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Chapter 3

Section 3.1 Module 1 (Self-Assess Equity Practice)

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Balu, R., DeRuiter-Williams, D., and Cook, B. J. (2023). Pathways to Equity at Scale: A Synthesis of 2022 Federal Equity Action Plans and Recommendations. Urban Institute, Washington, DC. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Pathways%20to%20Equity%20at%20Scale_0.pdf.

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Clark, D. L., and Kaehler, T. J. (2006). Evaluation of Organizational Self-Assessment Tools and Methodologies to Measure Continuous Process Improvement for the Naval Aviation Enterprise. MS thesis. Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/tr/ADA456975.

Cohen, A., and Shaheen, S. (2024). Advanced Air Mobility: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research needs for the State of California (2023-2030). California Resilient and Innovative Mobility Initiative, University of California Institute of Transportation Studies.

Collareno, K. (2023). The Flight Path to Transportation Equity: How Legislators Can Ensure That Urban Air Mobility Delivers Inclusive Transportation Services. University of Illinois Law Review, 2023(2), Rev. 639.

de Leeuw, E., Reid, A., Crimeen, A., Freestone, R., Jalaludin, B., Sainsbury, P., and Hirono, K. (2018). Healthy Airports – A Conceptual Framework. Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation. https://www.chetre.org/reports.

Dewberry; Gresham, Smith and Partners; and GCR Inc. (2015). ACRP Report 147: Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Risk Assessment for Airports. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/23461.

Dimitriou, D. J. (2020). Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility Performance in Air Transport Enterprise. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 10(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.16645.

FHWA. (n.d.-a). Planning and Equity Tool. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://plan-equity-tool-usdot.hub.arcgis.com/.

FHWA. (n.d.-b). Screening Tool for Equity Analysis of Projects. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://maps.dot.gov/fhwa/steap/.

Forbes, D. (2017). The O’Hare Shit-In: Airports, Occupied Infrastructures, and Excremental Politics. Society+Space. https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/the-ohare-shit-in-airports-occupied-infrastructures-and-excremental-politics.

Goetz, A. R., and Szyliowicz, J. S. (1997). Revisiting Transportation Planning and Decision Making Theory: The Case of Denver International Airport. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 31(4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(96)00033-X.

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Greer, F., Rakas, J., and Horvath, A. (2020). Airports and Environmental Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Environmental Research Letters, 15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb42a.

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Hadjimichael, M. (2009). A Fuzzy Expert System for Aviation Risk Assessment. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 6512–6519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.07.081.

Hauptvogel, D., Schreckenberg, D., Rothmund, T., Schmitz, M.-T., and Bartels, S. (2023). Being a Fair Neighbor—Towards a Psychometric Inventory to Assess Fairness-Related Perceptions of Airports by Residents—Development and Validation of the Aircraft Noise-Related Fairness Inventory (fAIR-In). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126113.

Hockerts, K. (1999). The SusTainAbility Radar: A Tool for the Innovation of Sustainable Products and Services. Greener Management International, 29–49.

Keen, D., Kyritsis, J., Meiser, E., Rosales, M. (2021). TCRP Research Report 228: Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/26230.

Keleher, T. (2009). Racial Equity Impact Assessment. Race Forward: The Center for Racial Justice Innovation.

Krop, R. A., Rooke, J., Emil, E., Leahu-Aluas, O., McDonnell, J., West, N. K., and Rosales, M. (2020). ACRP Research Report 217: Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25896.

MnDOT (Minnesota Department of Transportation). (n.d.). Applying the Equity Lens Framework. https://www.minnesotago.org/application/files/5016/1609/8217/Equity_Lens_Companion_Guide.pdf.

Preston, K. B., Nagy, J., Blue, J., DeVries, R., and Crites, J. (2020). ACRP Research Report 221: Measuring Quality of Life in Communities Surrounding Airports. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25918.

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Rissman, J., Arunachalam, S., BenDor, T., and West, J. J. (2013). Equity and Health Impacts of Aircraft Emissions at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120, 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.010.

Roberts, J. D., Dickinson, K. L., Hendricks, M. D., and Jennings, V. (2022). “I Can’t Breathe”: Examining the Legacy of American Racism on Determinants of Health and the Ongoing Pursuit of Environmental Justice. Current Environmental Health Reports, 9(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00343-x.

