Previous Chapter: 6 Postimplementation Activities
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.

References

AASHTO. 2019. Committee Workplan for Evaluation of Laboratory Evaluation of Detectable Warning Systems. National Transportation Product Evaluation Program.

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APTA. 2020. Transit Universal Design Guidelines. APTA SUDS-UD-GL-010-20. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SUDS-UD-GL-010-20.pdf.

Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board. 2023. Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way. Final Rule. Federal Register 78, no. 151, 36 CFR Part 1190. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-08-08/pdf/2023-16149.pdf.

Bentzen, B. L., J. Barlow, R. W. Emerson, B. Schroeder, and P. Ryus. 2021. Tactile Walking Surface Indicators in the United States and Internationally. Prepared as part of Administration for Community Living, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Grant #90IF0127. https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/TWSI%20review-Bentzen-NIDILRR.pdf.

Bentzen, B. L., J. M. Barlow, A. C. Scott, D. A. Guth, R. Long, and J. Graham. 2017. Wayfinding Problems for Blind Pedestrians at Noncorner Crosswalks: Novel Solution. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2661, no 1: pp. 120–125. https://doi.org/10.3141/2661-14.

Bentzen, B. L., J. M. Barlow, and L. Tabor. 2000. Detectable Warnings: Synthesis of U.S. and International Practice. U.S. Access Board. https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps19594/DW-synthesis.pdf.

Bentzen, B. L., and L. A. Myers. 1997. Human Factors Research, Appendix C. Detectable Warnings Evaluation Services. Crain & Associates, Inc., Menlo Park, CA.

Bentzen, B. L., T. L. Nolin, and R. D. Easton. 1994. Detectable Warning Surfaces: Color, Contrast, and Reflectance. FTA-MA-06-0201-94-3 and DOT-VNTSC-FTA-94-5. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. http://accessforblind.org/publications/USDOT/dws-ccr.pdf.

Bentzen, B. L., T. L. Nolin, R. D. Easton, L. Desmarais, and P. A. Mitchell. 1994. Detectable Warnings: Detectability by Individuals with Visual Impairments, and Safety and Negotiability on Slopes for Persons with Physical Impairments. FTA-MA-06-0201-94-2 & DOT-VNTSC-FTA-94-4. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/10526/dot_10526_DS1.pdf.

Bentzen, B. L., A. C. Scott, J. M. Barlow, R. W. Emerson, and J. Graham. 2022. Guidance Surface to Help Vision-Disabled Pedestrians Locate Crosswalks and Align to Cross. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 10: pp. 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221090934.

Bentzen, B. L., A. C. Scott, R. W. Emerson, and J. M. Barlow. 2020. Effect of Tactile Walking Surface Indicators on Travelers with Mobility Disabilities. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7: pp. 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120922995.

Bentzen, B. L., A. C. Scott, and L. Myers. 2020. Delineator for Separated Bicycle Lanes at Sidewalk Level. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7: pp. 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120922991.

Couturier, J., and A. Ratelle. 2010. “Teaching Orientation and Mobility for Adverse Weather Conditions.” In Foundations of Orientation and Mobility vol 2, 3rd ed., ed. W. Wiener, R. Welsh, and B. Blasch. American Foundation for the Blind, New York.

Danish Road Directorate (Vejdirektoratet). 2013. Traffic Areas for All—Accessibility Handbook. Copenhagen, Denmark. https://en.vejregler.dk/h/7e0fba84-06dd-483b-898a-c7b3e3affaa1/vde-2014-0003?showExact=true. [An updated Danish-language version was published in 2017.]

Dansk Blindesamfund [Danish Society for the Blind]. 2015. Tilgængelighed for blinde og svagsynede [Accessibility for blind and visually impaired persons]. https://tibs-blind-dk.netlify.app/.

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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.

Dillon, I. and J. Green. 2019. Universal Design. American Society of Landscape Architects, Washington, DC. https://www.asla.org/universaldesign.aspx.

