog.org/documents/2020/10/26/uneven-opportunities-how-conditions-for-wellness-vary-across-the-metropolitan-washington-region-health-health-data/