SFO (San Francisco International Airport). (2020). San Francisco International Airport Racial Equity Action Plan Phase 1: Internal Programs and Policies. https://www.flysfo.com/sites/default/files/Racial_Equity_Plan-1.5.2021.pdf.

Shields, J. A., and Jennings, J. L. (2013). Using the Malcolm Baldrige “Are We Making Progress” Survey for Organizational Self-Assessment and Performance Improvement. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 35(4), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-1474.2011.00191.x.

Vreeker, R., Nijkamp, P., and Ter Welle, C. (2002). A Multicriteria Decision Support Methodology for Evaluating Airport Expansion Plans. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 7(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(01)00005-9.

Westerdahl, D., Fruin, S. A., Fine, P. L., and Sioutas, C. (2008). The Los Angeles International Airport as a Source of Ultrafine Particles and Other Pollutants to Nearby Communities. Atmospheric Environment, 42(13), 3143–3155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.006.

WILMAPCO (Wilmington Area Planning Council). (2019). 2019 Transportation Justice Plan: A Title VI, Environmental Justice, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Language Assistance Plan for the WILMAPCO Region. Wilmington Area Planning Council, Cecil County, Maryland, and New Castle County, Delaware. http://www.wilmapco.org/EJ/WILMAPCO_2019_TJ_Plan.pdf.

Section 3.2 Module 2 (Seek Meaningful Stakeholder and Community Engagement)

Asset-Based Community Development Institute. (n.d.) Tool Kit. DePaul University, Chicago. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://resources.depaul.edu/abcd-institute/resources/Pages/tool-kit.aspx.

Augusta Planning and Development Department. (2021). Augusta Regional Transportation Study Public Participation Plan. https://www.augustaga.gov/DocumentCenter/View/16250/Final-Public-Participation-Plan.

Bourke-Taylor, H. M., Tirlea, L., and Joyce, K. S. (2021). Further Psychometric Evaluation of the My Family’s Accessibility and Community Engagement (My FACE) Tool: Mothers’ Ratings of Perceptions of Community Accessibility and Engagement for Their Child with Disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103955.

Derr, V. (2015). Integrating Community Engagement and Children’s Voices into Design and Planning Education. CoDesign, 11(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2015.1054842.

Derr, V., and Kovács, I. (2015). How Participatory Processes Impact Children and Contribute to Planning: A Case Study of Neighborhood Design from Boulder, Colorado, USA. Journal of Urbanism International, 10(1): 29–48.

Diana, T. (2022). Using Sentiment Analysis to Reinforce Learning: The Case of Airport Community Engagement. Journal of Air Transport Management, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102228.

Doran, J., and Park, T. (2023). Embedding Equity in Airport Operations and Practices: A Case Study. Journal of Airport Management, 17(4), 343–358.

Elliot, B. O., Chapman, R. B. “Rusty”, and Kelly, L. W. (2015). ACRP Synthesis 65: Practices to Develop Effective Stakeholder Relationships at Smaller Airports. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/22114.

EPA. (n.d.) Community-Port Collaboration Toolkit. https://www.epa.gov/community-port-collaboration/community-port-collaboration-toolkit.

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). (2016). Community Involvement Manual. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/air_traffic/community_engagement/FAA_CIM.pdf.

Guerreiro, J., D. Ahmetovic, D. Sato, K. Kitani, and C. Asakawa. (2019). Airport Accessibility and Navigation Assistance for People with Visual Impairments. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paper 16. 10.1145/3290605.3300246.

Hanoon, S. K., Abdullah, A. F., Wayayok, A., and Shafri, H. Z. (2022). A Novel Approach Based on Machine Learning and Public Engagement to Predict Water-Scarcity Risk in Urban Areas. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606.

Hassenforder, E., Pittock, J., Barreteau, O., Daniell, K. A., and Ferrand, N. (2016). The MEPPP Framework: A Framework for Monitoring and Evaluating Participatory Planning Processes. Environmental Management, 57(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0599-5.

Heyes, G., Hauptvogel, D., Benz, S., Schreckenberg, D., Hooper, P., and Aalmoes, R. (2022). Engaging Communities in the Hard Quest for Consensus. In L. Leylekian, A. Covrig, and A. Maximova (Eds.), Aviation Noise Impact Management: Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe, 219–239. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91194-2_9.

HOPE Atlanta. (n.d.). Airport Outreach Case Manager. https://hopeatlanta.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/HOPE-Airport_Outreach.pdf.