Elliott, J., K. Lohse, J. Toole, I. Lockwood, J. Barlow, B. Bentzen, and C. Porter. 2017. Accessible Shared Streets: Notable Practices and Considerations for Accommodating Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. FHWA-HEP-17-096. FHWA. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/51730.

Estakhri, C. K., and R. Smith. 2005. Detectable Warning Products: Installation, Maintenance, and Durability Considerations. Final report, NCHRP Project 20-07, Task 177.

European Committee for Standardization. 2008. CEN/TS 15209:2008—Tactile Paving Surface Indicators Produced from Concrete, Clay and Stone.

Fujinami, K., N. Mizukami, H. Ohno, H. Suzuki, A. Shinomiya, O. Sueda, and M. Tauchi. 2005. Tactile Ground Surface Indicator Widening and Its Effect on Users’ Detection Abilities. Quarterly Report of RTRI 46, no. 1: pp. 40–45. https://www.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.46.40.

Hauger, J., J. Rigby, M. Safewright, and W. McAuley. 1996. Detectable Warning Surfaces at Curb Ramps. Journal of Visual Impairments and Blindness 90, no. 6: pp. 512–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X9609000609.

HNTB and Kwan Henmi. 2018. BART Accessibility Improvement Program Summary Report. Bay Area Rapid Transit District, Oakland, CA.

Hughes, R. G. 1995. An Evaluation of Detectable Warnings in Curb Ramps: Mobility Considerations for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Prepared for Florida DOT. Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

ISO. 2019. ISO 23599:2019—Assistive Products for Blind and Vision-Impaired Persons—Tactile Walking Surface Indicators, 2nd ed. https://www.iso.org/standard/76106.html.

Jenness, J., and J. Singer. 2006. Visual Detection of Detectable Warning Materials by Pedestrians with Visual Impairments. FHWA. https://www.access-board.gov/files/research/dw-visual-detection.pdf.

Ketola, N., and D. Chia. 1994. Detectable Warnings: Testing and Performance Evaluation at Transit Stations. FTA-MA-26-00031-94-1 and DOT-VNTSC-FTA-94-9. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/11781/dot_11781_DS1.pdf.

Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Sunrise Transportation Strategies, LLC, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., and Accessible Design for the Blind, LLC. 2023. NCHRP Research Report 1043: Guide for Roundabouts. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/27069.

Landry, J., A. Ratelle, and O. Overbury. 2010. Efficiency and Safety Evaluation of Detectable Warning Surfaces in Winter Conditions: Effects of Color and Material. In TRANSED 2010: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons, Hong Kong.

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Mitani, S., T. Yoshida, H. Minato, S. Fujisawa, and O. Sueda. 2007. “Measurement of Luminance Contrast Sensitivity of Persons with Low Visual Capability in Order to Secure the Visibility of Tactile Walking Surface Indicators.” In Challenges for Assistive Technology: AAATE 07, ed. G. Eizmendi, J. M. Azkoitia, and G. M. Craddock, pp. 326–330. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Mitchell, M. 1988. Pathfinder Tactile Tile Demonstration Test Project. Metro Dade Transit Agency, Miami, FL.

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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.

O’Leary, A. A., P. B. Lockwood, and R. V. Taylor. 1996. Evaluation of Detectable Warning Surfaces for Sidewalk Curb Ramps. Transportation Research Record 1538: pp. 47–53. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153800106.

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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications:

A4A Airlines for America
AAAE American Association of Airport Executives
AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America
ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
APTA American Public Transportation Association
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ATA American Trucking Associations
CTAA Community Transportation Association of America
CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOE Department of Energy
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015)
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FRA Federal Railroad Administration
FTA Federal Transit Administration
GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association
HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991
ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers
MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials
NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program
NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board
PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005)
TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program
TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998)
TRB Transportation Research Board
TSA Transportation Security Administration
U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.

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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28910.
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