IAP2 (International Association for Public Participation). (n.d.). Core Values, Ethics, Spectrum – The 3 Pillars of Public Participation. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://www.iap2.org/page/pillars.

Kim, G., Newman, G., and Jiang, B. (2020). Urban Regeneration: Community Engagement Process For Vacant Land in Declining Cities. Cities, 102(102730). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102730.

McCabe, A., Keast, R., and Brown, K. (2006). Community Engagement: Towards Community as Governance. In M. Considine (ed.), Proceedings of the Governments & Communities in Partnership Conference: From Theory to Practice, 1–21. University of Melbourne. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/7497/.

McCullough, S. R., and Erasmus, C. S. (2023). Performative Versus Authentic Equity Work: An Assessment of Current Practices in Transportation Planning. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2678(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231193409.

McDonald, K. E., Gibbons, C., Conroy, N., and Olick, R. S. (2022). Facilitating the Inclusion of Adults with Intellectual Disability as Direct Respondents in Research: Strategies for Fostering Trust, Respect, Accessibility, and Engagement” Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(1), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12936.

Parker, G., and Murray, C. (2012). Beyond Tokenism? Community-Led Planning and Rational Choices: Findings from Participants in Local Agenda-Setting at the Neighbourhood Scale in England. The Town Planning Review, 83(1), 1–28.

Rambaldi, G., and Piccolella, A. (2016). Participatory 3-Dimensional Modelling: Guiding Principles and Applications. weADAPT. https://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/community-based-adaptation/participatory-3-dimensional-modelling/.

Sanchez, D. (2019). Innovative Ideas for Improving Airport Community Relations. Journal of Airport Management, 13(2), 174–185.

Sanders Thompson, V. L., Ackermann, N., Bauer, K. L., Bowen, D. J., and Goodman, M. S. (2021). Strategies of Community Engagement in Research: Definitions and Classifications Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(2), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa042.

Skillicorn, K. (2013). A Review of Airport Accessibility Programs for Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Recommendations for the Development of a Program at Portland International Airport. MS thesis, Pacific University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48859988.pdf.

The Better Block Foundation. (2023). The Better Block: About Us. https://www.betterblock.org/about.

Uddin, M. M., Foster, K., and Bright, C. F. (2021). Community Engagement in Rural Communities (RES 2020-17). East Tennessee State University, Tennessee Department of Transportation Long Range Planning. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63046/dot_63046_DS1.pdf.

U.S. DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation). (2022). Promising Practices for Meaningful Public Involvement in Transportation Decision-Making. https://www.transportation.gov/priorities/equity/promising-practices-meaningful-public-involvement-transportation-decision-making.

Voigt, C., Dobner, S., Sanz, M., Hahmann, S., and Gareis, K. (2016). Community Engagement Strategies for Crowdsourcing Accessibility Information: Paper, Wheelmap-Tags and Mapillary-Walks. 15th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. In K. Miesenberger, C. Buhler, P. Penza (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9759.

Zizka, L., McGunagle, D., and Clark, P. (2019). The Airport Industry and Community Engagement: Building An Airport Social Responsibility (ASR) Model Together. BAM2019 Conference Proceedings, British Academy of Management. https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2474&context=publication.

Section 3.3 Module 3 (Use Spatial Data, Methods, and Tools to Assess Environmental Justice and Equity)

CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). (2022). Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool [Government agency]. https://screeningtool.geoplatform.gov/en/methodology#19.1/40.1669589/-83.032288.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2020). National Analysis of the Populations Residing Near or Attending School Near U.S. Airports (EPA-420-R-20-001; p. 28). https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100YG4A.pdf.

OEHHA (California Offices of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment). (n.d.) CalEniroScreen. https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen.

Raglin, D. (2022). Period Estimates in the American Community Survey [Government agency]. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2022/03/period-estimates-american-community-survey.html.

Urban Institute. (2021). Do No Harm Guide: Applying Equity Awareness in Data Visualization (p. 43). Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/do-no-harm-guide-applying-equity-awareness-dat-visualization.

Urban Institute. (2022). Do No Harm Guide: Additional Perspectives on Data Equity (p. 49). Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/do-no-harm-guide-additional-perspectives-data-equity.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2019). “Counting People in Rural and Remote Locations.” December 23, 2019. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/12/counting-people-in-rural-and-remote-locations.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Understanding and Using American Community Survey Data: What All Data Users Need to Know (p. 98). U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/acs/acs_general_handbook_2020.pdf.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Census Bureau Releases Estimates of Undercount and Overcount in the 2020 Census [Government agency]. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2020-census-estimates-of-undercount-and-overcount.html.

Wang, H. L., and Jin, C. H. (2023). What the 2020 Census Can—And Can’t—Tell Us About LGBTQ+ People. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/25/1174739030/census-lgbtq-data-same-sex-households-ask-about-sexuality.

Wolfe, P. J., Yim, S. H. L., Lee, G., Ashok, A., Barrett, S. R. H., and Waitz, I. A. (2014). Near-Airport Distribution of the Environmental Costs of Aviation. Transport Policy, 34, 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.023.

Woodburn, A. (2017). Investigating Neighborhood Change in Airport-Adjacent Communities in Multiairport Regions, 1970–2010. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2626. https://doi.org/10.3141/2626-01.

Section 3.4 Module 4: (Embed and Institutionalize Equity)

Bernabei, E. (2017). Racial Equity: Getting to Results. Government Alliance on Race and Equity. https://www.racialequityalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/GARE_GettingtoEquity_July2017_PUBLISH.pdf.

Curren, R. (2022). Organizing for Racial Equity Within the Federal Government. Government Alliance on Race and Equity. https://www.raceforward.org/system/files/GARE_Organizing_Racial_Equity_Within_Federal_Agencies_02.18.pdf.

DFW (Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport). (2023). Diversity & Inclusion. DFW Career Careers: Why DFW? https://careers.dfwairport.com/pages/why-dfw/#diversity-inclusion.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2022). Making the Right Choices for Your Utility: Using Community Priorities and Sustainability Criteria for Water Infrastructure Decision-Making. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-05/right-choices-utility-planning-process.pdf.

Keleher, T. (2009). Racial Equity Impact Assessment. https://www.raceforward.org/sites/default/files/RacialJusticeImpactAssessment_v5.pdf.

Kenville, K. and Smith J. F. (2013). ACRP Synthesis 40: Issues with Airport Organization and Reorganization, Chapter 1. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/22570.

Krop, R. A., Rooke, J., Emil, E., Leahu-Aluas, O., McDonnell, J., West, N. K., and Rosales, M. (2020). ACRP Research Report 217: Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25896.

Molefi, N., O’Mara, J., and Richter, A. (2021). Global Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Benchmarks: Standards for Organizations Around the World. The Centre for Global Inclusion. https://centreforglobalinclusion.org/what-we-do/the-gdeib/user-agreement.html.

Montgomery County Planning Department. (2020). Equity in Master Plans: Approach and Framework. Montgomery County, MD. https://montgomeryplanning.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Equity-in-Master-Plans_FINAL_062520-Final.pdf.

Montgomery Planning. (2023). Equity Agenda for Planning. Montgomery County, MD https://montgomeryplanning.org/planning/equity-agenda-for-planning/.

MWAA (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority). (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility Report: Onward and Upward. https://www.mwaa.com/sites/mwaa.com/files/2022-08/2021%20CSR%20FN-RD.pdf.

MWAA. (2022). Soaring Together: Celebrating Diversity, Inclusion and Social Impact at the Airport Authority. https://www.mwaa.com/sites/mwaa.com/files/2023-02/DEI-Newsletter%204th%20Quarter%202022-m3.pdf.

PolicyLink. (2021). For Love of Country: A Path for the Federal Government to Advance Racial Equity. https://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/pl_report_for-love-of-country_FULL%20REPORT_102721_a.pdf.

Port of Portland. (n.d.). Strategic Plan 2022–2025. http://cdn.portofportland.com/pdfs/StrategicPlan-Values.pdf.

Port of Seattle Commission. (2019). Resolution No. 3767, Duwamish Valley Community Benefits Commitment Policy Directive. https://www.portseattle.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/Resolution%203767%20with%20Exhibit.pdf.

Port of Seattle Commission. (2020). Motion 2020-19—Racial Bias and Discrimination. Adopted October 13, 2020. https://www.portseattle.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/Motion%202020-19%20Adopted.pdf.

The White House. (2023). “FACT SHEET: President Biden Signs Executive Order to Strengthen Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Across the Federal Government.” https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/16/fact-sheet-president-biden-signs-executive-order-to-strengthen-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-across-the-federal-government/.

U.S. DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation). (2022). Equity Action Plan January 2022. https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-04/Equity_Action_Plan.pdf.